The doctoral thesis deals with innovations in small and medium-sized enterprises and is particularly focused on the open innovation paradigm. In the theoretical part it explains the relationship between innovations and competitive advantage and provides a broad overview of the current research in the field of open innovations. Based on the theory and supported by the secondary research, it defines research questions and hypotheses that are tested within a survey distributed among Czech small and medium-sized enterprises. Results of the survey serve as a foundation for own models allowing broader implementation of open innovation in Czech small and medium-sized enterprises.

Complex diseases such as cancer, cardiovascular diseases and diabetes are often diagnosed too late, which significantly impairs treatment options and, in turn, lowers patient’s survival rate drastically and increases the costs significantly. Moreover, the growth of medical data is faster than the ability of healthcare systems to utilize them. Almost 80% of medical data are unstructured, but they are clinically relevant. On the other hand, technological advancements have made it possible to create different  igital health solutions where healthcare and ICT meet. Also, some individuals have already started to measure their body function parameters, track their health status, research their symptoms and even intervene in treatment options which means a great deal of data is being produced and also indicates that patient-driven health care models are transforming how health care functions. These models include quantified self-tracking, consumer-personalized-medicine and health social networks. This research aims to present an open innovation digital health platform which creates value  y using the overlaps between healthcare, information technology and artificial intelligence. This platform could potentially be utilized for early detection of complex diseases by leveraging Big Data technology which could improve awareness by recognizing pooled symptoms of a specific disease. This would enable individuals to effortlessly and quantitatively track and become aware of changes in their health, and through a dialog with a doctor, achieve diagnosis at a significantly earlier stage. This thesis focuses on a case study of the platform for detecting breast cancer at a  ignificantly earlier stage. A qualitative research method is implemented through reviewing the literature, determining the knowledge gap, evaluating the need, performing market research, developing a conceptual prototype and presenting the open innovation platform. Finally, the value creation, applications and challenges of such platform are investigated, analysed and discussed based on the collected data from interviews and surveys. This study combines an explanatory and an analytical research approach, as it aims not only to describe the case, but also to explain the value creation for different stakeholders in the value chain. The findings indicate that there is an urgent need for early diagnosis of complex diseases such as breast cancer) and also handling direct and indirect consequences of late diagnosis. A significant outcome of this research is the conceptual prototype which was developed based on the general proposed concept through a customer development process. According to the conducted surveys, 95% of the cancer patients and 84% of the healthy individuals are willing to use the proposed platform. The results indicate that it can create significant values for patients, doctors, academic institutions, hospitals and even healthy individuals.

Since 2000, digital technology and other technological advances such as 3D printing have improved non-traditional scientists’ participation in biotechnology and life science research and development. Non-traditional scientists, including amateur scientists, students and graduates from the life sciences, artists, programmers, engineers, and entrepreneurs, have rapidly increased under the Do-It-Yourself biotechnology (DIY bio) movement. These DIY biotechnologists or DIYers increase biotechnology research and life science inventions in society by encouraging open and cooperative development. Biotechnology research and development (R&D), especially in healthcare and agricultural biotechnology, suffers from patent proliferation with fragmented and overlapping rights that cover upstream research resources and research tools which can enable downstream developments. The proliferation of patents and related rights protecting upstream research can be detrimental to progress and citizens’ welfare because they can increase the cost of R&D, interfere with access to upstream research tools, and allow R&D to be concentrated around the issues found in developed nations. Many DIYers depend on self-funding and community resources to experiment with biotechnology. Proprietary research tools and equipment are harder to access. Some of them operate alongside proprietary R&D in a research area by building on off-patent technologies and inventing around patents. Some DIYers have made significant contributions in science that benefit other biotechnology researchers and developers, such as developing and manufacturing open source versions of proprietary research tools and equipment. Nonetheless, they can risk inadvertent patent infringement by working in competitive biotechnology research areas with heavy patent coverage. The presence of patent thickets in biotechnology can also discourage volunteers’ initial participation in open R&D. When third party patents develop around open and cumulative development, the risk of patent infringement increases for downstream development and commercial activities based on upstream open R&D. Alternative knowledge management strategies, such as open source patent licensing, clearinghouses and contract-based compensatory liability regimes, allow open innovation communities to create a protected commons of shared resources. However, these do not resolve problems in biotechnology patent law, such as fragmented and overlapping rights on cumulative technologies and strategic patent use. Government actions can address these problems, such as broadening outdated patent law exceptions, which can discourage unnecessary patenting and reduce the risk of infringement in alternative innovation environments.

