Thesis (MSc)--Stellenbosch University, 2012. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: In developing countries the increasing number of the aged are often viewed as a problem. In particular, the indigent elderly residing in poor urban areas are at risk of becoming marginalised and underserved. The Western Cape has the third largest elderly population in proportion to the total population in the country. Social assistance in the form of a monthly pension is paid out to all elderly who pass a national means test carried out by South African Social Security Agency (SASSA). An assessment of the characteristics and health status of the elderly collecting old age pensions living in low-income urban poor communities in the City of Cape Town was carried out at pension pay points across four communities, i.e. Gugulethu, Khayelitsha, Mitchells Plain and Bonteheuwel. In community health surveys, choices regarding the methodology have to be made that can have profound effects on the study design and study outcomes. The milieu of the present study is one of urban poverty and specifically those urban elderly who qualify for non-contributory pensions (also called social cash transfers or government grants). The paucity of existing community-based studies on old-age pensioners in the City of Cape Town meant that a cross-sectional survey with wide-ranging coverage of demographic, social and health factors was the most logical design to employ in order to determine the extent of present needs and generate hypotheses for further controlled studies. A systematic random sample of 703 elderly was drawn at nine pension pay-out points in Cape Town Metropole. No pensioners refused to participate in the study. Structured interviews were carried out covering demographics, number of dependents, living conditions, socioeconomic circumstances, health status and needs and utilisation of health services. A reported 43% of participants lived in shacks and 88% reported regularly eating less than 3 meals a day. Eighty-seven percent of respondents reported waiting 3 hours or longer for medication at a clinic while 90% reported being dissatisfied with the service at their clinic. Fifty-eight percent of pensioners reported not being able to see well while 83% did not know where to get their eyes tested. Almost 70% of pensioners said that they have been ill-treated by a family member and 64% scored as severely depressed on the geriatric depression scale. In this study, 266 pensioners solely supported 471 children of which 65 (14%) were disabled children. In 95% of cases the pensioner does not receive any support from the child's parents. The study found that the elderly on a state grant had considerable unmet health needs and required assistance with activities of daily living. The indigent pensioners in this study bore a huge duty of care for minor children as custodial grandparents while not receiving a high level of health support themselves. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die toenemende aantal bejaardes word dikwels in ontwikkelende lande as 'n probleem gesien. In die besonder loop die bejaardes wat in lae-inkomste stedelike gebiede woon die risiko om gemarginaliseer te word en swak dienslewering te ondervind. Die Wes-Kaap het die derde grootste populasie van bejaardes in verhouding tot die totale bevolking in die provinsie. Sosiale bystand in die vorm van 'n maandelikse pensioen word betaal aan alle bejaardes wat die inkomstetoets slaag wat deur die Suid-Afrikaanse Agentskap vir Maatskaplike Sekerheid (SAAMS) uitgevoer word. 