Color vision can affect our assumptions of an animals’ natural history. It can be determined by testing sensory or perception ability, which was employed here. Two Asian small-clawed otters (Aonyx cinerea), of opposite sexes, housed at ZooAtlanta, were trained via operant conditioning to discriminate stimuli within 7 tasks, primarily in a two-choice fashion. Varying shades of the colors blue, green and red were tested against varying greys, all which differed in intensity, served as the stimuli for the first 4 tasks. The remaining 3 tasks, the colors were tested against each other. The male reached criterion for the first 6 tasks, indicating an ability to discriminate the stimuli based on color. The female however participated only in 2, and could not achieve criterion as set, though there were indications of discrimination ability. Taken together with sensory work on two related otter species, Asian small-clawed otters possess color vision.

Thesis (Ed. S.)--University of South Florida, 2003. / Title from PDF of title page. Document formatted into pages; contains 142 pages. Includes bibliographical references.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Wisconsin, Madison, 1971. / Typescript. Vita. eContent provider-neutral record in process. Description based on print version record. Includes bibliographical references.

Child-rearing behaviors and attitudes have been implicated by some authors in the persistence of bed-wetting after the age of three. In this study, maternal child-rearing behaviors were evaluated from the point of view of the child. Perceived maternal behaviors were assessed through the use of the Child's Report of Parent Behavior Inventory. Field dependence/independence was measured by Children's Embedded Figures Test scores. Correlational analysis of the data suggested the following conclusions: 1) The rapidity of response to conditioning treatment for enuresis is not related, to scores of Acceptance, Psychological Control, and Lax Control. 2) Degree of field dependence/independence is unrelated to the rapidity of response to conditioning treatment for enuresis. 3) Child's Report of Parent Behavior Inventory factor scores of Acceptance, Psychological Control, and Lax Control are unrelated to Children's Embedded Figures Test scores. 4) Primary enuretic boys do not differ from nonenuretic boys along the dimension of field dependence/independence.

The current study investigated the efficacy of Wolpe's original (1954) paradigm of anxiety-relief conditioning. The procedure consisted of administering a mildly aversive electric shock to a subject for several seconds until the subject said the word "Relax," and the shock was terminated. Repeated pairings were claimed by Wolpe to condition physiological relief to the cue word, "Relax," which could then be employed in order to reduce anxiety in various anxiety provoking situations. Since there does not appear to be a generally accepted theoretical rationale to account for the reported efficacy of anxiety-relief conditioning, several theoretical rationales were discussed. In addition, a distinction was made between the anxiety-relief paradigm described by Wolpe (1954) and the aversion-relief paradigm employed by subsequent investigators (Gaupp, Stern, & Galbraith, 1972; Solyom, McClure, Heseltine, Ledwidge, & Solyom, 1972; Thorpe, Schmidt, Brown, & Castell, 1964). It was suggested that this distinction might be used to account for the failure of the current investigation to support the efficacy of anxiety-relief conditioning, as a review of the major study supporting its efficacy (Turnage & Wenrich, 1974) indicated that aversion-relief, rather than anxiety-relief, may have been employed. In the absence of strong supportive evidence for the efficacy of Wolpe's anxiety-relief paradigm, the need for further research elucidating the relevant parameters was discussed, and specific areas requiring more intensive study were delineated.

