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The legal obligations of retirement fund trustees in respect of section 37c of the Pension Funds Act 24 of 1956David, Vanashree 08 February 2013 (has links)
Prior to the introduction of section 37C into the Pension Funds Act. 24 of 1956, the benefit payable as a result of the death of a member would devolve in accordance with his last will and testament or the provisions of intestate succession. The advent of section 37C brought a statutory regime which expressly excludes freedom of testation and rather looks to the board of a fund to distribute the death benefit. The board may only pay the dependants of a deceased (either factual or legal) or the persons he has recorded on his nomination form. The section relies on the board to exercise its discretion in a manner which results in an equitable distribution of the death benefit notwithstanding that it does not provide any guidelines as to how this is to be achieved. Accordingly, numerous decisions are challenged by the identified beneficiaries because they are unhappy with the manner in which the board exercised its discretion. This results in complaints being lodged with the Pension Funds Adjudicator. Many such complaints should never have arisen or could have been easily solved by a proper exercise of discretion on the part of the board. The problem is that these complaints are adding to an already burdened office. Adequate training and understanding of the obligations of section 37C would probably result in fewer complaints to the Adjudicator. This dissertation examines whether the determinations which have been issued by the Adjudicator in respect of section 37C indicate a need for such training and understanding and, if they do, what possible remedies there might be to cure such a problem. Recommendations arising from this are that trustees must receive training focused on section 37C and proposed practical protocols to assist a board when exercising its duty to make an equitable distribution. / Jurisprudence / LL. M.
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Divided Government And Congressional Foreign Policy A Case Study Of The Post-world War Ii Era In American GovernmentFeinman, David Eric 01 January 2011 (has links)
The purpose of this research is to analyze the relationship between the executive and legislative branches of American federal government, during periods within which these two branches are led by different political parties, to discover whether the legislative branch attempts to independently legislate and enact foreign policy by using “the power of the purse” to either appropriate in support of or refuse to appropriate in opposition to military engagement abroad. The methodology for this research includes the analysis and comparison of certain variables, including public opinion, budgetary constraints, and the relative majority of the party that holds power in one or both chambers, and the ways these variables may impact the behavior of the legislative branch in this regard. It also includes the analysis of appropriations requests made by the legislative branch for funding military engagement in rejection of requests from the executive branch for all military engagements that occurred during periods of divided government from 1946 through 2009
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A critical analysis of the removal of directors by the board of directors and the judiciary under the Companies Act 71 of 2008Cassim, Rehana 04 1900 (has links)
Section 71(3) of the Companies Act 71 of 2008 has introduced into South African company
law a provision which for the first time permits the board of directors to remove another director
from office in certain specific instances. A further significant innovation in the Companies Act
71 of 2008 is contained in section 162, which empowers a court to make an order declaring a
director delinquent or placing him under probation in specific instances. The effect of section
162 is that a court is empowered to remove a director from the board of directors. The focus of
this thesis is the removal of directors from office by the board of directors and by the judiciary.
The thesis explores the underpinning philosophy of the statutory provisions relating to the
removal of directors from office. It also examines the impact of the power given to the board
of directors and to the courts to remove a director from office. The grounds and the procedures
for the removal of directors by the board of directors and the judiciary are examined. The
fiduciary duties applicable to directors in removing a director from the board of directors are
also explored. In addition, this thesis examines the removal of directors holding multiple
positions or capacities in relation to a company, such as an employee or a shareholder with
loaded voting rights. The remedies which may be relied on by a director who has been removed
from office by the board of directors are examined. Recommendations are made to strengthen
and improve the provisions in the Companies Act 71 of 2008 relating to the removal of directors
from office by the board of directors and the judiciary. Amendments to the Companies Act 71
of 2008 are suggested to remove ambiguities; to guard against the abuse of sections 71(3) and
162; to improve the grounds and procedures for the removal of directors by the board of
directors and the judiciary, and to enhance the remedies that may be relied on by a director who
has been removed from office by the board of directors. / Artikel 71(3) van die Maatskappywet 71 van 2008 het ’n bepaling tot Suid-Afrikaanse
maatskappyreg toegevoeg wat die direksie vir die eerste keer in staat stel om ’n ander direkteur
in sekere spesifieke gevalle uit sy of haar amp te verwyder. ’n Verdere belangrike vernuwing
in die Maatskappywet 71 van 2008 word in artikel 162 vervat, wat ’n hof magtig om ’n bevel
uit te vaardig wat ’n direkteur misdadig verklaar of hom of haar in spesifieke gevalle aan ’n
proeftydperk onderwerp. Die effek van artikel 162 is dat ’n hof by magte is om ’n direkteur
uit die direksie te verwyder. Die fokus van hierdie tesis is die verwydering van direkteure uit
hul ampte deur die direksie en die regbank. Die tesis verken die onderliggende filosofie van
die statutêre bepalings wat met die verwydering van direkteure uit hul ampte verband hou. Dit
ondersoek ook die impak van die bevoegdheid wat aan die direksie en die howe verleen word
om ’n direkteur uit sy of haar amp te verwyder. Die gronde en prosedures vir die verwydering
van direkteure deur die direksie en die regbank word ondersoek. Die fidusiêre pligte van
toepassing op direkteure by die verwydering van ’n direkteur uit die direksie word ook verken.