'n Ondersoek na die eienskappe en gesondheidstatus van bejaardes wat hulle ouderdomspensioene in lae-inkomste stedelike gemeenskappe in die Stad Kaapstad kom afhaal is uitgevoer. Die studie is gedoen by pensioen-uitbetaalpunte in vier gemeenskappe, naamlik Gugulethu, Khayelitsha, Mitchells Plein and Bonteheuwel. In gemeenskapsgesondheid-opnames moet keuses gemaak word ten opsigte van die metodologie wat diepgaande gevolge vir die studieontwerp en -uitkomste kan inhou. Die milieu van die huidige studie in dié van stedelike armoede en spesifiek die leefruimte van stedelike bejaardes wat kwalifiseer vir nie-bydraende pensioene (ook genoem sosiale kontantoordragte of staatstoelaes). Die gebrek aan bestaande studies van ouderdomspensioenarisse in Kaapstad het beteken dat 'n dwarsdeursnit-opname van die demografie, sosiale en gesondheidsfaktore die mees logiese ontwerp was om uit te voer. Dit is gedoen om die omvang van huidige behoeftes te bepaal en verdere hipoteses te genereer wat deur vergelykende studies ondersoek behoort te word. 'n Stelselmatige ewekansige steekproef van 703 bejaardes is getrek by nege betaalpunte in die Kaapse stadsgebied. Geen proefpersone het geweier om deel te neem nie. Gestruktureerde onderhoude is gevoer wat die volgende aspekte gedek het: demografiese eienskappe, aantal afhanklikes, gesondheidstatus en benutting van gesondheidsdienste. Van die deelnemers het 43% in informele behuising ("shacks") gewoon en 88% het gerapporteer dat hulle gereeld minder as 3 daaglikse maaltye eet. Daar het 87% gerapporteer dat hulle 3 uur of langer gewag het om medikasie by hulle plaaslike kliniek te ontvang terwyl 90% ontevrede was met die diens wat hulle by die kliniek ontvang het. Daar het 58% van die bejaardes gerapporteer dat hulle nie goed kan sien nie terwyl 83% van hulle nie geweet het waar hulle hulle oë kan laat toets nie. Omtrent 70% van bejaardes het gesê dat hulle deur 'n familielid mishandel word en 64% kon as ernstig depressief geklassifiseer word op die geriatriese depressieskaal. In hierdie studie was 266 pensioenarisse die enigste sorg en voog van 471 kinders van wie 65 (14%) gestremd was. In 95% van gevalle het die pensionaris geen geldelike of ander bydraes van die kind(ers) se ouers ontvang nie. Die studie het bevind dat bejaardes wat 'n staatstoelaag ontvang aansienlike onvervulde gesondheidsbehoeftes het en hulp benodig met aktiwiteite van daaglikse bestaan. Die behoeftige pensioenarisse in hierdie studie het 'n groot las gedra aan die versorging van minderjarige kinders as toesighoudende grootouers ("custodial grandparents") terwyl hulleself nie 'n hoë vlak van ondersteuning geniet nie.

Submitted by Filipe dos Santos (fsantos@pucsp.br) on 2018-07-30T12:25:28Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Thaís Araujo de Oliveira Pereira de Carvalho.pdf: 2636639 bytes, checksum: 8f4f5440463a3046fc63ff3fd050ef00 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-07-30T12:25:28Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Thaís Araujo de Oliveira Pereira de Carvalho.pdf: 2636639 bytes, checksum: 8f4f5440463a3046fc63ff3fd050ef00 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018-06-04 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / How have the Brazilian private-sector worker been preparing for retirement? This was the main question of this research, which started from the assumption that the entrance to the end of the career is in a place of unpreparedness, and consequently it entails damages to the old age, that now happens to be of a longer period. In order to understand this behavior, the following objectives were proposed: a) outline the sociodemographic profile of a group; b) identify if the interviewees had any planning for retirement - be it financial, leisure, study or other; c) understand their perception of concerning their old age and the project of life for their extended time, and d) contribute with inputs for the formulation of educational policies of planning for the post-work world. To respond to this problem, it was decided through a semi-structured analysis in a group of 40 private-sector workers, of the transformation business in São Paulo state, covering men and women over 41 years of age. Answers expressing surprise, high centrality at work, lack of knowledge