In this thesis the spatial cognitive experiment with great tits (Parus major) as a model species is described. In this experiment tits learnt to respond to one of four response keys according the presented stimuli. Two types of stimuli were used: one of them contained configural information about response keys, but the other didn´t. The experiment tested the difference of using these two types of spatial information in great tits in two experimental designs. In the first design stimuli were presented in computer screen, in the other they were presented in the floor of experimental chamber. The thesis then discusses the performance of tits in two types of stimuli and two versions of experimental design and compares these results with pigeons in similar experiment.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:33:31Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2012-11-13Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T20:45:11Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 rueda_pm_dr_jabo.pdf: 457119 bytes, checksum: 73e7d4e828e726cdad8493719fdb407e (MD5) / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq) / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / Esta pesquisa foi dividida em três estudos: O estudo 1 teve como objetivo avaliar o efeito do condicionamento operante com reforço positivo no temperamento de novilhas da raça Nelore. Foram utilizadas 170 novilhas da raça Nelore com idade média de 20,0±2,6 meses. Foram realizadas três avaliações, a primeira antes de iniciar o protocolo de condicionamento e após 60 (quando o protocolo de condicionamento foi finalizado) e 74 dias. A reatividade dos bovinos foi avaliada com o escore de tronco (ET) e a velocidade de fuga (VF). Foi realizada também a avaliação qualitativa do comportamento (QBA). Com base em ET foram definidas quatro classes de aprendizagem, quais sejam: (1) desejável, (2) aceitável, (3) inconstante e (4) indesejável. A VF média na primeira avaliação foi de 4,02±1,00 m/s, reduzindo para 2,88±0,6 e 2,90±1,07m, na segunda e terceira avaçiações, respectivamente. ET apresentou o mesmo padrão de distribuição que VF, com médias de 3,12±0,05; 2,92±0,05; 2,88±0,05; para cada uma das três avaiações. Não foi encontrado efeito das classes de aprendizagem na expressão dos descritores da análise qualitativa do comportamento (QBA). Concluiu-se que o protocolo de condicionamento foi eficiente em diminuir a reatividade dos animais. O objetivo do segundo estudo foi avaliar o efeito do condicionamento com reforço positivo no temperamento e na taxa de prenhez de novilhas. Foram utilizadas 46 novilhas, sendo 24 da raça Nelore e 22 cruzadas, com idade média de 24,94±3,49 meses. As novilhas foram distribuidas em dois grupos experimentais – condicionadas (C) e não condicionadas (NC). Para este estudo foram utilizados três escores visuais para avaliação do temperamento – movimentação (MOV), tensão (T) e ET, além da VF. Os testes foram aplicados em cinco momentos distintos: antes do início do protocolo... / This research was divided in three studies: The first one aimed to evaluate the effect of operant conditioning with positive reinforcement on the Nellore heifers temperament; the study was.carried out with 170 Nellore heifers with 20.0±2.6 months of age, on average. Three assessments were realized, before start the conditioning protocol, and after 60 (when the conditioning protocol was finished) and 74 days. Cattle reactivity was assessed by measuring the crush score (CS) and flight speed (FS). A qualitivative behavior assessment (QBA) was also conducted. Based on the values of CS four classes of learning were defined, as follow: (1) desirable, (2) acceptable, (3) inconsistent and (4) undesirable. The FS average at the first evaluation was 4.02±1.00 m/s, decreasing to 2.88±0.6 and 2.90±1.07m, in the second and third assessments, respectively. There was effects of classes of learning on the expression of the descriptors of the qualitative behavior assessement (QBA) was not found. It was concluded that the operant condicioning protocol was effective in decreasing the animals’ reactivity. The second study aimed to evaluate the effect of operant conditioning with positive reinforcement in the temperament and pregnancy rates of heifers; 46 heifers were used, being 24 Nellore, 22 crossed breeding with average age of 24.94 ± 3.49 months. The heifers were distributed into two treatments - conditioned (C) and non-conditioned (NC). For this study was used three scores for visual assessment of temperament - movement (MOV), tension (TENS), crush score (CS), to discrete measurements was used the flight speed (FS). The test was applied five times at distincts moments: before starting the operant conditioning protocol and four times after it, during the application of the fixed time artificial insemination (FTAI)... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)

