The purpose of this study was to measure stages of teacher concern about the use of instructional technology in the elementary classroom. The study examined the role of instructional technology as a change innovation within the Concerns-Based Adoption Model (CBAM).Elementary schools selected for this study were identified through the Indiana Department of Education's School Technology Profile completed during the spring of 2000. Stages of Concern Questionnaires (SoCQ) were mailed and systematically distributed to teachers in each school during the fall of 2002. The SoCQ consisted of thirty-five Likert-scale items that asked respondents to rate statements concerning instructional technology on a five-point scale.Data obtained from the Stages of Concern Questionnaire were analyzed, summarized, and presented in narrative form. Tables were developed to report the data. The following conclusions were drawn based on the findings in the study:1. Change innovations exist as a developmental pattern consisting of personal feelings and perceptions that evolve as the change process unfolds.2. Instructional technology exists as a change innovation for Indiana elementary teachers.3. Concerns expressed by Indiana elementary teachers toward instructional technology exist with similar levels of intensity at seven developmental stages.4. Among Indiana elementary teachers, significant differences exist among teachers at the Information and Collaborative stage, Consequence and Collaboration stage, and Consequence and Refocusing stage.5. When examining years of teaching experience, significant differences exist among teachers at the Informational, Management, and Refocusing stages.6. Indiana elementary teachers who had previous teaching experiences as middle school and high school teachers expressed no significant differences in concern when levels of teaching experience were considered.7. Indiana elementary teachers expressed no significant differences in concern when stand-alone computers limited their access to instructional technology.8. Indiana elementary teachers expressed no significant differences in concern when computer access to the Internet was readily available.9. Indiana elementary teachers expressed significant differences in concern about instructional technology when specific models for teacher training were examined.10. Indiana elementary teachers expressed no significant differences in concern when school district mandates to use instructional technology in the classroom were examined. / Department of Educational Leadership

The psychometric properties of the Parenting Beliefs Questionnaire (PBQ) were further explored. College students (176 males and 342 females) who were not parents completed the measure. Results of a series of principle components factor analyses with varimax rotation suggested retaining a two-factor solution accounting for 35.5% of the variance. Factor I measured the Promotion of Interpersonal Behaviors in children (alpha = .87), while Factor 2 assessed the Promotion of Autonomy in children (alpha = .73). A one-way MANOVA was employed to examine potential gender differences in participants' responses to the PBQ factors. A main effect was discovered whereby females rated both factors higher than males. Limitations of this study and the PBQ were discussed as were recommendations for future research and counseling. / Department of Counseling Psychology and Guidance Services

This study measures the attitudes men and women form toward women from a sample of feature articles and interviews in four men's lifestyle magazines (Maxim, Stuff Esquire and GQ) from the years 2002-2004. Attitudes were measured with a 15-item semantic differential analysis. Across all four magazines, attitudes toward the women were positive, active, and impotent. A MANCOVA tested the hypotheses that attitudes would vary by magazine title, gender, and sexism scores as measured by the Ambivalent Sexism Inventory (ASI). Magazine title was the only significant main effect, showing that women featured in Stuff magazine received the most negative ratings on all three semantic differential scales. Gender and ASI score did not significantly affect individual attitudes. / Department of Counseling Psychology and Guidance Services

