Ao longo das últimas décadas, a crescente pressão competitiva vem ampliando a necessidade de empenho integrado da logística para melhorar, conjuntamente, o atendimento aos consumidores e a lucratividade. O atendimento aos clientes pede o oferecimento de nível de serviço que maximize as utilidades de tempo e de lugar e a busca pela geração de lucros reconhece que a logística, ao oferecer o nível de serviço definido, deve minimizar seu custo total. O custo total logístico não responde às normais técnicas de corte de custos: os custos logísticos movem-se em diferentes direções e a redução de um custo invariavelmente conduz ao aumento de outros custos ou à diminuição do serviço oferecido ao cliente. Como consequência, os profissionais logísticos precisam identificar e explorar os trade-offs de custos logísticos para encontrar e sustentar o balanço entre os custos incorridos e o serviço oferecido. Nesse contexto, o objetivo da presente dissertação foi verificar se os profissionais logísticos: (1) têm conhecimento dos trade-offs de custos logísticos e (2) avaliam os trade-offs de custos logísticos, ao desenharem e implementarem suas soluções. Para atingir esses objetivos, este trabalho caracterizou as atividades logísticas e seus respectivos elementos de custos, explorou o conceito do custo total e sua utilização na determinação das soluções, identificou os trade-offs de custos existentes entre as atividades logísticas, e apresentou e exemplificou modelos de mensuração dos impactos econômico-financeiros dos trade-offs. Tomando esse arcabouço teórico como base, os constructos e o questionário foram definidos. O questionário foi aplicado a profissionais logísticos das maiores empresas brasileiras industriais e comerciais, segundo a Revista Exame Melhores e Maiores do ano base 2010, e 73 respostas foram obtidas. Os resultados indicaram que os profissionais logísticos sabem que os trade-offs de custos logísticos existem, mas não têm clara a percepção que o custo total é determinado por esses trade-offs e que a redução individual dos custos pode aumentá-lo e não diminuí-lo. A pesquisa também evidenciou que a avaliação dos trade-offs é enfatizada em soluções de grande amplitude e que há uma defasagem entre as informações contábeis necessárias e as informações efetivamente recebidas. Foram também expostos fatores associados ao conhecimento e à avaliação dos trade-offs e elaborados mapas perceptuais que articularam os setores econômicos a esses constructos. / In recent decades, competitive pressures have been enhancing the need for an integrated effort of logistics to improve customer satisfaction and company\'s profit. Customer satisfaction demands a service level that maximizes time and place utility and the search for profit acknowledges that logistics, at a given customer service level, should minimize its total cost. Total cost does not respond to usual cost-cutting techniques: logistics costs move in different directions and reductions in one cost invariably increase other costs or decrease the customer service level. Consequently, logistics professionals need to identify and explore logistics cost trade-offs to find and sustain the right balance of cost and service. In this context, the goal of this master\'s thesis was to verify if logistics professionals: (1) know the logistics cost trade-offs and (2) analyze trade-offs when they design and implement a solution. To achieve these objectives, this work characterized logistics activities and their costs, explored total cost concept and its application in solutions design, identified cost trade-offs among logistics activities, and presented and exemplified models to measure economic and financial impacts of trade-offs. Based on this theoretical framework, the constructs and the questionnaire were defined. The questionnaire was applied to logistics professionals of the largest Brazilian commercial and industrial firms in the base year 2010, according to \"Revista Exame Melhores e Maiores\", and 73 answers were obtained. The results showed that logistics professionals know that logistics cost trade-offs exist, but do not have a clear understanding that total cost is determined by these trade-offs and that individual cost-cutting techniques may lead to greater costs. Furthermore, the results have also revealed that tradeoff analysis is emphasized in wide range solutions and that there is a considerable gap between the required accounting information and that one offered. Finally, factors associated with trade-offs knowledge and analysis were shown and perceptual maps articulating economic sectors to these constructs were elaborated.

