En el ámbito de la construcción existe una técnica denominada Resultado Operativo, la cual la emplean las más grandes empresas constructoras del Perú. En este trabajo de investigación tiene como objetivo dar a conocer las prestaciones de la técnica del Resultado Operativo, que resulta muy útil para la planificación y control de proyectos, en nuestro caso, el edificio de oficinas T-Tower con certificación LEED GOLD. Se ha reconocido a nivel global los estándares de Dirección de Proyectos, en particular los que contienen la Guía del PMBOK â 5ta Edición, siendo la técnica del Valor Ganado (EV) de mucha utilidad para planificar, hacer seguimiento y Control, tanto del alcance, cronograma y costo. En este trabajo de investigación se analizó la técnica del Resultado Operativo (en adelante R.O.) para demostrar que cubre la técnica del Valor Ganado y adicionalmente los procesos de planificación, seguimiento y control integral tanto del costo como de los ingresos con el objetivo que el Director del Proyecto pueda tomar decisiones para lograr el margen operativo previsto. Los autores proponen una nueva curva de Valor Ganado de la Calidad que la identificaremos en adelante como EVq, la cual nos sirve para medir el grado de la gestión de la calidad que se realizan en el proyecto. Con esta nueva técnica que proponemos, evidenciamos que no es suficiente la curva de Valor Ganado (EV) para gestionar de forma integral el proyecto. / In the field of construction there is a technique called Operational Result, which is used by the largest construction companies in Peru. In this research work, the objective is to show the performance of the Operational Result technique, which is very useful for project planning and control, in our case, the T-Tower office building with LEED GOLD certification. The Project Management standards have been recognized globally, particularly those that contain the PMBOK 5th Edition Guide, being the technique of Earned Value (EV) very useful for planning, monitoring and control, both of scope, schedule and cost. In this research work the technique of the Operating Result (hereinafter RO) was analyzed to demonstrate that it covers the technique of the Earned Value and additionally the processes of planning, monitoring and integral control of both the cost and the income with the objective that the Director Project may make decisions to achieve the expected operating margin. The authors propose a new curve of Earned Value of Quality that we will identify hereinafter as EVq, which serves to measure the degree of quality management carried out in the project. With this new technique that we propose, we show that the Earned Value (EV) curve is not enough to manage the project in an integral way. / Trabajo de investigación

Bibliography: pages 226-229. / The first part of the thesis covers the background to the research, namely (a) a selective review of previous work in the field of office development and location studies and the subsequent identification of the objectives of the present research, (b) a summary of the historical development of the central area of the City of Cape Town, (c) the definition of the study area, this being the Central Business District of the city of Cape Town and (d) a discussion of the collection of land use and gross floor area data, the identification and resolution of problems in the data and the administering of a postal Questionnaire to 1,400 office establishments in the CBD. This section also covers the problem of identifying and delimiting land use clusters. The technique selected for use in such delimitation was that developed by D. H. Davies (1965) augmented by the development of three 'indices of clustering '. The second part of the thesis presents, by means of thirty-three detailed maps, a comprehensive analysis of office land use patterns in the Cape Town CBD in 1983. Clusters are indicated according to the Davies technique. It was found that many office functions exhibited clustering in distinct parts of the CBD and, moreover, certain functions appeared to show close similarities in their respective location patterns. A factor analysis identified six groups of similarly located land uses, on which basis a model of the spatial organization of the CED was proposed. Data, derived from the postal questionnaire, on the characteristics and requirements of individual office functions was used to explain the location patterns. Previous studies have usually considered linkages as being the primary locational determinant for the office sector, but in this case it was found that clustering and the existence of similar location patterns between office functions usually arose from a combination of common locational requirements. The major locational determinants were found to be the rent paying ability of establishments, the relative importance of the accessibility of the establishment to either general public or commercial clients, the existence of strong linkages with other functions (especially where such functions were eccentrically located with respect to the CBD, such as the Docks) and in some cases the importance of occupying prestige premises. The comparatively minor role of linkages with other functions was considered to be a reflection of the relatively small size of the CBD. The thesis concludes with a study of past trends and future projections of the development of the CBD. The growing dominance of the office sector is clearly revealed, as is the effect of the Foreshore Reclamation Scheme in promoting a northward migration of the Office Core while leaving the Retail Core largely unchanged from its 1957 location. On the basis of current development projects it was projected that there would be considerable short-term vacancy in the office sector by late 1986. In the longer term, though, gross floor area requirements for all uses are predicted to rise by almost 50% to 3.475 million square metres by the year 2000. Such development of all of the space currently permitted by the Town Planning Scheme raises the possibility of space shortages and the loss of remaining historic buildings.