The Revenue Acts of 1962. and particularly 1964 signaled to many historians and economists alike the genesis of a public acceptance of Keynesian economics. No longer would the public expect the Federal Government to remain inert during the vacillations of the business cycle but would instead anticipate the use of the Government's taxing and expenditure powers to assure economic growth, stable prices, and full employment. To many, this change in public attitude represented a radical departure from American tradition. Jim Heath cites James Tobin, one of the President's economic advisors, as suggesting that the "transformation of thinking by men of affairs--businessmen, bankers, congressmen, financial journalists, editorial writers—[was] nothing less than a revolution."1 The purpose of this paper is to examine the statements and public attitudes of these "men of affairs" in order to determine how they were "transformed" and more importantly, how they in turn attempted to "revolutionize" public attitudes toward Keynesian economics. The study concentrates specifically on public opinion about deficit spending.This paper additionally examines the role of President Kennedy and the Council of Economic Advisors in instigating public "acceptance" of "Keynesian" policies. The study explores the attempts to popularize and sell a relatively sophisticated economic ideology to the public. Traditional sources have suggested that the Administration instigated and facilitated public acceptance of Keynesian policies. For instance, economist Seymour Harris suggests thatThe major credit . . . for the increasing acceptance of modern economics belongs to President Kennedy. He had become the most literate of all Presidents in his understanding of modern economics and revealed .1 James Tobin, "The Intellectual Revolution in United States Economic Policy Planning" (unpublished lecture, University of Essex, England, January 18, 1966), as cited in Jim Heath, John F. Kennedy and the Business Community (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1969), p. 38. great courage in his willingness to risk political losses in putting his economics to the test of the market place. 2 The conclusions of this work, however, disagree with these contentions. While maintaining that the Executive Branch may have had a hand in "popularizing" certain stimulative fiscal policies to facilitate economic growth, this study finds little justification for the conclusion that the Administration actually added to "increasing acceptance of modern economics."This work explores the techniques utilized by various individuals interested in advancing the tax cuts. It also investigates appeals to the anti-deficit attitudes of the American public by individuals opposed to the tax program. In both instances, the study identifies certain common arguments utilized by both pro-and anti-tax cut forces. These arguments then become the basis for the study's analysis and conclusions. Throughout, special attention is paid to the role of public values in dictating the techniques most often employed by opposing aides during the tax cut. 2 Seymour Harris, "Economics of the Kennedy Years," in John F. Kennedy and the New Frontier, ed. By Aida DiPace Donald (New York: Hill and Wang, 1966), p. 86. discussions. The study finds that appeals to basic values are more persuasive in directing public attitudes than are attempts to reveal the economic analysis and theory behind the cuts. Therefore, in most instances, mass public economic education is usually discarded in favor of affective polemics directed toward gaining public support. An examination of the techniques used by various individuals in advancing their attitude toward the Federal debt is accomplished through an examination of "popular" sources, including periodicals, journals, and some government documents that reflected the Administration's position. Every attempt was made to include representative samples from both "liberal" and "fiscally conservative" sources. In order to provide some theoretical basis for evaluating the comments made by publicly visible individuals, the paper presents an abbreviated survey of both historical and analytical views of public debt. The major portion of the work consists of a chronological examination of the legislative progressions of the Tax Bills as they advanced through a myriad of obstacles on their way to becoming law. Conclusions are drawn both on the Administration's effectiveness in getting the Bills through the Congress as well as the mass "economic education" which supposedly occurred duringthe three years leading to the final passage of both tax cuts.