Daarbenewens ondersoek hierdie tesis die verwydering van direkteure wat veelvuldige posisies
of hoedanighede met betrekking tot ’n maatskappy beklee, soos ʼn werknemer of aandeelhouer
met gelaaide stemregte. Die regsmiddele waarop ’n direkteur, wat deur die direksie uit sy of
haar amp verwyder is, kan steun, word ondersoek. Aanbevelings word gemaak om die
bepalings in die Maatskappywet 71 van 2008, wat met die verwydering van direkteure uit hul
ampte deur die direksie en regbank verband hou, te versterk en te verbeter. Wysigings aan die
Maatskappywet 71 van 2008 word voorgestel om dubbelsinnighede uit te skakel; om teen die
misbruik van artikels 71(3) en 162 te waak; om die gronde en prosedures vir die verwydering
van direkteure deur die direksie en die regbank te verbeter, en om die regsmiddele waarop ’n
direkteur wat deur die direksie uit sy of haar amp verwyder is kan steun, te versterk. / ISigaba 71(3) Somthetho weZinkampani 71 ka 2008 sewuze wangenisa emithethweni
yezinkampani zaseNingizimu Afrika, umthetho ongowokuqala ovumela ibhodi labaqondisi
ukuthi libe namandla wokugudluza omunye umqondisi esikhundleni sakhe ngaphansi kwezimo
ezithile. Olunye ushintsho olusha kuMthetho wama-71 weZinkampani ka 2008 uqukethwe
yiSigaba 162, wona ugunyaza inkantolo ukuthi ikhiphe umyalelo owazisa umqondisi ngokuthi
unecala noma obeka umqondisi ngaphansi kophenyo, phecelezi “probation” ngesinye
isikhathi. Inhloso yeSigaba 162 wukunikeza inkantolo igunya lokugudluza umqondisi
kwibhodi labaqondisi. Impokophelo yale thisisi wukugudluzwa kwabaqondisi, bagudluzwe
yibhodi labaqondisi kanye nomthetho/nobulungisa. Ithisisi ihlola ifilosofi yemithetho
ekhishiwe emayelana nokugudluzwa kwabaqondisi ezikhundleni zabo, Kanti futhi ihlola
umthelela wamandla anikezwe ibhodi labaqondisi kanye nezinkantolo ukuthi zigudluze
umqondisi esikhundleni. Izizathu kanye nengqubo elandelwayo mayelana nokugudluzwa
kwabaqondisi yibhodi labaqondisi kanye nomthetho nazo ziyahlolwa. Imisebenzi emayelana
nokuthembeka eyenziwa ngabaqondisi ukugudluza umqondisi kwibhodi labaqondisi nayo
iyacwaningwa Ngaphezu kwalokhu, le thisisi .iphenya ukugudluzwa kwabaqondisi abaqokwe
ezikhundleni eziningi noma abanegunya elithize ngokwengqubo yenkampani,
enjengesisebenzi, phecelezi “employee” noma umabelwa-mashezi onamalungelo amaningi
okuvota, phecelezi, “loaded with voting rights”. Izeluleko ezingasetshenziswa wumqondisi
ogudluzwe esikhundleni sakhe yibhodi labaqondisi nazo ziyahlolwa. Izincomo nazo ziyenziwa
ngenhloso yokuqinisa kanye nokuthuthukiswa kwamandla oMthetho we-71 weZinkampani ka
2008, mayelana nokugudluzwa kwabaqondisi ezikhundleni yibhodi labaqondisi kanye
nomthetho. Izinguquko zoMthetho wama-71 weZinkampani ka 2008 ziqonde ukususa
izixakaxaka, ukulwa nokudlelezelwa kweSigaba 71(3) kanye no 162, ukuthuthukisa izizathu
kanye nezingqubo zokugudluzwa kwabaqondisi yibhodi labaqondisi kanye nomthetho,
ukuqinisa izindlela zokulungisa ezingasetshenziswa wumqondisi osegudluziwe esikhundleni
yibhodi labaqondisi. / Mercantile Law / LL. D.