The purpose of this study was to explore the relationship between windows and interior design preferences in enclosed office spaces. The research sample consisted of forty executives from NASA. Subjects were asked to plan the interior design of an executive office space (simulated with a scale model) in response to four different window types and then asked to choose one of the four window types for the space. Subjects' reactions were observed and questioned throughout the experiment, to study the relation between windows and interior design preferences. Window functions and configurations, subjects' age, sex, country of origin, activity, and interaction levels were investigated as independent variables influencing the dependent variable perception of the relation between windows and interior design preferences. The data was analyzed by means of descriptive statistics and in-depth theoretical analysis of individual responses. Subjects' consciousness of the relation between windows and interior design preferences increased as activity and interaction levels increased. Window configurations and functions influenced interior· design preferences, especially furniture arrangement and color selection preferences. Interior design preferences influenced the choice of a window type to a considerable extent, perhaps as much as view and daylight. An overview of the study indicates that windows and interior design preferences are parts of a cyclic inter-relationship where each factor influences the other and therefore should each be considered with equal importance by both architects and interior designers. / Master of Science

Byggsektorn genererar årligen stora ekologiska fotavtryck genom rivning av byggnader, då behovet av allt fler byggnader ökar i städerna, men det dessvärre råder en brist på exploaterbar mark. En alternativ lösning för att staden fortfarande ska kunna växa är att bygga på höjden och på så sätt förtäta städerna. Detta görs idag ofta genom rivning av den befintliga byggnaden för att kunna ersätta den med nybyggnation, vilket inte alls är hållbart. Det är inte rimligt att riva fullt fungerande byggnader av bra kvalité enbart för att öka mängden LOA1 och BOA2. Återanvändning är nyckeln för ett mer hållbart byggande och en alternativ lösning för att öka LOA och BOA är då att genom påbyggnation addera ytterligare våningar på redan befintliga byggnader. Syftet med denna utredning är att underlätta beslutstagandet i utredandet av det befintliga beståndet. Genom att analysera byggnaders potential för påbyggnation i tidigt skede så kan riskerna minimeras för oväntade kostnader.Vi har genom en kvalitativ utredning som främst tagits fram genom intervjuer med branschkunniga, arbetat för att identifiera mönster hos fyra redan slutförda påbyggnationer som gjorts av Fabege. Vi anser att genom att identifiera de fallgropar som kan uppkomma vid arbeten med påbyggnationer som ekonomiskt och tidsmässigt kan minimera risk och förhindra problem. Detta utförs i förhoppning att uppmuntra fler byggaktörer att påbörja fler påbyggnationer, eftersom påbyggnader i dagsläget associeras med krångel och oväntade kostnader, vilket gör att många aktörer inte vågar försöka. Denna metod som tas fram blir i form av en lathund som stegvis kan följas, där samtliga centrala faktorer vilka vi i denna utredning kallar benchmarks3 gås igenom. Varje central faktor som bedömdes som avgörande för en lyckad påbyggnad klassades i skala A, B och C för hur pass viktig den faktorn ansågs för att klara av en storskalig påbyggnad. Med storskaliga påbyggnationer menar vi främst större kontorsbyggnader där cirka 4–5 våningar är aktuellt att byggas på.För att enkelt kunna göra bedömningen så inkluderar lathunden ett polärdiagram där de olika faktorerna sammanställts. Genom ifyllning av denna, utifrån den befintliga byggnadens förutsättningar kan utredaren då få en visuell överblick över vilka faktorer som kan komma att vara hinder under byggarbetets gång.Lathunden inkluderar även en stegvis beskrivning på hur processen inleds för en påbyggnation och även fördjupningspunkter som ska ses över i tidigt skede för att minimera framtida kostnader och svårigheter.Nyckeln till en lyckad påbyggnation är goda kunskaper och grundligt förarbete. Därför tar vi fram denna lathund för att upplysa vad som är viktigt att