Tendo em conta o contexto de preparação dos Jogos Olímpicos de 2016, em que parte do espaço físico da cidade do Rio de Janeiro é redesenhado a partir de intervenções arquitetônicas e urbanísticas, este estudo se interessa pela atuação de um sujeito específico: o arquiteto. Mais especificamente, investigo as visões deste profissional sobre o Rio de Janeiro no contexto referido, tornando presentes imagens sobre o passado, o presente e o futuro dessa cidade. O objetivo teórico é apreender sociologicamente o imaginário dos arquitetos sobre a cidade em questão, procurando indícios da base social que subjaz às representações que medeiam esse imaginário. Para tanto, os projetos arquitetônicos e urbanísticos premiados pelo Concurso Porto Olímpico e pelo Concurso Sede do Campo Olímpico de Golfe são objetos de uma análise documental e seus respectivos autores e coautores, entrevistados. Como resultado, chega-se a um imaginário que parece se alimentar ora de imagens de espaços empiricamente existentes (bairros e logradouros cariocas e cidades estrangeiras), ora de imagens que não encontram lugar no mundo empiricamente existente. As representações de cidade reveladas por esse imaginário podem ser relacionadas com duas dimensões da vida social dos arquitetos em questão: sua vivência cotidiana nessa e em outras cidades e sua formação acadêmica. Orientado teoricamente pelos escritos de Henri Lefebvre sobre a produção do espaço e as representações, este estudo busca alargar as possibilidades interpretativas do arcabouço conceitual produzido pelo sociólogo francês e, ao mesmo tempo, dar voz aos arquitetos nos estudos urbanos brasileiros, em que ele raramente aparece como protagonista. / Considering the arrangements for the 2016 Olympic Games, where part of the physical space of the city of Rio de Janeiro is redesigned by architectural and urban interventions, this study is concerned with the performance of a very specific character: the architect. More specifically, I explore the conception of architects about the city within the above-mentioned context, bringing to light images of past, present and future of this city. The theoretical purpose herein is to sociologically understand the (Lefebvrean) imaginary of architects about Rio, seeking evidence of the social basis underlying the representations mediated by such imaginary. For that purpose, the architectural and urban designs that won the Porto Olímpico Contest (Concurso Porto Olímpico) and the Olympic Golf Course Clubhouse Contest (Concurso Sede do Campo Olímpico de Golfe) are subject to a document analysis. In addition, their respective authors and co-authors were also interviewed. As a result, such approach enabled discovering an imaginary that seems to be sustained either by images of empirically existing spaces (neighborhoods and public sites of Rio and foreign cities) or images that do not find their places in the empirically existing world. This imaginary revealed representations of the city that can be associated with two dimensions of the social life of these architects: their life experience in Rio de Janeiro and other cities, and their academic background. Theoretically guided by the concepts of Henri Lefebvre on the production of space and its representations, this study aims to extend the interpretative possibilities of the conceptual framework of the French sociologist, while giving voice to architects in Brazilian urban studies, a field where such subjects are rarely seen as protagonists.

Interrelation between sports and politics in the specific case of the Olympic Games in Barcelona in 1992 offers a wide range of opportunities to strengthen nationalist tendencies of the Catalan society. This thesis examines how the organization of this event affected the development of Catalan nationalistic discourse of political parties. These changes are analysed on two levels. The first level is the evolution over time - the thesis compares the periods before and after the Olympics and looks at trends across each period. The second level is the development in the level of debate - the thesis looks at the category of political parties, at the category of Catalan politics and at the category of the Spanish nationwide politics, while it analyses the moves of the topics and trends across the levels. Thus, the thesis examines trends of the political discourse in the electoral programs, in speeches at annual meetings at the level of the Catalan parliament and in speeches at annual meetings at the level of national Spanish Parliament. The basic parameters of the research work are themes of language policy, cultural policy, the issue of state structure juristic reform, linguistic forms of the discourses and relation to the Olympic Games. The main basis of this work is the contribution of sporting events...