Historians frequently make statements which, superficially or fundamentally, seem to be gross generalizations without obvious foundations. The suggestion that one of America’s heroes of the twenties, the businessman, became a devil of the thirties struck this author as one of those generalizations. Since it was impossible to measure "public opinion" on the subject, the study examined the image of businessmen as presented in the periodical press.Businessmen are an integral part of American society; however, historical writing has tended to favor political and military exploits. The businessman's ability to influence societal decisions and his role as a major functioning and determining element within society require in-depth study.The general hypothesis for the study was based on a perception held by the author. It was assumed that historians had projected an image of businessmen held by the American people which was at a high level prior to the 1929 Stock Market Crash, plunged drastically following the Crash and remained at a low level through 1.934; in 1935, that image rose through the 1937 recession, when it fell again, and then, as recovery began and foreign war materials orders were filled, the image rose but never reached the level of the pre-Crash period. This assumption of the historical attitude was based on the writing of several historians.The project classified businessmen in several categories: retail, construction, and services; wholesale; chain store and mail order; local, small manufacturing; national, corporate manufacturing; local financial and real estate; national financial, insurance, stock brokerage and Wall Street; extractive industry; and, transportation, communication, power, publishing, and entertainment. The popular press was defined as those periodicals with a circulation greater than 0.1 percent of the population of the United States (±125,000) for at least 6 of the 14 years covered by the study. A random sample of one-sixth of the articles published, regardless of subject matter, was content analyzed for attitudes assigned by the study to the vocabulary pertaining to businessmen. Of 293 businessmen who appeared in magazine articles by name, 21 were selected for specific mention and comparison in the study. The great quantity of data was subjected to computer programs to determine precise and systematic measurement.The results indicated that the popular press did not reflect the variations in image suggested by historians. Indeed, the numerical image of businessmen in the period represented a very even, medium, or neutral, position. Mean attitudes toward businessmen for the five periods of the study were clustered around the mean attitude for the entire study (3.31973 on a scale of 1 to 5), and in only two periods did the numerical image differ significantly from the mean for the entire study. The wide variations suggested by historians did not develop when businessmen were in the twenties as a hero and that he fell from that position examined by business classification, by type of article, or by the magazines' subject/interest areas. Finally, the suggested variations did not emerge from examination of individual periodicals or examination of individual businessmen.The study, then, throws into doubt conclusions reached by many historians that the businessman was regarded by many citizens into disrepute during the thirties. Further study of other periodicals and other sources will be required.

There is an increasing awareness in the food industry about the role that proper nutrition plays in maintaining health and preventing disease. Women especially have always been interested in nutrition and its impact on their well-being. This awareness has placed more pressure on the food industry to provide a greater variety of nutritious and wholesome products which has led to the development of a new field in the food industry, called functional foods. These are food products that apart from the micro- and macronutrients that it already provides have additional important physiologically active functions that enhance health. These active components, called phytochemicals (from plant sources) and zoochemicals (from animal sources) have changed the role of diet in health. Functional foods can, by nature or design, bridge the traditional gap between food and medicine and thereby provide consumers with the opportunity to become involved in their own health care. One of these functional foods that have been receiving increased attention and research is soy. Apart from other health benefits of soy, such as cholesterol reduction and bone strengthening, scientific evidence has shown that soy can be used as an alternative for hormone replacement therapy (HRT). The increased interest in the latter can be ascribed to the changed attitude of women, as well as evidence of the side effects of conventional hormone replacement therapies. Consumer research in the nutraceutical area is, however, still in its infancy stage. Objective: The main objective of this study was thus to assess South African consumers' opinion of the potential health benefits of soy and soy products as an alternative for HRT. To attain this main objective, the following specific objectives were stated: To determine, by means of a consumer questionnaire, the percentage of South African consumers who are aware of soy. To determine, by means of an attitude scale, the attitudinal disposition of South African consumers towards the potential health benefits of soy and soy products as an alternative for HRT. To determine South African consumers' opinions regarding the menopausal related health benefits of soy. To determine whether there is a relation between respondents who Eat/drink soy and their opinion of the potential health benefits of soy. To determine whether there is a relation between respondents who never use soy and their opinion of the bone strengthening benefit of soy. To determine whether there is a relation between respondents' opinion of the health benefits of soy and their opinions of soy as an alternative for HRT and reliever of menopausal symptoms, respectively. Methods: In this study, consumers' opinion regarding the health benefits of soy was evaluated using a questionnaire. Respondents were randomly selected from nine metropolitan, as well as rural areas in South Africa, representing the four main race groups, namely whites, blacks, coloureds and Indians. The total sample size of the metropolitan and rural subjects was 3001. A sub-dataset was created which included female respondents that have heard of soy before and were premenopausal (35-44 years) and post-menopausal (50-59 years) of age. Thus, the total number of respondents used for further statistical analyses was 825. The respondents expressed their opinions of the health benefits of soy on a five-point hedonic (Likert) scale which was adapted to a three-point scale for easier interpretation of the tables. Results: 1. Of the 3 001 respondents, 2 437 (80%) were aware of soy. 2. A mean attitudinal disposition score of 2.47 on a three-point scale indicated a neutral to positive attitudinal disposition of the South African consumer population towards the potential health benefits of soy and soy products as alternative for HRT. No practically significant differences were found between the mean values of each statement, which indicated that no specifically strong opinions were expressed between different races or between different age groups. 