se över i tidigt skede och lägger en god grund kunskapsmässigt och översiktmässigt. Detta för att fler byggnader ska kunna prövas som potentiella påbyggnationer. / The construction sector generates large ecological footprints annually through the demolition of buildings, as the need for more and more buildings increases in the cities, but unfortunately there is a shortage of exploitable land. An alternative solution for the city still being able to grow is to build on the height and thus densify the cities. This is often done today by demolition of the existing building in order to be able to replace it with new construction, which is not at all sustainable. It is not reasonable to demolish fully functional buildings of good quality only to increase the amount of LOA and BOA. Recycling is the key to a more sustainable construction and an alternative solution for increasing LOA and BOA is to add additional floors to already existing buildings by extension. The purpose of this investigation is to facilitate the decision making in the investigation of the existing stock. By analyzing the potential of buildings for upgrading at an early stage, the risks can be minimized for unexpected costs.Through a qualitative study, which was mainly produced through interviews with industry experts, we have worked to identify patterns of four already completed extensions made by Fabege. We believe that by identifying the pitfalls that can arise during construction with extension work can economically and temporally minimize risk and prevent problems. This is done in the hope of encouraging more companies in the field to start more constructions of this kind, as this type of building is currently associated with hassle and unexpected costs, which means that many players do not dare to try. This method that is developed will be in the form of a “reference card” that can be followed step by step, where all the key factors that we in this investigation call “benchmarks” are reviewed. Each central factor that was judged to be crucial for a successful extension was classified in scale A, B and C for how important this factor was considered to cope with a large-scale extension. By large-scale superstructures we mean mainly larger office buildings where approximately 4-5 floors are currently being built.To be able to easily make the assessment, the crib includes a polar diagram in which the various factors are compiled. By filling this in on the basis of the existing building's conditions, the investigator can then get a visual overview of what factors may be obstacles during the construction work.The guide also includes a step-by-step description of how the process begins for an extension and also in-depth points to be reviewed at an early stage to minimize future costs and difficulties.The key to a successful extension is good knowledge and thorough preparation. Therefore, we present this reference card to inform what is important to revise at an early stage and put a good foundation of knowledge and overview. This means that more buildings can be tested as potential additions.

This study is generally concerned with the assumption that the contemporary global flows of people, capital, and commodities, which accelerated dramatically in the age of globalization, have significant impacts on the land use patterns of global cities. With this assumption, the study further questions in the context of polycentric US metropolis, whether or not the distribution of transnational advanced producer service firms define a new form of centrality, in which the traditional central business districts and suburban centers differ from each other in terms of spatial clustering patterns and sectoral distributions of transnational advanced producer service firms. Spatial clustering patterns of advanced producer service firms are evaluated according to high-rise and high-density criteria. In ten selected cities, clusters of advanced producer service firms and high-rise office buildings are identified through the Nearest Neighbor Hierarchical Clustering Method in CrimeStat. To define the polycentric US metropolis, the research employs Lang et al's (2006) classification of metropolitan office space. The results show significant differences between former manufacturing belt cities and Sunbelt cities. / Ph. D.

