Esta pesquisa se constitui em um trabalho de intervenção: propõe-se a discutir a crise que ameaça, conforme expressão utilizada por Antonio Candido, o “direito à literatura” na sala de aula, ou seja, o processo de desvalorização da literatura como disciplina escolar, formalmente retirada como área de conhecimento do currículo de ensino médio a partir das reformas educacionais realizadas nos últimos anos e da imposição do Exame Nacional do Ensino Médio (Enem) como o virtual vestibular único no país. A partir da exposição dos resultados de diferentes instrumentos que visam à verificação de habilidades leitoras e de uma pesquisa de campo realizada com alunos de terceiro ano do ensino médio de escolas públicas e particulares dos municípios gaúchos de Porto Alegre e Passo Fundo, apresentam-se as problemáticas concernentes ao ensino de literatura na atualidade, recupera-se a trajetória histórica do ensino da disciplina, investiga-se sua abordagem em documentos oficiais (Parâmetros Curriculares Nacionais para o Ensino Médio, Orientações Complementares aos Parâmetros Curriculares Nacionais para o Ensino Médio e Orientações Curriculares Nacionais para o Ensino Médio) e, de modo especial, analisam-se, quantitativa e qualitativamente, as questões de literatura presentes nas provas do Enem realizadas entre 1998 e 2013. Revela-se, com base nos dados levantados, uma tendência a ser combatida, haja vista a gradual perda de espaço da disciplina no exame – e, consequentemente, nos currículos escolares –, a negligência das especificidades do texto literário e a excessiva valorização da leitura funcional, entre outros aspectos. Finalmente, analisam-se as consequências, para o ensino de literatura nas escolas, da adoção dos preceitos arrolados em documentos oficiais e do Enem como processo seletivo nacional e, por meio de uma concepção que privilegia a leitura cultural em detrimento da abordagem do texto literário em sua vertente funcional, evocam-se, conforme concepções de Candido, Ceia, Colomer, Fischer, Giardinelli, Todorov, Yunes, Zilberman, entre outros, os valores implicados na difusão da tradição literária. / This is an intervention study that discusses the crisis which threatens the “right to literature” (expression used by Antonio Candido, a renowned theoretician in Brazilian Literature) in schools regarding the process of devaluing literature as a school subject. In later years, it has been formally removed as an area of knowledge from the secondary school curriculum, in current educational reforms. Additionally, there is a growing tendency to an imposition of Enem (Brazilian Portuguese acronym that stands for Exame Nacional do Ensino Médio; in English, National Secondary Education Examination) as the virtually sole admission test for enrollment in universities in Brazil. This thesis is comprised of different instruments which aimed at verifying reading abilities, as well as the results of a field research done with secondary school seniors from public and private schools in Porto Alegre and Passo Fundo (cities in the south of Brazil). This study presents the historical path of the teaching of literature in Brazil and identifies problems concerning the current teaching of this subject by investigating the way it is approached in official documents (National Curriculum Parameters for Secondary Education, Supplementary Orientations to the National Curriculum Parameters for Secondary Education and National Curriculum Orientations for Secondary Education). Additionally, questions about literature extracted from Enem tests from 1998 to 2013 were subject to quantitative and qualitative analyzes. The data show a tendency to be countered: the gradual loss of ground of the subject in the admission exam – and, as a consequence, in school curricula –, as well as the neglecting of the literary text specificities and the overvaluation of functional reading, inter alia. Finally, this thesis analyzes the consequences of the adoption of the aforementioned official documents precepts and of Enem as a national college admission exam, and adopts a standpoint which privileges cultural reading (to the detriment of a functional approach to the literary text) and the values implied in the dissemination of the literary tradition (according to concepts by Candido, Ceia, Colomer, Fischer, Giardinelli, Todorov, Yunes, Zilberman and others). / Esta investigación se constituye en un trabajo de intervención: se propone discutir la crisis