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Aspects of corporate governance in South African public higher education institutionsVan der Walt, Cornelia Johanna January 2019 (has links)
The right to education is entrenched in the Constitution of the Republic of South Africa, 1996. The Constitution, together with various policy documents, provides guiding principles for the transformation of higher education in South Africa. Several universities were placed under administration, before and after the attainment of democracy in South Africa. The independent assessors reports on these institutions have one thing in common, namely that they point out poor administration and ineffective corporate governance practices. Despite many commendable initiatives by Government since 1994 to improve an apparently flawed higher education system, some aspects could be enhanced further, especially concerning corporate governance and governance accountability. Council members and the executive management of higher education institutions are subject to common law fiduciary duties and duties of care and skill. However, their accountability for breaches of these duties is not always clear and is seldom enforced. There is a need to balance effective accountability and the exercise of discretionary powers that are integral to effective governance and management. This thesis considers how corporate governance and compliance in higher education can be improved further, taking into account various legislative changes to the Higher Education Act 101 of 1997, direction provided by the Companies Act 71 of 2008 and the Banks Act 94 of 1990 in respect of the regulation of directors’ duties. An in-depth investigation into the relevant provisions of these Acts was not intended nor undertaken. Rather, the thesis draws from these Acts so that the problems concerning corporate governance in the higher education sector may be dealt with. The regulation of higher education in the foreign jurisdiction of the State of Georgia in the United States of America and in the Canadian province of Ontario was also considered. Based on the research undertaken, specific amendments are proposed to the Higher Education Act of 1997 and the Regulations for Reporting by Public Higher Education Institutions 2014, which are aimed at improvin higher education. / Die reg op onderwys word in die Grondwet van die Republiek van Suid-Afrika 1996 verskans. Riglyne vir die transformasie van hoër onderwys in Suid-Afrika word in die Grondwet en verskeie ander beleidsdokumente vervat. Voordat en nadat ‘Suid-Afrika demokraties geword het, is verskeie universiteite onder administrasie geplaas. Luidens die onafhanklike assessore se verslae, het hierdie instellings een ding gemeen gehad: swak administrasie en ondoeltreffende korporatiewe regering. Ondanks talle prysenswaardige stappe van die regering sedert 1994 om die probleme in die hoëronderwysstelsel te ondervang, kan bepaalde aspekte steeds verbeter, in die besonder korporatiewe regering en regeeraanspreeklikheid. Raadslede en lede van die uitvoerende besture van hoëronderwysinstellings is verplig om hulle gemeenregtelike fidusiêre pligte en hulle sorgvuldigheids- en kundigheidsplig na te kom. Hulle verantwoordingspligtigheid in geval van pligsversuim is egter dikwels vaag en word selde afgedwing. Die juiste ewewig moet gevind word tussen doeltreffende verantwoordingspligtigheid en die uitoefening van diskresionêre magte wat onlosmaaklik deel is van doeltreffende korporatiewe regering en bestuur. In hierdie tesis word gekyk hoe korporatiewe regering en nakoming in hoër onderwys verbeter kan word met inagneming van verskeie wysigings van die Wet op Hoër Onderwys 101 van 1997, riglyne in die Maatskappywet 71 van 2008 en in die Bankwet 94 van 1990 aangaande die pligte van direkteure. Geen grondige ondersoek na die toepaslike bepalings in hierdie wette is beoog of gedoen nie. Hulle word eerder gebruik om oplossings vir die probleme met korporatiewe regering in hoër onderwys te vind. Hoe hoër onderwys in die Amerikaanse deelstaat Georgia en die Kanadese provinsie Ontario gereël word, is eweneens in ag geneem. Wysigings van die Wet op Hoër Onderwys van 1997 en die Regulations for Reporting by Public Higher Education Institutions 2014, wat poog om verantwoordingspligtigheid en voldoening in hoër onderwys te verbeter, word voorgestel. / Ilungelo lokufunda liqukethwe uMthethosisekelo woMbuso waseNingizimu Afrika, wangonyaka ka 1996. UMthethosisekelo, kanye neminye imibhalo eyahlukahlukene yemigomo, inikeza umhlahlandlela wemigomo yokuguqulwa kwamaziko emfundo ephakeme eNingizimu Afrika. Amanyuvesi ahlukahlukene amiswa futhi, ngaphambili nangemuva kokuthola idemokhrasi eNingizimu Afrika. Imibiko yabaphenyi