and fear of facing the issue led to a scenario of interviewees, who were classified into three groups, according to the level of perception and behavior for retirement: those who are very unprepared, those semi prepared and those who deny or reject retirement. It was also identified that the old age has extremes meanings: negative and positive. The results indicates that the subject is not yet adequately addressed and has a lack of preparation in several spheres, denouncing not only a cultural issue, but also an impending public social problem for which we are rapidly moving towards in Brazil / Como o trabalhador brasileiro do setor privado tem se preparado para a aposentadoria? Esta foi a pergunta guia desta pesquisa que partiu do pressuposto de que a entrada no final de carreira versa em um lugar de despreparo, e que como consequência acarreta prejuízos para a velhice, que atualmente passa a ser de uma existência mais longa. No intuito de entender este comportamento foram propostos os seguintes objetivos: a) traçar o perfil sociodemográfico do grupo; b) identificar se os entrevistados possuíam algum planejamento para a aposentadoria – seja de natureza financeira, de lazer, de estudo ou outros; c) compreender a percepção destes referentes às suas velhices e o projeto de vida para o seu tempo dilatado, e d) contribuir com insumos para a formulação de políticas educacionais de planejamento para o mundo pós-trabalho. Para responder ao problema proposto nesta pesquisa, decidiu-se por entrevistas semi-estruturadas (questionário composto por 61 questões, sendo 19 abertas) em um grupo com 40 trabalhadores de uma empresa privada do setor de transformação, no Estado de São Paulo, abrangendo homens e mulheres com idade superior a 41 anos. Respostas expressando surpresa, alta centralidade no trabalho, desconhecimento e medo de enfrentar o assunto trouxe à tona o cenário dos entrevistados, que foram classificados em três grupos, de acordo com o nível de percepção e comportamento quanto à aposentadoria: aqueles que se encontram totalmente despreparados, os que estão semipreparados e os que negam ou rejeitam a aposentadoria. Para este grupo também foi identificado que a velhice orbita em dois polos extremos: concepção positiva e negativa. Estes resultados demonstram o quanto o assunto ainda não é tratado devidamente e reflete a falta de preparo em diversas esferas, denunciando não somente uma questão cultural, mas também um iminente problema social público para o qual caminhamos rapidamente no Brasil

Thesis (MPA)--Stellenbosch University, 2014. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: The research focuses on social assistance within the context of the developmental state. In South Africa, the Social Assistance Act, 2004 (Act No.13 of 2004) makes provision for the administration of social assistance and the payment of social grants. The Act provides for the payment of eight grant types including the payment of the Old Age Grant (OAG). The research focuses on the OAG and the payment methods exercised by OAG beneficiaries. The South African Social Security Agency is established in terms of the South African Social Security Agency Act, 2004 (Act No. 9 of 2004) and the payment of social assistance has been transferred to the Agency. The literature review revealed that African countries in particular have followed a different path to the rest of the development world with regard to social security. There is a strong reliance on community management involvement of social protection programmes in middle Africa. The South African system is more advanced and is legislated. South Africa’s social security system is a system of targeted social grants. It makes access to social security a basic human right, as it is contained in the Bill of Rights. The rise of the developmental state after World War 11 was championed by Japan, in particular, and this rise gave effect to the Asian Miracle. A