Orientador: José Carlos Marques / Resumo: Em 2016 os Jogos Olímpicos e Paralímpicos foram realizados no Brasil, o primeiro país da América do Sul a receber essas competições, as quais contaram com a participação de aproximadamente 15 mil atletas de mais de 200 países. O conceito de sustentabilidade foi muito utilizado na divulgação das Olimpíadas de 2016 como uma das maneiras de justificar o investimento que foi realizado, principalmente, ao afirmar que as benfeitorias ficariam como legado para a população, contribuindo para a inclusão social, o bem-estar e a qualidade de vida dos moradores da capital carioca e de todo o Brasil. Mesmo antes do início das competições já era possível notar que algumas das promessas ficariam apenas no papel, pois não puderam ser concluídas para a realização dos Jogos no país. O objetivo da pesquisa é analisar como a sustentabilidade foi utilizada pelo Comitê Olímpico Brasileiro, especificamente nos Jogos Olímpicos, em sua estratégia de comunicação, para transmitir a ideia de que os jogos seriam sustentáveis e deixariam um legado positivo para a população. Como metodologia foi utilizada uma pesquisa de campo nos locais onde ocorreram as competições e a Análise de Conteúdo das matérias publicadas no site oficial dos Jogos Olímpicos Rio 2016 por meio do Portal Abraça Sustentabilidade e da transmissão televisiva da Cerimônia de Abertura dos Jogos Olímpicos realizada pela emissora Rede Globo. / Abstract: In 2016, the Olympic and Paralympic Games were held in Brazil, the first country in South Amer-ica to host these competitions, which were attended by approximately 15,000 athletes from more than 200 countries. The concept of sustainability was widely used in the disclosure of the 2016 Olympics as one of the ways to justify the investment that was made, mainly, by stating that the improvements would remain a legacy for the population, contributing to social inclusion, well-being and the quality of life of residents of the capital of Rio de Janeiro and of all of Brazil. Even before the start of the competitions, it was already possible to notice that some of the promises would remain only on paper, as they could not be concluded for the Games in the country. The objective of the research is to analyze how sustainability was used by the Brazilian Olympic Committee, specifically at the Olympic Games, in its communication strategy, to convey the idea that the games would be sustainable and leave a positive legacy for the population. As a method-ology, a field research was used in the places where the competitions took place and the Content Analysis of the articles published on the official website of the Rio 2016 Olympic Games through the Abraça Sustentabilidade Portal and the television broadcast of the Opening Ceremony of the Olympic Games held by the broadcaster Rede Globo. / Doutor

Excerpt:The purpose of this article is to present and discuss the phases of the pull that precede the power position, as well as present some suggestions for how to coach these positions...

Title: Problems of sportification of parkour Goals: The main aim of this thesis is to introduce the origin and development of parkour and to explain its changes caused by sportification. Partial goals were to describe historical development of parkour and freerunning in the world and in the Czech Republic, then to describe in detail and explain values of the parkour that changed with the development of this discipline, but also those values that have not changed. Further partial goal was to describe parkour as a subculture. Inclusion of parkour on the programme of Olympic Games caused its sportification, which is introduced together with the structure and evaluation of parkour and freerunning competitions. Methods: Collection of information, analysis and synthesis, deductive reasoning Keywords: parkour, freerunning, subculture, sportification, Olympic Games, values

Analysis of elite performances is important to elucidate the characteristics of effective weightlifting technique contributing to the highest level of achievement. The general technique of the weightlifting movements is well established. However, it is also apparent that weightlifting technique can differ based on athlete characteristics. Thus, existing technical models may not accurately reflect current technique of top performers or be applied generically to athletes of different skill, size, sex, or ability. Therefore, the purpose of this descriptive study was to update the scientific knowledge of snatch technique of top international weightlifters. This study used video analysis to determine barbell trajectory and kinematics of 319 successful snatch attempts from two major international competitions. Relative frequencies of barbell trajectory types differed based on competition, sex, category, and ranking. No statistical differences were observed among the top-three performers for either sex for most kinematic variables, and there were no overall discernible patterns of effect size differences for individual or clusters of kinematic variables. The results of this study indicate that weightlifting success can be achieved with a variety of technique profiles.

Background: The authors have observed that Olympic athletes of Team USA supplement their income, or finance themselves entirely, through entrepreneurial opportunities. This study focuses on Olympic Athletes from the United States - with a limitation to members of the US Olympic Rowing Team that competed at the Tokyo 2020 Olympic Games.  Unbeknownst to many, athletes from Team USA, and Olympians globally, do not receive compensation from the International Olympic Committee (IOC) to compete at the Olympic Games. Instead, US Olympians receive a monthly stipend from the United States Olympic and Paralympic Committee (USOPC) ranging between $1000 to $2000 US Dollars. Provided this information, the authors were interested in identifying whether their financial situation, or any other drivers, made them more likely to pursue entrepreneurial opportunities. Purpose: The aim of this thesis is to identify and understand the drivers which led US Olympic athletes to improve their financial situation while on the US Olympic team.  Method: This thesis focuses primarily on qualitative data gathered from interviews with eight members of the United States Olympic Rowing Team who competed at the 2020 Tokyo Olympics. To fulfill our purpose, the authors elected to utilize the explorative study framework, with a purposive sampling and following an inductive reasoning approach. Moreover, the primary data from our interview is collected through semi-structured interviews, which were conducted through (Zoom) virtual video conferencing calls. Findings: From our interviews with members of the US Olympic Rowing Team who competed at the Tokyo 2020 Olympic Games, we have identified six (6) common factors shared amongst our interviewees – leading them to pursue one or more entrepreneurial opportunity/ies. Those common factors were: (1) The United States Olympic & Paralympic Committee’s Stipend for athletes does not fully finance their monthly expenditure; (2) the athletes’ recognition of their rising brand value; (3) the unpredictability of their training and competition schedules; (4) the pressure on athletes for professional work experience; (5) an interest in Entrepreneurship; and (6) their requirements for flexible employment. Conclusion: After weighing our findings, the authors would agree that the most compelling driver to pursue entrepreneurship was the need for an additional income to supplement their USOPC Stipend. However, the authors must also add that these drivers cannot be individually held responsible for the pursuance of an entrepreneurial opportunity – to the contrary, the authors would propose that the most reasonable interpretation is that US Olympians are pursuing entrepreneurship as a result of a combination of the aforementioned drivers influencing their lives – as shown by all of our interviewees being affected by three or more of the identified drivers.