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L’objectif de cette thèse consiste à analyser de quelle manière l’usage du Cloud Computing (CC), présenté comme une nouvelle forme de droit de propriété intellectuelle (DPI), peut modifier l’intensité et l’usage des Technologies de l’Information et de la Communication (TIC) au sein des entreprises. Parmi les résultats novateurs de cette thèse sont les suivants nous en citons trois : Premièrement, dès lors que les firmes cherchent à innover, l’adoption du CC dépend de la capacité d’absorption technologique. La capacité d’absorption technologique, telle que nous l’avons redéfinie, construite par l’accumulation de connaissances et de procédés en matière de gestion des innovations et des technologies permet une intégration plus facile des nouvelles technologies dans les schémas de fonctionnement de l’entreprise. Deuxièmement, les compétences numériques sont fondamentales dans la décision d’adoption afin d’insérer le CC dans la continuité des anciennes TIC, de gérer la perception de la complexité de la technologie et des risque associés. Enfin, la diffusion du CC dépend en grande partie de la perception des consommateurs de cette nouvelle technologie. Plus les consommateurs font confiance à la sécurité du CC et plus la concurrence entre les entreprises permet de relâcher la concurrence en prix. Les perceptions des consommateurs concernant la sécurité du CC impactent la concurrence en prix et en qualité des firmes et déterminent ainsi le degré de diffusion. Ces perceptions des consommateurs à propos du CC jouent un rôle important dans la pénétration du Cloud. / The objective of this thesis is to analyze in what way the use of cloud computing (CC) presented as a new form of intellectual property right (IPR), can modify the intensity and use of information and communication technology (ICT) within companies. Among the innovative results of this thesis, three ‘aspects’ will be mentioned as follows: In the first place and since the firms are looking for innovation, the adoption of cloud computing depends on the technological absorptive capacity as we have redefined it, built on the accumulation of knowledge and processes related to the management of innovations and technologies allows an easier integration of the new technologies in the plan of the company’ functioning. Secondly, the digital skills are fundamental in the decision of adoption in order to insert the cloud computing in the continuity of former technologies, to manage the perception of the complexity of this technology and the associated risks. Finally, the distribution of the cloud computing depends largely on the consumers perception of this new technology. The more the consumers trust the security of the cloud computing, the more the competition among the companies allows to the competition in prices. The perceptions of the consumers about the security of the cloud computing have an impact on the competition for both price and quality among the firms (service providers) and determine the level of the distribution. These perceptions play an important role.

This study examines the topic of open innovation in EVs. Initially a brief description of the concept of innovation and open innovation is carried out. Moreover, the three processes of open innovation are deployed while the coupled process is described in more detail. Furthermore, a short description is also given for corporate entrepreneurship, alliances, and the U.S. government policy. Also, this report considers Tesla Motors’ partnerships as a case study and it aims to give an insight of how the coupled process of open innovation is. Concluding, Tesla Motors follows the coupled innovation process by establishing strategic partnerships.

With innovation becoming the source of growth for major businesses, there has been a strong debate among the academic and the industrial fraternity relating to managing different channels of innovation. This thesis attempts to recognize the different managerial factors associated with realizing the benefits from open innovation. The research focuses on the different strategies of handling open innovation process in different organizations, trying to gain profits from innovation. A broad qualitative study has been attempted to understand the different factors playing a role in this regard and finally a set of guidelines are proposed to improve/maximize the returns from utilizing open innovation.

El profesor Henry Chesbrough, da origen a “Open Innovation” (OI por sus siglas en inglés) a principios del presente milenio. Él afirma que “La innovación abierta es un paradigma que parte de la suposición de que las empresas pueden y deben utilizar ideas externas, así como vías internas y externas de acceso al mercado, con el fin de desarrollar su negocio” (Chesbrough, 2011, p. 126). La base de OI y los derechos de propiedad intelectual(DPI) en distintas áreas juegan un rol fundamental. Bican, Guderian & Ringbeck (2017), afirman que existe un efecto desactivador de la innovación. Sobre todo, en paises en vías de desarrollo. Debido a que existe una brecha para impulsar I+D+i desde el estado como promotor junto a las universidades. Además, “Las empresas deben organizar sus procesos de innovación para estar más abiertas a ideas y conocimientos externos” (Chesbrough, 2011). En Perú, y otros países de Latinoamérica, falta desarrollar políticas orientadas al desarrollo de innovación abierta. Según CEPAL (2018), el principal motivo de desconexión entre los ciudadanos y el estado, es la incapacidad de las instituciones públicas para satisfacer las demandas crecientes y cambiantes de la sociedad. Además, existen otros desafíos socioeconómicos y la necesidad de repensar las instituciones para darles mejor respuesta a las demandas de la sociedad. En el presente trabajo, estudiaremos los posibles factores de éxito de gestión de OI y DPI, la influencia de las TICs y la generacion de un ecosistema Hyper-colaborativo, para crear valor y promover un mayor bienestar en la población. / Professor Henry Chesbrough gives rise to "Open Innovation" (OI) at the beginning of this millennium. He states that "Open innovation is a paradigm that starts from the assumption that companies can and should use external ideas, as well as internal and external ways of accessing the market, in order to develop their business" (Chesbrough, 2011, p. 126). The basis of OI and intellectual property rights (IPR) in different areas play a fundamental role. Bican, Guderian&Ringbeck (2017), state that there is a deactivating effect of innovation. Above all, in developing countries. Because there is a gap to promote R & D & I from the state as a promoter with universities. In addition, "Companies must organize their innovation processes to be more open to external ideas and knowledge" (Chesbrough, 2011). In Peru, and other Latin American countries, there is a need to develop policies aimed at developing open innovation. According to ECLAC (2018), the main reason for disconnection between citizens and the state is the inability of public institutions to meet the growing and changing demands of society. In addition, there are other socio-economic challenges and the need to rethink institutions to better respond to society's demands. In this paper, we will study the possible success factors of OI and DPI management, the influence of ICTs and the generation of a Hyper-collaborative ecosystem, to create value and promote greater well-being in the population.