Orientador: Mateus José Rodrigues Paranhos da Costa / Banca: Pietro Sampaio Baruselli / Banca: Rui Machado / Banca: Alex Sandro Campos Maia / Banca: Maurício Mello de Alencar / Resumo: Esta pesquisa foi dividida em três estudos: O estudo 1 teve como objetivo avaliar o efeito do condicionamento operante com reforço positivo no temperamento de novilhas da raça Nelore. Foram utilizadas 170 novilhas da raça Nelore com idade média de 20,0±2,6 meses. Foram realizadas três avaliações, a primeira antes de iniciar o protocolo de condicionamento e após 60 (quando o protocolo de condicionamento foi finalizado) e 74 dias. A reatividade dos bovinos foi avaliada com o escore de tronco (ET) e a velocidade de fuga (VF). Foi realizada também a avaliação qualitativa do comportamento (QBA). Com base em ET foram definidas quatro classes de aprendizagem, quais sejam: (1) desejável, (2) aceitável, (3) inconstante e (4) indesejável. A VF média na primeira avaliação foi de 4,02±1,00 m/s, reduzindo para 2,88±0,6 e 2,90±1,07m, na segunda e terceira avaçiações, respectivamente. ET apresentou o mesmo padrão de distribuição que VF, com médias de 3,12±0,05; 2,92±0,05; 2,88±0,05; para cada uma das três avaiações. Não foi encontrado efeito das classes de aprendizagem na expressão dos descritores da análise qualitativa do comportamento (QBA). Concluiu-se que o protocolo de condicionamento foi eficiente em diminuir a reatividade dos animais. O objetivo do segundo estudo foi avaliar o efeito do condicionamento com reforço positivo no temperamento e na taxa de prenhez de novilhas. Foram utilizadas 46 novilhas, sendo 24 da raça Nelore e 22 cruzadas, com idade média de 24,94±3,49 meses. As novilhas foram distribuidas em dois grupos experimentais - condicionadas (C) e não condicionadas (NC). Para este estudo foram utilizados três escores visuais para avaliação do temperamento - movimentação (MOV), tensão (T) e ET, além da VF. Os testes foram aplicados em cinco momentos distintos: antes do início do protocolo... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: This research was divided in three studies: The first one aimed to evaluate the effect of operant conditioning with positive reinforcement on the Nellore heifers temperament; the study was.carried out with 170 Nellore heifers with 20.0±2.6 months of age, on average. Three assessments were realized, before start the conditioning protocol, and after 60 (when the conditioning protocol was finished) and 74 days. Cattle reactivity was assessed by measuring the crush score (CS) and flight speed (FS). A qualitivative behavior assessment (QBA) was also conducted. Based on the values of CS four classes of learning were defined, as follow: (1) desirable, (2) acceptable, (3) inconsistent and (4) undesirable. The FS average at the first evaluation was 4.02±1.00 m/s, decreasing to 2.88±0.6 and 2.90±1.07m, in the second and third assessments, respectively. There was effects of classes of learning on the expression of the descriptors of the qualitative behavior assessement (QBA) was not found. It was concluded that the operant condicioning protocol was effective in decreasing the animals' reactivity. The second study aimed to evaluate the effect of operant conditioning with positive reinforcement in the temperament and pregnancy rates of heifers; 46 heifers were used, being 24 Nellore, 22 crossed breeding with average age of 24.94 ± 3.49 months. The heifers were distributed into two treatments - conditioned (C) and non-conditioned (NC). For this study was used three scores for visual assessment of temperament - movement (MOV), tension (TENS), crush score (CS), to discrete measurements was used the flight speed (FS). The test was applied five times at distincts moments: before starting the operant conditioning protocol and four times after it, during the application of the fixed time artificial insemination (FTAI)... (Complete abstract click electronic access below) / Doutor