que amenaza, según expresión utilizada por Antonio Candido, el “derecho a la literatura” en aula, o sea, el proceso de desvalorización de la literatura como asignatura escolar en Brasil, formalmente retirada como área de conocimiento del currículo de enseñanza media a partir de las reformas educacionales realizadas en los últimos años y de la imposición del “Exame Nacional do Ensino Médio (Enem)” como el único examen de ingreso universitario en el país. A partir de la exposición de los resultados de distintos instrumentos que pretenden verificar habilidades lectoras y de un estudio de campo realizado con alumnos del tercer año de la enseñanza media de escuelas públicas y privadas de los municipios de Porto Alegre y Passo Fundo (ambos de Rio Grande do Sul/Brasil), se presentan las problemáticas concernientes a la enseñanza de literatura en la actualidad, se recupera la trayectoria histórica de la enseñanza de la asignatura, se investiga su enfoque en documentos oficiales (“Parâmetros Curriculares Nacionais para o Ensino Médio”, “Orientações Complementares aos Parâmetros Curriculares Nacionais para o Ensino Médio” y “Orientações Curriculares Nacionais para o Ensino Médio”) y, de manera especial, se analizan, desde el punto de vista cuantitativo y cualitativo, las cuestiones de literatura presentes en las pruebas de “Enem” realizadas entre 1998 y 2013. Se revela, a partir de los datos obtenidos, una tendencia que debe ser combatida, en vista de la gradual pérdida de espacio de la asignatura en dicho examen – y, consecuentemente, en los currículos escolares –, la negligencia de las especificidades del texto literario y la excesiva valoración de la lectura funcional, entre otros aspectos. Finalmente, se analizan las consecuencias, para la enseñanza de literatura en las escuelas, de la adopción de los preceptos listados en documentos oficiales y de “Enem” como proceso selectivo nacional y, a partir de una concepción que privilegia la lectura cultural en detrimento del enfoque del texto literario en su vertiente funcional, se evocan, según concepciones de Candido, Ceia, Colomer, Fischer, Giardinelli, Todorov, Yunes, Zilberman, entre otros, los valores implicados en la difusión de la tradición literaria.

Esta pesquisa se constitui em um trabalho de intervenção: propõe-se a discutir a crise que ameaça, conforme expressão utilizada por Antonio Candido, o “direito à literatura” na sala de aula, ou seja, o processo de desvalorização da literatura como disciplina escolar, formalmente retirada como área de conhecimento do currículo de ensino médio a partir das reformas educacionais realizadas nos últimos anos e da imposição do Exame Nacional do Ensino Médio (Enem) como o virtual vestibular único no país. A partir da exposição dos resultados de diferentes instrumentos que visam à verificação de habilidades leitoras e de uma pesquisa de campo realizada com alunos de terceiro ano do ensino médio de escolas públicas e particulares dos municípios gaúchos de Porto Alegre e Passo Fundo, apresentam-se as problemáticas concernentes ao ensino de literatura na atualidade, recupera-se a trajetória histórica do ensino da disciplina, investiga-se sua abordagem em documentos oficiais (Parâmetros Curriculares Nacionais para o Ensino Médio, Orientações Complementares aos Parâmetros Curriculares Nacionais para o Ensino Médio e Orientações Curriculares Nacionais para o Ensino Médio) e, de modo especial, analisam-se, quantitativa e qualitativamente, as questões de literatura presentes nas provas do Enem realizadas entre 1998 e 2013. Revela-se, com base nos dados levantados, uma tendência a ser combatida, haja vista a gradual perda de espaço da disciplina no exame – e, consequentemente, nos currículos escolares –, a negligência das especificidades do texto literário e a excessiva valorização da leitura funcional, entre outros aspectos. Finalmente, analisam-se as consequências, para o ensino de literatura nas escolas, da adoção dos preceitos arrolados em documentos oficiais e do Enem como processo seletivo nacional e, por meio de uma concepção que privilegia a leitura cultural em detrimento da abordagem do texto literário em sua vertente funcional, evocam-se, conforme concepções de Candido, Ceia, Colomer, Fischer, Giardinelli, Todorov, Yunes, Zilberman, entre outros, os valores implicados na difusão da tradição literária. / This is an intervention study that discusses the crisis which threatens the “right to literature” (expression