Name: An overview of the performance of men and women in the discipline of the 100 m freestyle at the Olympics from 1924 to 2016. Aim: The first aim of the diploma thesis is to create a historical overview of the course of swimming competitions at the modern Olympics from 1924 to 2016. The second aim is to process personal profiles of male anf female swimmers at the first places in the discipline of the 100 m freestyle from 1924 to 2016. And the third aim is to compile a performanceoverview of all male and female finalists in the discipline of the 100 m freestyle after two always following Olympics from 1924 to 2016. Methods: The historical method was used in the search for sources of historical data in the development of swimming and the processing of individual Olympic Games. It consisted of analyzing historical facts, examining sources and creating an overview of developments. Based on the search and processing of individual performances, graphs were prepared and then the results were compared. Outcome: From the analysis of performance, we found that in the period from 1924 to 2016, men improved by 19%, which represents 11.42 s, and women by 27%, which is 19.70 s. The results of the research show that the development of men's performance slowed down while women's performance is still improving....

Sport plays important role in international politics of states and is becoming one of the most important sources of national branding. The aim of this study was to determine how China tried to change the view of the world on the country and improve its image through the Olympic Games in Beijing 2008. The study applies a qualitative method, it is a case study. Rebranding of China during the Olympics has been studied over several discursive categories through which it is possible to be captured. One of the categories was the human right discourse - which examined the discursive strategies attempting to marginalize traditional criticism in the area of human rights. Next category was the modernization discourse that captured China as a moder, global power built on the old foundations and cultural tradition rather that the discourse of an outdated country and the third was a discourse of environmental protection - category that showed effort to portray the green and healthy China. China tried to send a very loud signal to the world that it is a country that respects human rights, protects the environment, is modern, safe and nonconflicting. However, China was able to use the Olympic Games for the presentation of its culture that is in fact the thing that builds Chinese image external actors over the...

The objective of this thesis is to illuminate and analyse how the values of Olympism are coherent with Rule 50.2 of the Olympic Charter.In order to carry out this assignment the Case Study is chosen as research design. The data are collected by a semi-systematic literature review, using secondary data and IOC policy documents. In the first part of the analysis the content of the continuously evolving narrative of Olympism is analysed using a thematic narrative analysis. The second part of the analysis aims at highlighting the role of Rule 50.2 in regard to the values of Olympism and builds upon the results of the previous analysis. Furthermore, it looks at the athletes’ position in this institutional structure, drawing upon the theoretical framework using the concept of power by Foucault (1980) and Giddens (1984). It is conducted using aspects of CDA which aids to point out the power relations defined by the Olympic Charter and expressed by Rule 50.2.1The narrative analysis concludes that the notion of Olympism is not a neutral term but subject to change according to geographic location, historic, socio-cultural and political background. The values of Olympism are currently in a contended state. They are being adopted in an increasing commercial context and discourse which is taking place around the Olympic Games. Multinational Corporations and external interests are gaining influence on the Olympic Movement, yet athletes are frequently denied the access to implement power.Rule 50.2 of the Olympic Charter, which prohibits athletes from demonstrating can be seen as a prime example of the ambiguities of the Olympic Movement. Which in the Olympic Charter claims the goal to improve human rights, and an apolitical character, but simultaneously denies its athletes the right of freedom of expression. Rule 50.2 and acting accordingly can be seen in relation to Foucault's (1980) “mechanics of power”, which makes visible how the dominant discourse of commercialisation is influencing the behavior of society and institutions. For athletes to gain more impact and power on the macro level, it is crucial to educate themselves and adopt a critical self-consciousness by applying Giddens (1984) notion of reflexive monitoring.