Ao longo das últimas décadas, a crescente pressão competitiva vem ampliando a necessidade de empenho integrado da logística para melhorar, conjuntamente, o atendimento aos consumidores e a lucratividade. O atendimento aos clientes pede o oferecimento de nível de serviço que maximize as utilidades de tempo e de lugar e a busca pela geração de lucros reconhece que a logística, ao oferecer o nível de serviço definido, deve minimizar seu custo total. O custo total logístico não responde às normais técnicas de corte de custos: os custos logísticos movem-se em diferentes direções e a redução de um custo invariavelmente conduz ao aumento de outros custos ou à diminuição do serviço oferecido ao cliente. Como consequência, os profissionais logísticos precisam identificar e explorar os trade-offs de custos logísticos para encontrar e sustentar o balanço entre os custos incorridos e o serviço oferecido. Nesse contexto, o objetivo da presente dissertação foi verificar se os profissionais logísticos: (1) têm conhecimento dos trade-offs de custos logísticos e (2) avaliam os trade-offs de custos logísticos, ao desenharem e implementarem suas soluções. Para atingir esses objetivos, este trabalho caracterizou as atividades logísticas e seus respectivos elementos de custos, explorou o conceito do custo total e sua utilização na determinação das soluções, identificou os trade-offs de custos existentes entre as atividades logísticas, e apresentou e exemplificou modelos de mensuração dos impactos econômico-financeiros dos trade-offs. Tomando esse arcabouço teórico como base, os constructos e o questionário foram definidos. O questionário foi aplicado a profissionais logísticos das maiores empresas brasileiras industriais e comerciais, segundo a Revista Exame Melhores e Maiores do ano base 2010, e 73 respostas foram obtidas. Os resultados indicaram que os profissionais logísticos sabem que os trade-offs de custos logísticos existem, mas não têm clara a percepção que o custo total é determinado por esses trade-offs e que a redução individual dos custos pode aumentá-lo e não diminuí-lo. A pesquisa também evidenciou que a avaliação dos trade-offs é enfatizada em soluções de grande amplitude e que há uma defasagem entre as informações contábeis necessárias e as informações efetivamente recebidas. Foram também expostos fatores associados ao conhecimento e à avaliação dos trade-offs e elaborados mapas perceptuais que articularam os setores econômicos a esses constructos. / In recent decades, competitive pressures have been enhancing the need for an integrated effort of logistics to improve customer satisfaction and company\'s profit. Customer satisfaction demands a service level that maximizes time and place utility and the search for profit acknowledges that logistics, at a given customer service level, should minimize its total cost. Total cost does not respond to usual cost-cutting techniques: logistics costs move in different directions and reductions in one cost invariably increase other costs or decrease the customer service level. Consequently, logistics professionals need to identify and explore logistics cost trade-offs to find and sustain the right balance of cost and service. In this context, the goal of this master\'s thesis was to verify if logistics professionals: (1) know the logistics cost trade-offs and (2) analyze trade-offs when they design and implement a solution. To achieve these objectives, this work characterized logistics activities and their costs, explored total cost concept and its application in solutions design, identified cost trade-offs among logistics activities, and presented and exemplified models to measure economic and financial impacts of trade-offs. Based on this theoretical framework, the constructs and the questionnaire were defined. The questionnaire was applied to logistics professionals of the largest Brazilian commercial and industrial firms in the base year 2010, according to \"Revista Exame Melhores e Maiores\", and 73 answers were obtained. The results showed that logistics professionals know that logistics cost trade-offs exist, but do not have a clear understanding that total cost is determined by these trade-offs and that individual cost-cutting techniques may lead to greater costs. Furthermore, the results have also revealed that tradeoff analysis is emphasized in wide range solutions and that there is a considerable gap between the required accounting information and that one offered. Finally, factors associated with trade-offs knowledge and analysis were shown and perceptual maps articulating economic sectors to these constructs were elaborated.