comparison of different systems in the developing context is undertaken in the study. One of the criteria from the comparison of systems is that developmental decisions should be informed by a country’s vision or longterm strategy. The research is being undertaken at a pinnacle point in the history of South Africa, in particular of the Agency responsible for the administration and payment of these grants. The SASSA introduced the SASSA debit card (Appendix I) in 2012. Beneficiaries can use this card at any store with a point of sale device to make purchases and withdraw money at selected vendors published in the SASSA merchant list on the website of the Agency. The implementation of this decentralised system is however not without disagreement about the ideal path – questions about the advantages of electronic versus cash payments; and SASSA as ‘Paymaster’ versus the use of external service providers, is still being debated. This research attempts to assist in this debate through an investigation of alternative methods to disburse social grants, with specific focus on the old age grant recipients. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die navorsing fokus op maatskaplike ondersteuning in die konteks van die ontwikkeling-gerigte staat. In Suid-Afrika, maak die Wet op Maatskaplike Bystand, 2004 (Wet No.13 van 2004) voorsiening vir die administrasie van maatskaplike bystand en die betaling van maatskaplike toelae. Die wet maak voorsiening vir die betaling van agt soorte toelae, insluitend die betaling van die ouderdomstoelaag . Hierdie navorsing was gerig op die ouderdomstoelaag en die betalingsmetodes wat vir ouderdomstoelaag begunstigdes beskikbaar is. Die Suid-Afrikaanse Maatskaplike Sekerheidsagentskap is in terme van die Suid- Afrikaanse Sosiale Sekerheidswet, 2004 (Wet No. 9 van 2004) ingestel en die betaling van maatskaplike bystand is aan hierdie agentskap oorgedra. Die literatuurstudie het getoon dat lande, veral in Afrika, ‘n ander pad as die res van die ontwikkelende wêreld ten opsigte van maatskaplike sekerheid gevolg het. Daar is ‘n groot afhanklikheid van gemeenskapsbestuur betrokkenheid by die ontwikkeling van sosiale programme in middel Afrika. Die Suid-Afrikaanse maatskaplike sekerheidstelsel is meer gevorderd en word deur wetgewing onderbou. Dit maak toegang tot maatskaplike sekerheid ‘n menslike reg, deur dit in die Handves van Menseregte te onderskryf. Die bevordering van die ontwikkeling-gerigte staat na die Tweede Wêreld Oorlog is veral deur Japan aangevoer, en die aanneem hiervan het die Asiatiese Wonderwerk bewerkstellig. ‘n Vergelyking van die verskillende stelsels in die ontwikkeling konteks word onderneem in die studie. Een van die kriteria met betrekking tot die vergelyking van die verskillende stelsels is dat die ontwikkelingsbesluite ondersteun moet word deur middel van ‘n visie of lang termyn strategie. Die navorsing vind plaas op ‘n kritieke tyd in die geskiedenis van Suid-Afrika, veral ten opsigte van die agentskap wat vir die administrasie en uitbetaling van hierdie toelae verantwoordelik is. Die Suid-Afrikaanse Maatskaplike Sekerheids agentskap het die SASSA debietkaart in 2012 uitgereik. Begunstigdes kan die kaart by enige winkel met ‘n verkooppunttoestel, soos op die lys van uitgesoekte handelaars op SASSA se webtuiste bekendgestel is, gebruik om aankope te doen of geld te onttrek. Die inwerkstelling van die gedesentraliseerde stelsel is ongetwyfeld nie bepalend en gesprekke rondom die ideale stelsel is steeds onderweg – vra rondom die voordele van ‘n elektroniese stelsel teenoor ‘n kontantstelsel; sowel as vrae om SASSA as die ‘betaalmeester’ teenoor die gebruik van eksterne diensverskaffers, duur steeds voort. Die navorsing onderneem om hierdie debat te bevorder deur ‘n ondersoek na alternatiewe betaal metodes om sosiale toelaes te versprei, met spesifieke fokus op die betaling van die begunstigdes van die ouderdomstoelaag.