used by Antonio Candido, a renowned theoretician in Brazilian Literature) in schools regarding the process of devaluing literature as a school subject. In later years, it has been formally removed as an area of knowledge from the secondary school curriculum, in current educational reforms. Additionally, there is a growing tendency to an imposition of Enem (Brazilian Portuguese acronym that stands for Exame Nacional do Ensino Médio; in English, National Secondary Education Examination) as the virtually sole admission test for enrollment in universities in Brazil. This thesis is comprised of different instruments which aimed at verifying reading abilities, as well as the results of a field research done with secondary school seniors from public and private schools in Porto Alegre and Passo Fundo (cities in the south of Brazil). This study presents the historical path of the teaching of literature in Brazil and identifies problems concerning the current teaching of this subject by investigating the way it is approached in official documents (National Curriculum Parameters for Secondary Education, Supplementary Orientations to the National Curriculum Parameters for Secondary Education and National Curriculum Orientations for Secondary Education). Additionally, questions about literature extracted from Enem tests from 1998 to 2013 were subject to quantitative and qualitative analyzes. The data show a tendency to be countered: the gradual loss of ground of the subject in the admission exam – and, as a consequence, in school curricula –, as well as the neglecting of the literary text specificities and the overvaluation of functional reading, inter alia. Finally, this thesis analyzes the consequences of the adoption of the aforementioned official documents precepts and of Enem as a national college admission exam, and adopts a standpoint which privileges cultural reading (to the detriment of a functional approach to the literary text) and the values implied in the dissemination of the literary tradition (according to concepts by Candido, Ceia, Colomer, Fischer, Giardinelli, Todorov, Yunes, Zilberman and others). / Esta investigación se constituye en un trabajo de intervención: se propone discutir la crisis que amenaza, según expresión utilizada por Antonio Candido, el “derecho a la literatura” en aula, o sea, el proceso de desvalorización de la literatura como asignatura escolar en Brasil, formalmente retirada como área de conocimiento del currículo de enseñanza media a partir de las reformas educacionales realizadas en los últimos años y de la imposición del “Exame Nacional do Ensino Médio (Enem)” como el único examen de ingreso universitario en el país. A partir de la exposición de los resultados de distintos instrumentos que pretenden verificar habilidades lectoras y de un estudio de campo realizado con alumnos del tercer año de la enseñanza media de escuelas públicas y privadas de los municipios de Porto Alegre y Passo Fundo (ambos de Rio Grande do Sul/Brasil), se presentan las problemáticas concernientes a la enseñanza de literatura en la actualidad, se recupera la trayectoria histórica de la enseñanza de la asignatura, se investiga su enfoque en documentos oficiales (“Parâmetros Curriculares Nacionais para o Ensino Médio”, “Orientações Complementares aos Parâmetros Curriculares Nacionais para o Ensino Médio” y “Orientações Curriculares Nacionais para o Ensino Médio”) y, de manera especial, se analizan, desde el punto de vista cuantitativo y cualitativo, las cuestiones de literatura presentes en las pruebas de “Enem” realizadas entre 1998 y 2013. Se revela, a partir de los datos obtenidos, una tendencia que debe ser combatida, en vista de la gradual pérdida de espacio de la asignatura en dicho examen – y, consecuentemente, en los currículos escolares –, la negligencia de las especificidades del texto literario y la excesiva valoración de la lectura funcional, entre otros aspectos. Finalmente, se analizan las consecuencias, para la enseñanza de literatura en las escuelas, de la adopción de los preceptos listados en documentos oficiales y de “Enem” como proceso selectivo nacional y, a partir de una concepción que privilegia la lectura cultural en detrimento del enfoque del texto literario en su vertiente funcional, se evocan, según concepciones de Candido, Ceia, Colomer, Fischer, Giardinelli, Todorov, Yunes, Zilberman, entre otros, los valores implicados en la difusión de la tradición literaria.