Abstract Due to the implementation of shortening working-hour, a lot of enterprises chose to respond to the coming of the ¡§84 working-hour policy¡¨ by reducing salary and freezing personnel matters. Since the medical treatment industry different from other industries considering the fact that the medical treatment industry is a non-profitable institute and also a manpower and cost-intensive industry. This research aims to learn, as far as the shortening working-hour is concerned, whether or not exercising manpower for the medical treatment industry is more difficult than that in other industries. The cognition and viewpoints of the medical treatment industry towards shortening working-hour, and what types of working-hour strategies, educational training strategies, operation cost strategies, and management strategies, should be applied in terms of hospital management. This research aims to study the understanding of the medical treatment industry concerning the shortening of working-hour and their corresponding strategies. 540 copies of questionnaire were dispensed and 133 copies were collected and analyzed through SPSS. The followings are the findings of this research: 1. The understanding of hospitals on shortening working-hour: On the one hand, 56.4% agreed with the implementation of shortening working-hour policy because it helps to moderate the unemployment. On the other hand, over 50% disagreed with the above statement on half of the other entries. The results suggested that hospitals were generally not satisfied by the implementation of the said policy. 2. Hospitals¡¦ strategies corresponding to the shortening working-hour policy: ¡]1¡^57.1% (the highest percentage) choose not to complement when having job vacancy as their working-hour strategy. ¡]2¡^69.9% applied educational training in improving their employees¡¦ to understand on time and cost-reducing as their educational strategy; 64.7% focused to train their employees to have multiple specialties; 54.1% choose to enhance the training on information and computer application, and operating skills. ¡]3¡^75.6% choose to reduce the manpower and expenses under the existing scope as the operation cost strategy; 56.5% choose to enhance the internal information passing and increase the efficiency. ¡]4¡^83.5% choose to improve the manpower exercising as the management strategy; 66.9% choose to simplify the working procedures; 55.6% choose to improve the communications between employer and employees and the collaboration; 54.9% focused on the implementation of the merit system to improve the working efficiency 3. The current situation of hospitals after the implementation of shortening working-hour policy: Over half of the hospitals conform to the Labor Law on daily normal working hour and weekly normal working hour. However, few changes have been made on the ways of employment. For example, although 66.9% hired part-time works, most of them were under 10 part-time workers. Furthermore, as far as contract taking and outsourcing are concerned, the percentage has not exceeded 50%. Nonetheless, as far as educational training is concerned, 51.9% choose to have partial public-holiday and partial private-holiday which suggested that hospitals expected their employees to adopt the partial private-holiday way to improve their professional ability when they have more leisure time after the working hour has been shortened Keywords: shortening working-hour, flexible working hour, working-hour strategy, educational training strategy, operation cost strategy, management strategy

Submitted by Renata Lopes (renatasil82@gmail.com) on 2016-09-22T13:28:04Z No. of bitstreams: 1 marcusaugustusalvesferreira.pdf: 1083212 bytes, checksum: e0eca7cabdbe43d54d54c8e20f191594 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Diamantino Mayra (mayra.diamantino@ufjf.edu.br) on 2016-09-26T20:28:52Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 marcusaugustusalvesferreira.pdf: 1083212 bytes, checksum: e0eca7cabdbe43d54d54c8e20f191594 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-09-26T20:28:52Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 marcusaugustusalvesferreira.pdf: 1083212 bytes, checksum: e0eca7cabdbe43d54d54c8e20f191594 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010-08-27 / A eficiência na operação de sistemas predominante hidrotérmicos, como o Sistema Interligado Nacional brasileiro (SIN), é estreitamente relacionada à execução de um planejamento da operação consistente. Os modelos de decisão estratégica usados em estudos de médio prazo são capazes de determinar a política operativa que minimiza os custos de operação e o risco de déficit usando uma modelagem a sistemas equivalentes de energia. Este trabalho trata de uma proposta para ser acoplada, pela função de custo futuro esperado da operação, a um modelo de decisão estratégica, de modo a permitir a desagregação dos subsistemas nos seus reservatórios individuais, para cada mês e seqüência hidrológica. Assim, a proposta é desenvolver um modelo que seja capaz de verificar se as metas globais da geração dos subsistemas, fornecidas pelos os modelos de decisão estratégica, são alcançáveis. Para tanto, a ferramenta desagrega a solução encontrada para os sistemas de equivalentes de energia na operação a usinas individualizadas. A metodologia possui dois módulos: no primeiro é realizado o despacho dos sistemas equivalentes de energia uma rotina iterativa de programação linear e achadas as metas globais de geração para cada um deles, considerando as funções de custo futuro esperado da operação e o intercâmbio da energia entre subsistemas. O segundo módulo é um otimizador não-linear do despacho mensal das usinas hidrelétricas de cada subsistema isoladamente, que tenta alcançar as metas de geração do