Thesis (MA)--Stellenbosch University, 2001. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: This thesis focuses on the extent to which the South African social security system succeeds in providing protection in the vulnerable periods of the life-cycle and against the major contingencies of unemployment, disability and disease. Through a detailed examination of the different social insurance and assistance programmes, it isolates which particular population segments (by occupation, income quintile and race group) "fall through the cracks" in the provision of income security. It does not look only at the articulation between different social insurance and social assistance programmes, but also acknowledges how social security complements other governmental interventions, such as social services, and non-state sources of income security, such as those provided by the private insurance market and the family and community. Part One of the thesis is devoted to an examination of social insurance in South Africa, in other words, to those programmes that seek to compensate for a loss of income in the event of particular contingencies and that are funded by contributions from employers and employees. In addition, theoretical perspectives on social security, and social insurance in particular, are provided, with a discussion of the various economic arguments in favour of and against the provision of social security. Part Two of the thesis examines the range of non-contributory social assistance - cash benefits paid form general revenue - that are available to South Africans who qualify in terms of the means tests. Each chapter provides an analysis of the extent to which the social assistance programme under analysis provides a safety net for the relevant category of vulnerable people. It does this by examining the appropriateness of the programme structure, take-up rates and the fiscal sustainability of the programmes. In addition, the budgetary process by which revenue is allocated to social assistance programmes and expenditure trends are examined. The thesis concludes that although the South African social security system has achieved a fairly advanced level of development and covers a fairly wide range of risks, there are a number of constraints facing its further expansion. Social insurance schemes provide generous benefits, but their membership is restricted to the employed. Expanding coverage by social insurance would require substantial growth in remunerative employment which, given prevailing labour market conditions, seems unlikely. The provision of more generous social assistance programmes catering for a broader range of contingencies is severely curtailed by already high fiscal expenditure on welfare and macroeconomic constraints. Moreover, changing demography, household structures and dependency burdens, especially as the HIV/AIDS epidemic spreads, seem likely to increase demands on social assistance programmes. Consequently, until employment can be expanded so that more people can contribute to their own income security, the informal social security provided by the family and/or community will remain the first line of support for many. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: In hierdie tesis word gefokus op die mate waartoe die Suid-Afrikaanse bestaansbeveiligingstelsel daarin slaag om ondersteuning tydens kwesbare periodes in die lewensiklus en beskerming teen groot gebeurlikhede soos werkloosheid, ongeskiktheid of langdurige siekte te bied. Daardie bevolkingsegmente (volgens beroep, inkomstegroep of ras) wat nie volledig toegang tot inkomstesekuriteit het nie, word uitgesonder deur 'n gedetaileerde ondersoek van die verskillende maatskaplike versekerings- en bystandsprogramme. Daar word ook gekyk na die artikulasie tussen die verskillende programme sowel as na hoe ander regeringsintervensies (bv. verskaffing van maatskaplike dienste) en private bronne van inkomstesekuriteit - verskaf deur die privaat versekeringsmark, die gemeenskap en die familie - deur maatskaplike bystand aangevul word. Deel Een word gewyaan 'n ondersoek van maatskaplike versekering in Suid-Afrika - daardie programme wat vir inkomsteverlies weens spesifieke gebeurlikhede probeer kompenseer en wat tipies deur bydraes van werkgewers en werknemers befonds word. Teoretiese perspektiewe op bestaansbeveiliging in die algemeen en maatskaplike versekering in besonder word ook verskaf en argumente vir en teen die verskaffing van bestaansbeveiliging word bespreek. Deel Twee ondersoek die reeks nie-bydraende bestaansbeveiligingsprogramme wat uit algemene owerheidsinkomste befonds word, asook bestedingstendense in maatskaplike bystand. Die tesis kom tot die gevolgtrekking dat, alhoewel Suid-Afrikaanse bestaansbeveiliging 'n redelik gevorderde vlak van ontwikkeling bereik het en 'n wye reeks risiko's dek, daar 'n aantal beperkinge op verdere uitbreiding is. Maatskaplike versekeringskemas bied uitgebreide voordele, maar lidmaatskap is tot indiensgeneemdes beperk. Uitbreiding van dekking vereis beduidende groei in formele indiensneming, wat onwaarskynlik lyk, gegewe huidige arbeidsmarktendense. Die verskaffing van gunstiger maatskaplike bystandsprogramme gemik op meer gebeurlikhede word ernstig deur reeds hoë fiskale uitgawes op welsyn en deur makroekonomiese oorweginge beperk. Verder sal veranderende demografiese strukture, huishoudingstrukture en afhanklikheidslaste, veral teen die agtergrond van die toename in HIVNIGS, aansprake op maatskaplike bystandsprogramme vergroot. Gevolglik sal die informele inkomstesekuriteit gebied deur die familie en/of gemeenskap die eerste of enigste ondersteuning vir groot dele van die bevolking bly, totdat indiensneming genoeg uitgebrei kan word sodat meer mense tot hul eie inkomstesekuriteit kan bydra.