This thesis project is a developing office building, designed for a start-up company. One character of the company is that its main projects serve China, but there are also few local projects. The main goal of this architecture is to provide a convenient and changeable place for this start-up company. There are a few disciplines during design process: 1. The building has a round shape and blocks add on when it grows. 2. In the middle of the building, it is a fixed courtyard which covered by skylight. 3. The blocks are in modules and the rooms function can be changed as needed. 4. The roof at the early stage of this architecture can be used as floors in the future. The site is located in the suburban area of Washington DC, which next to the Rock Creek Park. Surrounding buildings mostly are traditional residential architectures,with sloping roof and brick walls.This site is only 3 blocks away from the main street. Therefore, the site can provide an urban context which means clients and employees can easily get into. But people do not need to afford too high price for the land. What's more, people can enjoy a pretty view while working. The building has the steel frame as the primary structure and concrete covering for the floor slab. For the elevation, the adjustable wood panel and curtain walls are used to balance with local sun orientation. / Master of Architecture

Cooling demand constitutes a large portion of total electrical demand for office buildings during peak hours. Deteriorating load factors, increased use of more inefficient and polluting peaking units are the aftermaths of growth in peak demand challenging energy system efficiency and grid reliability. Ice storage technology can help shift this peak cooling demand to off-peak periods. Ice storage reduces or even eliminates chiller operation during peak periods. The objective of the research is to analyze the chiller energy consumption of conventional non-storage and ice storage cooling systems for large and medium-sized office buildings in diverse climate zones. The research also quantifies the peak energy savings as a result of ice storage systems. To accomplish the thesis objectives the Demand Response Quick Assessment Tool (DRQAT) has been used to model and simulate large and medium-sized office buildings in diverse climate zones with non-storage and ice storage cooling systems. Demand Response Quick Assessment Tool (DRQAT) has been developed by LBNL's Demand Response Research Center. It is based on the most popular features and capabilities of EnergyPlus and is downloadable from [1]. The construction and weather files in DRQAT have been modified to incorporate construction standards and weather data for the cities representing the diverse climate zones. The ice storage system's operating and control strategies investigated include full storage and partial storage with storage priority and chiller priority. Research findings indicate that chiller energy consumption for non-storage and ice storage systems depends highly on climatic conditions. The climate zones with hot summers as well as small day and night temperature variations show higher chiller energy consumption. The marine climate zone has the lowest chiller energy consumption. The cold/humid climate zone has higher chiller energy consumption than the cold/dry and very cold climate zones. The cold/dry and very cold climate zones have comparable chiller energy consumption. The research findings will help utilities and building owners to quantify the benefits of installing ice storage systems in office buildings located in different climate zones. / Master of Science

Few areas of research in the finance literature have received greater attention than the efficient market hypothesis. Much of the research has been directed toward the securities market while very little research has been done in the real estate markets. The existing research on real estate market efficiency has been either descriptive or illustrative with very little empirical testing being performed. The major reason for the lack of empirical testing has been the inability to develop an adequate data base. The results of the empirical work that has been done do not support the widely held belief that real estate markets are inefficient. This study, using the autoregressive-integrative-moving average (ARIMA) time series analysis technique, tests the weak-form efficiency of the Dallas-Fort Worth office properties real estate market. According to the weak-form efficient market hypothesis, all price information should be capitalized into current real estate prices and not provide the basis for earning abnormal returns in trading. Price data formed from office building sales dating from January, 1979 to January, 1985 are used to test the market. The data was gathered from the files of several professional appraisal firms located in the Dallas-Fort Worth area. The transaction information includes (1) transaction price; (2) location of the property; (3) net rentable area; (4) gross income multiplier (GIM); (5) net income multiplier (NIM); and (6) net operating income. The results of the study indicate a lack of significant autocorrelation. This suggests that the Dallas-Fort Worth office properties real estate market is weak-form efficient. As further evidence of weak-form market efficiency, ARIMA models are estimated to predict future sales prices but they are unable to outperform a simple mean series forecast. The results indicate that a change in traditional real estate theory concerning market efficiency may be warranted.

published_or_final_version / Environmental Management / Master / Master of Science in Environmental Management

published_or_final_version / Environmental Management / Master / Master of Science in Environmental Management