módulo anterior, maximizando o volume armazenado dos reservatórios. A inovação deste modelo está no módulo de simulação a usinas individualizadas, que não é baseado em regras heurísticas, mas em uma rotina de programação não-linear (PNL). O uso de técnicas de otimização diminui a interferência do usuário no processo de simulação, uma vez que seu conhecimento é baseado na experiência adquirida ao longo do histórico da operação. Além disso, a proposta dispensa a adaptações quando novas políticas operativas forem adotadas. Assim, este modelo, quando estiver completo e validado, poderá despontar como uma alternativa ao modelo de simulação oficial utilizado pelo Setor Elétrico Brasileiro (SEB), cujo módulo de simulação a usinas individualizadas é baseado em uma política de operação paralela dos reservatórios. / The efficiency in the operation of predominantly hydrothermal systems, as the Brazilian Interconnected System (SIN), is closely related to the execution of a consistent operation planning. The strategical decision models used in long term studies are capable to determine the operative politics that minimizes the operation costs and the risks of deficit by using an energy equivalent reservoirs modeling. This work deals with a proposal that may be coupled to a strategical decision model by the expected cost to go function, in order to allow the disaggregation of the subsystems’ into its the individual reservoirs, for every month and for each streamflow sequence. So, the proposal is the development of a model where it is possible to verify if the subsystems’ generation global goals, supplied for the strategical decision models, are reachable. To work in such way, the tool disaggregates the solution found for the energy equivalent systems to the individualized plants. The methodology has two modules: in the first one the optimal dispatch of the energy equivalent subsystems is done with an iterative linear programming routine and the global generation goals for each one of the subsystems are found, considering the energy interchange between them. The second module, is an individualized plants nonlinear optimizer modeled for dispatching the hydroelectric plants of each subsystem separately, in order to try to reach the generation goals defined by the previous module and to maximize the reservoirs’ levels. The innovation of this model is the individualized plants simulation module, which is not based on heuristic rules, but in a nonlinear programming routine (NLP). The use of optimization techniques diminish the interference of the user in the simulation process, since his knowledge is usually based on the experience acquired throughout the operation history. Moreover, the methodology dismisses the adaptation of the model whenever new operative politics are adopted. Thus, this model, after the validation process, may dawn as an alternative to the simulation model that is officially used by the Brazilian Electrical Sector (SEB), whose individualized plants simulation module is based on the politics of the parallel operation of the reservoirs.

Electricity is an essential good, which can hardly be replaced. It can be produced thanks to a wide rangeof sources, from coal to nuclear, not to mention renewables such as wind and solar. In order to meetdemand at the lowest cost, an optimisation is made on electricity markets between the differentproduction plants. This optimisation mainly relies on the electricity production cost of each technology.In order to include long-term constraints in the short-term optimisation, a so-called use value (oropportunity cost) can be computed and added to the production cost. One long-term constraint thatEDF, the main French electricity producer, is facing is that its gas plants cannot exceed a given numberof operation hours and starts between two maintenances. A specific software, DiMOI, computes usevalues for this double constraint but its parameters needs to be tested in order to improve thecomputation, as it is not thought to work properly.DiMOI relies on dynamic programming and more particularly on an algorithm called Bellman algorithm.The software has been tested with EDF R&D department in order to propose some modellingimprovements. Electricity and gas market prices, together with real plant parameters such as startingcosts, operating costs and yields, were used as inputs for this work, and the results were checkedagainst reality.This study gave some results but they appeared to be invalid. Indeed, an optimisation problem wasdiscovered in DiMOI computing core: on a deterministic context, a study with little degrees of freedomwas giving better profits than a study with more degrees of freedom. This problem origin was notfound precisely with a first investigation, and the R&D team expected the fixing time to be very long.The adaptation of a simpler tool (MaStock) was proposed and made in order to replace DiMOI. Thisproject has thus led to DiMOI giving up and its replacement by MaStock. Time was missing to testcorrectly this tool, and the first study which was made was not completely positive. Further studiesshould be carried out, for instance deterministic ones (using real past data) whose results could becompared to reality.Some complementary studies were made from a fictitious system, in order to study the impact of someparameters when computing use values and operations schedules. The conclusions of these studiesare the little impacts that changes in gas prices and start-up costs parameters have on the global resultsand the importance of an accurate choice in the time periods durations used for the computations.Unfortunately these conclusions might be too specific as they were made on short study periods.Further case studies should be done in order to reach more general conclusions.