3. Of all the consumers surveyed and those who did express a specific opinion, 72% agreed that soy has many health benefits compared to only 7% who disagreed. Although 34% of South Africans expressed a positive opinion when asked if soy can be used as alternative for HRT, the majority (46%) of the population had a neutral opinion. Forty-two percent of the consumers who held an opinion regarding soy as reliever of menopausal symptoms were positive, 35% had a neutral opinion and 23% of South Africans did not agree that soy can relieve menopausal symptoms. 4. A relation, although not of practical significance, was found between respondents who eat/drink soy and their opinion of the health benefits of soy. Of the respondents who indicated that they eat/drink soy, the majority agreed that soy has many health benefits. The respondents who disagreed when asked if they eat/drink soy, still expressed an overall positive opinion when asked whether soy has many health benefits. 5. A relation, although not of practical significance, was found between respondents who never use soy and their opinion of the bone strengthening benefit of soy. Of those who indicated that they use soy, the majority agreed that soy has a bone strengthening benefit. On the contrary, only 43% of those who agreed that they never use soy were positive about the bone strengthening benefit of soy, whereas 37% held a neutral opinion and 20% expressed a negative opinion. 6. The relation between respondents' opinion of the overall health benefits of soy and their opinion of soy as alternative for HRT and reliever of menopausal symptoms was of practical significance. Of the respondents who did not agree that soy has many health benefits, the majority expressed a negative opinion of soy as an alternative for HRT. Of those who agreed that soy has many health benefits, 45% expressed a neutral opinion and 44% a positive opinion of soy as alternative for HRT. Almost half (47%) of the respondents who agreed that soy does have many health benefits, expressed a neutral opinion when asked if soy can relieve menopausal symptoms, whereas only 30% had a positive opinion in this regard. The majority (86%) of the respondents who disagreed that soy has many health benefits, also expressed a negative opinion of soy as reliever for menopausal symptoms Conclusion: The results of this study indicate that 80% of the South African consumer population are aware of soy and that South African consumers have a neutral to positive attitudinal disposition towards the potential health benefits of soy. Respondents did not express a particularly strong opinion regarding several health benefits of soy. It may be hypothesized that they are not informed well enough on the health benefits of soy as to take a stand and to form a definite opinion. Neither different race groups, nor pre- or post-menopausal women differ significantly in the frequency of their opinions, indicating that in this study, race and age did not have a practical significant influence on opinion of the health benefits of soy. Of all those surveyed and who did express a specific opinion, 72% agreed that soy has many health benefits, which is almost the same percentage (74%) as American consumers who perceive soy products as healthy as according to the United Soybean Board (USB) National Report (2003-2004:4). A survey by Adams (2001:433) reported that 71% of American consumers believed that plant-derived HRT have fewer risks and can thus be used as a safe alterative for conventional HRT. According to the results of the present study only 34% of South African consumers expressed a positive opinion when asked if soy can be used as an alternative for HRT. Insufficient evidence on the safety and efficacy of the potential health benefits of soy, as well as a lack of consumer education in South Africa, could be the reason for this uncertainty among XIV South African consumers. While only 26% of American consumers are aware that soy might relieve menopausal symptoms (USB National Report, 2003- 2004:4), results of the current study found that 42% of South Africans were of opinion that soy can relieve menopausal symptoms. A relation, although not of practical significance, was found between respondents who eat/drink soy and their opinion of the health benefits of soy. This can be an indication that whether or not the South African consumer population consume soy doesn't have an influence on their opinion of soy's health benefits in practice. The relation found between respondents who never use soy and their opinion of the bone strengthening benefit of soy were not of practical significance. This can be an indication that whether or not South Africans use soy does not influence their opinion of the bone strengthening benefit of soy in practice. Furthermore, a practically significant relation was found between respondents' opinion of the overall health benefits of soy and their opinion of soy as alternative for HRT and reliever of menopausal symptoms, respectively. Interestingly, respondents who expressed a positive opinion regarding the health benefits of soy did not have a convincingly positive opinion of soy as alternative for HRT and as reliever of menopausal symptoms. They expressed a more neutral opinion. As expected, consumers that were not of opinion that soy has certain health benefits, also disagreed when asked if soy can be used as an alternative for HRT or as reliever of menopausal symptoms. Although the causes for the respondents' opinion or uncertainty were not determined in this study, it can be hypothesised that it may be due to lack of standardisation of evidence on the safety and efficacy of alternative hormone replacement therapies. Further studies are still needed to determine the contributing factors which influence consumers' opinion or lack of opinion on soy. If consumers are not educated about the benefits and disadvantages of soy as alternative for HRT, they cannot make intelligent decisions and choices as to whether or not to use soy as alternative for HRT. / Thesis (M. Consumer Science)--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2004.