bamanyuvesi abazimele inophawu olufanayo, lokuthi iveza ukungahanjiswa kahle kohlelo lokuphatha kanye nokungalandelwa kwezingqubo zokuphatha amabhizinisi. Yize kunemizamo eminingi encomekayo evela uHulumeni kusukela ngonyaka ka 1994, imizamo yokuthuthukisa uhlelo lwemfundo ephakeme olwehlulekayo, ezinye zezimpawu zaqhubeka nokuqiniswa, ikakhulu lezo ezimayelana nokuphathwa kwamaziko kanye nokuziphendulela kwamaziko. Amalungu omkhandlu kanye nesigungu sabaphathi bamaziko emfundo ephakeme bayaphoqeleka ukulandela umthetho ngokuthi benze imisebenzi ngokuthembeka okuyimisebenzi emayelana nokunakekela kanye namakhono okusebenza. Yize-kunjalo, ukuziphendulela kwabo uma bephula imithetho kaningi akucaci kahle kanti le mithetho ayivamisile ukuqiniswa. Kunesidingo sokulinganisa uhlelo olusebenzayo lokuziphendulela kanye nokusebenzisa amandla okuphatha onikezwe wona, okungamandla ayinsika ekuqiniseni uhlelo lokuhanjiswa kahle kwamaziko kanye nokuphathwa. Le thesis iqonde ekutheni ngabe uhlelo lokuphathwa kwamaziko kanye nokulandelwa kwemithetho emazikweni emfundo aphakeme kungathuthukiswa kanjani, uma kubhekwa izinguquko zomthetho ezahlukahlukene, kuMthetho 101 weMfundo Ephakeme ka 1997, uma kubhekwa indlela enikezwa uMthetho 71 weziNkampani ka 2008 kanye noMthetho 94 wamaBhange ka 1990 mayelana nomthetho wemisebenzi yabaqondisi. Akukaze kube nenhloso futhi kwenziwe uphenyo olujulile mayelana nemithetho efanele yale Mithetho. Kunalokho, ithesisi yencike phezu kwaleMithetho ukuze izinkinga ezimayelana nokuphathwa kwamaziko emkhakheni wemfundo ephakeme zidingidwe kahle. Umthetho wemfundo ephakeme esiyingini somthetho sangaphandle se-State of Georgia ngase-United States of America kanye nasesifundazweni saseCanada ngase-Ontario nawo uye wabhekwa. Ngenxa yocwaningo olwenziwe, sekuye kwaphakanyiswa ukuthi kube nezinguquke ezithile eMthethweni weMfundo ePhakeme ka 1997 kanye naseMithethweni yokuBika yamaZiko eMfundo ePhakeme oMphakathi ka 2014, okuyimithetho ehlose ukuthuthukisa izinga lokuphatha okunokuziphendulela kanye nokulandela umthetho wemfundo ephakeme. / Mercantile Law / LL. D.
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An annotated translation of the manuscript Irshad Al-MuqallidinʾInda Ikhtilaf Al-Mujtahidin (Advice to the laity when the juristconsults differ) by Abu Muhammad Al-Shaykh Sidiya Baba Ibn Al-Shaykh Al-Shinqiti Al-Itisha- I (D. 1921/1342) and a synopsis and commentary of its dominant themesGamieldien, Mogamad Faaik 06 1900 (has links)
Text in English and Arabic / In pre-colonial Africa, the Southwestern Sahara which includes
Mauritania, Mali and Senegal belonged to what was then referred to as
the Sudan and extended from the Atlantic seaboard to the Red Sea. The
advent of Islam and the Arabic language to West Africa in the 11th
century heralded an intellectual marathon whose literary output still
fascinates us today. At a time when Europe was emerging from the dark
ages and Africa was for most Europeans a terra incognita, indigenous
African scholars were composing treatises as diverse as mathematics,
agriculture and the Islamic sciences.
A twentieth century Mauritanian, Arabic monograph, Irshād al-
Muqallidīn ʿinda ikhtilāf al-Mujtahidīn1, written circa 1910/1332, by a
yet unknown Mauritanian jurist of the Mālikī School, Bāba bin al-Shaykh
Sīdī al- Shinqīṭī al-Ntishā-ī (d.1920/1342), a member of the muchacclaimed
Shinqīṭī fraternity of scholars, is a fine example of African
literary accomplishment.
This manuscript hereinafter referred to as the Irshād, is written within the
legal framework of Islamic jurisprudence (usūl al-fiqh). A science that
relies for the most part on the intellectual and interpretive competence of
the independent jurist, or mujtahid, in the application of the
methodologies employed in the extraction of legal norms from the
primary sources of the sharīʿah. The subject matter of the Irshād deals
with the question of juristic differences. Juristic differences invariably
arise when a mujtahid exercises his academic freedom to clarify or resolve
conundrums in the law and to postulate legal norms. Other independent
jurists (mujtahidūn) may posit different legal norms because of the
exercise of their individual interpretive skills. These differences, when
they are deemed juristically irreconcilable, are called ikhtilāfāt (pl. of
ikhtilāf).
The author of the Irshād explores a corollary of the ikhtilāf narrative and
posits the hypothesis that there ought not to be ikhtilāf in the sharīʿah.
The proposed research will comprise an annotated translation of the
monograph followed by a synopsis and commentary on its dominant
themes. / Religious Studies and Arabic / D. Litt. et Phil. (Islamic Studies)
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