A fundamental change in societal values and economic structures is required to address increasing pressures on ecosystems and natural resources. Transition research has developed in the last decades to analyze the co-dynamics of technological, institutional, social and economic elements in the provision of key functions such as energy, water and food supply. This doctoral dissertation provides conceptual and methodological contributions to the pro-active governance of sustainability transitions. Three research gaps are identified that are addressed in this dissertation. First, a comprehensive conceptualization of learning in sustainability transitions is currently missing that comprises learning at multiple societal levels (ranging from individuals to policy-actors). Learning concepts are often not explicitly discussed in transition research even though learning is considered as fundamental for innovation processes, niche formation and development as well as breakthrough and diffusion of innovations. Second, methods for the analysis and design of transition governance processes are lacking that specify case-specific intervention points and roles of actors in the implementation of innovations. Third, participatory modeling approaches are only applied to a limited extent in transition research despite a high potential for supporting communication and learning. The conceptualization of multi-level learning developed in this doctoral research conceptualizes learning at different societal levels as specific learning contexts ranging from individual and group contexts to organizational and policy contexts. The conceptual framework further differentiates between learning processes, intensity, objects, outcomes, subjects and factors, allowing for a more detailed analysis of learning within and across learning contexts. Thus, learning contexts can be linked by processes that involve actors from different learning contexts (e.g., community groups and policy-makers), as well as exchanges of physical aspects, institutions and knowledge (in the form of ‘learning factors’). This research has also provided a classification of model uses in transition research that supports a purposeful discussion of the opportunities of modeling and promising future research directions. The methodology developed in this doctoral research aims at the analysis and design of transition governance processes by specifying the various opportunities to contribute to sustainability transitions through purposeful action at different societal levels, as well as related roles of stakeholders in implementing such processes of change. The methodology combines different streams of previous research: 1) a participatory modeling approach to identify problem perceptions, case-specific sustainability innovations as well as related implementation barriers, drivers and responsibilities; 2) a systematic review to identify supportive and impeding learning factors from the general literature that can complement case-specific factors; and 3) a method for the analysis and design of case-specific transition governance processes. Three case studies in Canada (topic: sustainable food systems), Cyprus (water-energy-food nexus) and Germany (sustainable heating supply) have been selected to test and iteratively develop the methodology described above. The results for each case study reveal that there are learning objects (i.e., learning requirements) in all learning contexts, which underscores the importance of multi-level learning in sustainability transitions, ranging from the individual to the group, organizational and policy levels. Actors have various opportunities to actively facilitate societal transformations towards sustainable development either directly through actions at their particular societal levels (i.e., context-internal learning) or indirectly through actions that influence learning at other societal levels. In fact, most of the learning factors require cooperation across learning contexts during the implementation process. The comparing of learning factors across case studies underline the importance of several factor categories, such as ‘physical a ‘disturbance or crisis’, ‘information and knowledge’. Of the 206 factors identified by stakeholders, 40 factors are case-specific and not contained in the general, review-based factor list. This underscores the value of participatory research, as general, top-down analyses might have overlooked these case-specific factors. The methodology presented in this dissertation allows for the identification and analysis of case-specific intervention points for sustainability transitions at multiple societal levels. The methodology furthermore permits the analysis of interplay between individual, group, organizational and policy actions, which is a first step towards their coordination. The focus on sustainability innovations links the broad topic of sustainability transitions to a set of opportunities for practical interventions and overcoming their implementation barriers. The methodology presented allows for the analysis and design of these interlinkages between learning contexts. While the methodology cannot provide any ‘silver bullets’ for inducing sustainability transitions, it is flexible enough to identify an appropriate abstraction level for analyzing and designing transition governance processes. The methodology developed in this doctoral research also provides several contributions for the development of participatory modeling methods in transition research. Thus, the participatory method supports an integrated analysis of barriers and drivers of sustainability innovations, and allows application in practice and education. The concepts and methods developed in this research project allow for reflection on transition governance processes from a systemic viewpoint. Experiences in the case studies underline the applicability of the concepts and methods developed for the analysis of case-specific transition governance processes. Despite substantial differences in the geographic location, culture and topics addressed, all case studies include promising sustainability innovations and the engagement of multiple actors in their implementation. The diversity and multitude of initiatives in the case study regions provides an optimistic outlook on future opportunities for large-scale sustainability transitions.