The thesis sets out to examine the interaction between the British royal family and its 'public' in the period between the Hanoverian succession and the recovery of George in from 'insanity' in 1789. Throughout, emphasis is given to the reception of royal activity by the press, who circulated information around the kingdom. It argues that the emergence of the domestic, popular monarchy in the middle of the reign of George III was the result of longterm considerations which arose from the activities of earlier generations of eighteenthcentury royalty, and were further developed by George III and his siblings. The growth of the royal family, and the physical and social limitations of the eighteenth-century court, led to its members finding avenues for self-expression outside the court and consequently to the expansion of the public sphere of the royal family. The subject is approached through six chapters: the move from traditional - usually sacerdotal - manifestations of royal benevolence, to sponsorship of voluntary hospitals and similar charities; accession and coronation celebrations during the century; royal public appearances in general, including the theatre and the masquerade, as well as visits to the provinces; the royal residences; royal support for scientific endeavour; and the legacy of the seventeenth century on eighteenth-century royalty, including portraiture and the family's martial connections, and the appearance or absence of mythologized seventeenth-century images in relation to the Thanksgiving of 1789. The thesis is intended to complement recent work on the emergence of national consciousness in Britain in the eighteenth century, as well as on royalty itself. It attempts to identify some of the questions concerning the place the royal family had in the society of eighteenth-century Britain, how its public image reflected that context, and how this helped the monarchy to survive as a stronger institution.

Four years after the end of the National Socialist dictatorship and a disastrous major war, basic rights and democratic government were enshrined in the Basic Law for the Federal Republic of Germany in May 1949. Thus parliamentary democracy was formally and institutionally reintroduced to Western Germany at the Bund level. Successful implantation of democracy, however, requires not only constitutional arrangements but also, and perhaps more importantly, participation on the part of the people in the democratic process. Through analysis of the public involvement in the Basic Law's formulation and the impact of the public debate on the deliberations of the Parliamentary Council between September 1948 and May 1949, the degree of participation of Germans in the three Western zones of occupation, upon which the new West German state could subsequently build, is explored. Initial answers are suggested in chapter II and then developed in subsequent chapters as various contentious topics debated by the Parliamentary Council are examined. Anti-parliamentarianism, the search for a new symbol, newspaper perceptions as a reflection of the reality of interaction between occupier and occupied in the constitution's formulation, and the public debate about the nature and status of the second chamber, about the relationship between God and the Basic Law, and about full equality for women are analysed. The nature and extent of the public debate 1948-1949 make clear that the German population of the Western zones had already begun to think and function in a democratic fashion on the Bund level. This thesis suggests that the creation of an institutional framework, such as the Basic Law, should not be overemphasized at the expense of the developing democratic culture in post-war Western Germany. Without the gradual democratization of the population already well underway when the provisional constitution came into force on 23 May 1949, it is unlikely that the Federal Republic of Germany could have established itself so successfully so quickly.