Stora organisationer låter ofta sin strävan efter innovation hållas inom dedikerade innivationsavdelningar. en snabbt föränderlig värld måste innovationsprocesser öppnas för bredare kretsar. Den här studien undersöker hur man med hjälp av dagens teknik och spelifiering (“gamification”) kan underlätta kunskapsdelning i större organisationer. Studien undersöker också effekten av spelifiering på användarnas upplevda engagemang. Studien har genomförts tillsammans med den nordiska banken Nordea där en innovationsplattform (dvs en virtuell plats där de anställda kan dela sina idéer) utvecklades på två olika sätt: en konventionell och en spelifierad design. Studien följer principerna för designtänkande, och började med en inledande användarundersökning (tio intervjuer) och fortsatte med en prototypdesign som slutligen testades med sju anställda. Den konventionella designen upplevdes som bra av majoriteten av studiens deltagare, som framför allt tyckte att den var enkel och användbar. Vissa av dem upplevde dock att den var tråkig och i stort lockades de inte av den. Den spelifierade designen hade en mer generell acceptans. Respondenterna påtalade att de skulle bli motiverade till att regelbundet använda plattformen på grund av inslagen av spelifiering. Mer specifikt uppskattade studiedeltagarna i hög grad poängsystemet, och även möjligheten att jämföra sig med andra och att tävla mot sina kollegor. I själva verket föredrog samtliga studiedeltagarna den spelifierade versionen när de blev frågade om vilka av de två versionerna av plattformen som de skulle föredra att använda dagligen. Ett av de kvantitativa mätvärden som användes, den subjektiva tidsuppfattningen, motsade emellertid resultaten från intervjuerna, vilket lämnar utrymme för ytterligare utredning. Sammantaget tyder resultaten från denna studie på att det i stora organisationer finns potential att öppna innovationsprocesserna och engagera fler medarbetare i dem. Att lägga till element av ’gamification’ i sådana försök kan visa sig vara en stor förbättring, eftersom det kan öka medarbetarnas engagemang och ansluta dem till innovationsslingan och ge flera fördelar för företaget. / Large organizations often constrain their innovation quests only inside the silos of dedicated departments. However, in the rapidly changing world, innovation processes needs to be opened to wider circles. This study investigates the facilitation of knowledge sharing in large organizations and the effect of gamification on the perceived engagement of users. The specific use case was the nordic bank Nordea, where an innovation platform (i.e., a virtual place where the employees can share their ideas) was designed in two variations; a conventional and a gamified one. The study followed the principles of design thinking, starting with some initial user research (10 interviews) and getting to a prototype design that was ultimately tested among 7 employees. The conventional design was experienced to be good by the majority of the study participants, who in particular found it simple and usable. However, some of them experienced it to be boring and in general, it did not excite them. The gamified design on the other hand, had a more universal acceptance. The respondents stressed that they would be motivated to use the platform on a regular basis because of the elements of gamification. More specifically, study participants appreciated the point-system a lot, and also the ability to compare themselves to peers and compete against their fellow colleagues. In fact, all participants of this study preferred the gamified version when asked about which of the two designs they would prefer to use daily. However, one of the quantitative metrics that were used, namely the Subjective Perception of Time, contradicted the findings from the interviews, leaving space for further investigation. All in all, the results of this study suggest that in large organizations, there is the potential of opening up the innovation processes and engaging employees in them. Adding elements of gamification on such attempts can prove to be a great enhancement, since it can increase the engagement of the employees and hook them in the innovation loop, bringing multiple benefits to the company.

博士(商学) / Doctor of Commerce / 同志社大学 / Doshisha University