Esta pesquisa estuda a relação entre o ambiente em que ratos se desenvolvem e a auto-administração de etanol (ET) na idade adulta. Usualmente, a pesquisa comportamental com animais em laboratório utiliza sujeitos mantidos em isolamento em caixas individuasi (I). Uma das espécies mais usadas é o rato, um animal social que em habitat natural vive em colônias. Que efeitos tem o isolamento nesses ratos? Propõe-se que a baixa disponibilidade de reforçadores alternativos seja um dos fatores determinantes do abuso de drogas. Algumas pesquisas mostraram que o isolamento, que caracteriza ambientes de baixa disponibilidade de reforçadores, leva a um aumento no consumo de morfina, anfetamina e barbital em relação a ratos criados em ambientes com maior disponibilidade de reforçadores (AE), e mais ET comparados a animais criados em grupo. No entanto, outras pesquisas observaram que animais criados em AE consomem mais ET do que animais criados em isolamento. Utilizando medidas de comportamento operante de ingestão de ET, o presente experimento visou observar se a disponibilidade de reforçadores no ambiente de criação e/ou concorrentes ao álcool no ambiente experimental altera o consumo, o valor reforçador e a elasticidade da demanda dessa droga. Ratos Wistar machos foram criados em I ou em AE. O consumo e o valor reforçador do ET foram medidos nos esquemas operantes de FR2 e Razão Progressiva (RP), respectivamente. O ET foi introduzido por fade in/fade out de sacarose, culminando numa solução de ET 10% adoçada com sacarina 0,25%. O teste de RP foi conduzido para solução de ET, depois para sacarina. Os animais foram submetidos também ao teste de ansiedade no labirinto em cruz elevado e sua atividade motora foi estimada em caixa de atividade. Os ratos I consumiram e responderam significativamente mais pelo ET comparados aos ratos AE. Os ratos I evidenciaram aumento do valor reforçador do ET, mas não da sacarina, medido em RP, quando comparados aos do grupo AE. Os grupos AE e I não apresentaram diferenças significativas em ansiedade. Os animais do grupo I mostraram-se significativamente mais ativos do que os do grupo AE. A elasticidade da demanda foi medida em um modelo concorrente no qual uma alternativa dispensava solução de ET e a outra uma solução isocalórica ao ET, e as exigências em VR foram aumentadas progressivamente, primeiro para a alternativa isocalórica, e depois para o ET. A introdução de reforçadores concorrentes alterou o consumo de ET dos animais criados em I sem alterar o comportamento dos animais criados em AE. A criação nos diferentes ambientes não alterou a elasticidade da demanda por ET, porém alterou a elasticidade da demanda pelo reforçador concorrente. Os animais do grupo I, apesar de consumirem significativamente mais da solução alternativa ao ET, apresentaram uma demanda mais elástica em relação a esse reforçador quando comparados aos do grupo AE. A dependência de drogas, e do álcool em especial, pode e deve ser entendida dentro das mesmas leis que regulam o comportamento em geral, e os modelos de escolha são essenciais para essa compreensão. / This research investigated the influence of different types of rearing environment on ethanol (ET) self-administration in adult rats. Usually behavioral research is conducted using isolated animals (I), one widely used animal is the rat, a social animal that under normal circumstances lives at large colonies. What kind of effects could this unnatural isolation have? It has been proposed that one major factor in drug abuse and dependence is the lack for alternative reinforcers to the drug. Animals raised in limited environments with few reinforcers (I) consume more morphine, amphetamine and barbital than animals raised in enriched environments (EE), which present different opportunities of behavior. These isolated rats have also been shown to consume more ET; however, there are some contradictory results within studies: some have even shown enhanced consumption in EE rats. The present study proposed to investigate whether differential presence of reinforcers during rearing or concurrently to the presentation of ET would influence its consumption, reiforcer value and demand elasticity. Male Wistar rats were raised either in EE or I. Using a self administration paradigm, consumption and reiforcer value were estimated in a FR2 and Progressive Ratio (PR), respectively. ET was introduced by fade in as sucrose was faded out from the solution, resulting in a 10% ET solution sweetened with saccharin 0,25% as the reinforcer solution. The PR procedure was first conducted using the ET solution and then with just the saccharin solution (vehicle). Anxiety was estimated using the elevated cross maze model, and motor activity was accessed in the activity box. I rats consumed and responded more for ET than EE rats in FR2 schedule. They also presented higher reiforcer value for ET in the PR paradigm, but not for saccharin, when compared to EE rats. There was no significant difference between groups in anxiety levels, but I rats were significantly more active. Using a concurrent model, with ET solution and an isochaloric solution as reiforcers, the demand elasticity was accessed by increasingly VRs, first for the isochaloric alternative, then for the ET solution. The introduction of an isochaloric concurrent reiforcer altered ET consumption of I rats, without affecting EE rats consumption. Groups did not differ in demand elasticity for ET, but it was shown that this demand is relatively inelastic while demand for the isochaloric solution is very elastic, especially for I rats, though. I rats consumed more isochaloric solutions than EE rats. Drug abuse and dependency must be understood using the same laws that regulate so called normal behavior, these phenomena do not belong to a special category, and choice models are essential for that understanding.

The present study contributes an apparatus and research paradigm useful in generating human performances sensitive to concurrent schedules of reinforcement. Five participants produced performances observed to be under temporal and ratio control of concurrent fixed interval-fixed ratio schedules. Two aspects of interaction between FI and FR schedules were distinguishable in the data. First, interaction between two schedules was observed in that changes in the value of one schedule affected behavior reinforced on another schedule. Second, switching from one pattern to the other functioned as an operant unit, showing stability during schedule maintenance conditions and sensitivity to extinction. These effects are discussed in the context of current views on behavior under concurrent schedules of reinforcement, and some implications for the conceptualization, measurement, analysis, and treatment of complex behavior are presented.