Titel: Vill du kolla på en film? En kvalitativ studie om hur två tittargrupper i Sverige värderar externa och interna faktorer angående deras filmkonsumtion Författare: Alice Paues & Hampus Mörner Handledare: Lowe Hedman Syfte: Syftet med denna kandidatuppsats var att undersöka hur två tittargrupper i Sverige värderar externa och interna faktorer angående deras film konsumtion. Uppsatsen bygger på en huvudfrågeställning och tre ytterligare frågeställningar: Hur värderar en yngre och en äldre svensk tittargrupp externa och interna faktorer angående deras egna film konsumtion? Vilka externa faktorer har mest värde enligt dessa tittargrupper? Vilka interna faktorer har mest värde enligt dessa tittargrupper? Varierar dessa faktorer beroende på plattform? Metod och Material: Uppsatsen bygger på en kvalitativ metod som genomfördes med hjälp av fokusgruppsintervjuer. För dessa fokusgruppsintervjuer så designades en intervjuguide där frågorna var relaterade till våra tre genomgående teman: externa faktorer, interna faktorer och skillnader mellan plattformar. Frågorna var även guidade av teorier inom vårt ämne. Vi valde att göra ett strategiskt urval. Urvalet bestod av två tittargrupper, en yngre där åldersintervallet var 18 till 33 och en äldre där åldersintervallet var 50 till 65. Huvudsakliga resultat: Det huvudsakliga resultatet från studien visade att den externa faktorn som äldre värderade högst var film kritiker, medan yngre värderade trailers och liknande material högst. Båda grupperna motiverades av samma behov när det gällde film konsumtion. Dock, så värderade yngre kognitiva behov högre än äldre, och äldre värderade känslomässiga behov högre än yngre. Vi fann även att det fanns skillnader mellan olika plattformar, där fyra huvud motivationer värderades olika. Dessa var: sociala behov, flyktbehov, behov att få välja sitt egna innehåll och avslappning. Antal sidor: 60 Kurs: Media- och kommunikationsvetenskap C Universitet: Uppsala Universitet, Institutionen för Informatik och Media Termin: HT 2014

Consumer Information Processing (CIP) handlar om hur vi som konsumenter tar till ossoch påverkas av den information som ständigt omger oss vid en beslutssituation. Ämnethar länge varit i fokus för forskning inom marknadsföring då detta naturligtvisintresserar företagen i hög grad. Tidigare forskning hävdar att när vi som konsumentertar till oss av de intryck som omger oss, bearbetas dessa intryck tillsammans med dekunskaper vi har sedan tidigare (bottom-up processing och top-down processing).Studier har visat att information som tilldelas oss kan ha direkt påverkan på våra sinnenoch hur vi upplever en produkt.Denna studie undersökte hur olika typer av tilläggsinformation påverkade konsumentersupplevda smak av vin. Tolv testpersoner studerades i ett experiment bestående av tresteg där olika betyg presenterades på de viner testpersonerna bedömde. Resultatet avstudien visade att kvinnor i högre grad påverkas av negativ tilläggsinformation medanmän i högre grad påverkas av positiv tilläggsinformation. / The subject of Consumer Information Processing (CIP) addresses how we as consumersgets affected by the present amount of information that constantly surrounds us in adecision situation. This subject has long been in the center of focus for research withinthe field of marketing because the high level of interest from a company viewpoint.Earlier research claims that a process occours when surrounding information reaches theconsumer, involving both the surrounding information but also the consumer´s ownprevious knowledge and experiences (bottom-up and top-down processing). Studieshave shown that added information can actually have direct affect on how our senseswork and therefore also affect how we perceive a product.This paper studied the affect of different types of added information on consumer'sperceived taste of wine. A total of twelve participants were studied in an experimentconstisting of three steps. Different ratings of the wines were presented to theparticipants prior to judging. The result of the study showed that women were affectedby negativ type of added information at a higher rate, whilst men were more affected bypositive added information.