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Computer assisted mosaic arthroplasty (CAMA) is a surgical technique that transplants cylindrical osteochondral grafts to repair damaged cartilage. An earlier in vivo study on sheep showed that short-term clinical outcomes are improved with the use of computer assistance, as compared to the conventional technique. This thesis reports on a study comparing three mosaic arthroplasty techniques -- one conventional and two computer assisted -- on human anatomy. This in vitro study used solid foam femur models modified to incorporate simulated cartilage defects. There were five participating surgeons ranging from a third year resident to a senior orthopedic surgeon. Each of the five participating surgeons performed a total of nine trials. There were three distinct sets of identical solid foam femur models with simulated cartilage defects. Three surgical techniques (conventional, opto-electronic, and patient-specific template) were performed on each. Several measures were made to compare surgical techniques: operative time; surface congruency; defect coverage; graft surface area either too high or too low; air volume below the grafts; and distance and angle of the grafts from the surgical plan. The patient-specific template and opto-electronic techniques resulted in improved surface congruency, defect surface coverage, graft surface within 0.50mm recessed and 0.25mm proud of the original surface, and below-graft air gap volume in comparison to the conventional technique. However, the conventional technique had a shorter operative time. The patient-specific template technique had less variance in surface congruency and shorter operative time than did the opto-electronic technique. / Thesis (Master, Computing) -- Queen's University, 2013-11-28 17:06:06.961

This thesis details the fabrication of three different plasmon-polariton based devices: a plasmon-polariton Bragg grating (PPBG) biosensor, an intensity modulator incorporating grating couplers, and optically separated electrical contact, and finally an array of nanoholes in an ultrasmooth Au film. The biosensor involves a 35 nm Au stripe, lithographically stepped in width to produce a Bragg reflector. The waveguide is embedded in symmetric, Cytop claddings 8 µm thick. Channels are etched into the top cladding, exposing the waveguides and allowing for the integration of fluidics. The modulator involves a 20 nm Au pad, overlaid with 80 nm Au diffraction gratings, supported by an ultrathin (~3 nm) SiO2 insulator, on a p-doped Silicon wafer backed by an Al Ohmic contact. Electrical contact pads are separated from the waveguide by a thick dielectric (700 nm PMMA), and 2.5 µm vias in-filled with Au allow for electrical connection between the contact pads and waveguides. The nanohole array is machined by focused ion beam into an ultrasmooth Au film revealed by template stripping. The Au film is stacked on a thick film of Cytop between ~5 µm thick.

Ce travail rapporte le développement et la validation d’un système de mesure pour l’étude cinématique des rotations du genou en 3 dimensions. Pour cela, nous avons dans un premier temps étudié in‐vitro les avantages apportés par un système de mesure de référence par rapport à l’évaluation du clinicien. Dans un second temps, nous avons développé un outil de mesure optoélectronique utilisable dans un contexte clinique. Nous avons réalisé une étude de reproductibilité de ce système pour des mesures de rotation interne‐externe en charge sur une série de sujets sains. Enfin, nous avons utilisé le système en condition réelle lors d’une étude clinique de revue à 2 ans de recul. 16 sujets opérés d’une rupture partielle du LCA ont été revus lors d’une consultation. Des mesures de rotation interne‐externe du genou en charge ainsi que des mesures de proprioception ont été réalisées. / The purpose of this work was to develop and to validate a new device for clinical 3D rotational kinematic evaluation of the knee. With this aim in view, we demonstrated in‐vitro the advantages of using a device for clinical evaluation of the knee. After, we developed a clinical opto‐electronic device. We validated it with a protocol for knee examination during an active weight bearing test of rotational laxity on healthy subjects. Last, the device was used in actual conditions for a clinical study. 16 patients were examined 2 years after an ACL partial reconstruction. Weight bearing tests of rotational laxity and proprioception evaluation were performed on the patients.

Les nanocristaux colloïdaux semi-conducteurs sont des matériaux synthétisés en suspension et dont les propriétés optiques sont ajustables par leur taille. Une fois sous forme de film, il est possible d’effectuer du transport de charges et ainsi obtenir des dispositifs opto-électroniques. Nous avons choisi deux types de nanocristaux présentant des propriétés optiques originales, mais dont le transport est mal connu. Nous l’étudions d’abord dans des films de nanocristaux bidimensionnels, les nanoplaquettes de CdSe, qui sont une réalisation colloïdale de puits quantiques. Nous montrons qu’il est possible d’accroître le gain de photoconduction en passivant les pièges électroniques afin d’augmenter le temps de vie des porteurs photogénérés. Nous tirons également parti de l’extension latérale de ces objets en les déposant sur des électrodes nanométriques de la taille des particules. Cela permet de s’affranchir du transport par sauts tunnel tout en surmontant l’interaction coulombienne entre l’électron et le trou photogénérés. De manière alternative, nous utilisons un canal de graphène comme couche de transport. Combiné aux propriétés optiques bien définies des nanoplaquettes, nous associons ainsi le meilleur des deux mondes. Enfin, nous étudions le transport dans des films de nanocristaux de HgSe. Ces objets étant naturellement dopés après synthèse, ils présentent une transition intrabande dans l’infrarouge moyen. Nous montrons que le dopage peut s’expliquer par la réduction des nanocristaux par l’eau, et qu’il est contrôlable en jouant sur les dipôles de surface induits par les ligands. Cela nous permet finalement d’élaborer un photodétecteur sur un substrat flexible. / Colloidal semiconducting nanocrystals are solution-grown inorganic particles whose optical properties are size-dependent. By depositing a film of these objects, charge transport become possible and one can obtain optoelectronic devices. We have chosen two types of nanocrystals with original optical properties, but whose transport is poorly understood and requires studying. First, we study it in films of two-dimensional materials, the CdSe nanoplatelets. These are colloidal realization of quantum wells. We show that it is possible to amplify the photoconductive gain by passivating electronic traps, thus increasing the photogenerated carriers lifetime. We also take advantage of the lateral extension of these objects by depositing them on nanoscale electrodes of the size of the particles. This eliminates the hopping transport while overcoming the coulombic interaction between the photogenerated electron and hole. Alternatively, we use a graphene channel as a transport layer. Together with the well defined optical properties of nanoplatelets, we associate the best of both materials. Finally, we study the transport in films of HgSe nanocrystals. Being naturally doped after synthesis, these objects exhibit an intraband transition in the mid-infrared range. We show that the doping can be explained by the water reduction of nanocrystals, and is controllable by varying the ligandsinduced surface dipoles. This allows us eventually to develop a photodetector on a flexible substrate.

京都大学 / 0048 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(工学) / 甲第20402号 / 工博第4339号 / 新制||工||1672(附属図書館) / 京都大学大学院工学研究科高分子化学専攻 / (主査)教授 中條 善樹, 教授 澤本 光男, 教授 古賀 毅 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Philosophy (Engineering) / Kyoto University / DGAM

Understanding structure-property relationship of molecules is imperative for designing efficient materials for organic semiconductors. Organic semiconductors are based on π-conjugated molecules, either small molecules or macromolecules such as dendrimers or polymers. Charge transport through organic materials is one of the most important processes that drive organic electronic devices. We have investigated the charge transport properties in various molecular designs based on dendrons, dendron-rod-coil molecular triads, and conjugated oligomers. The charge transport properties were studied using bottom contact field effect transistors, in which the material was deposited by spin coating. In case of dendrons, their generation and density of charge transporting functionalities were found to play a significant role in influencing the charge transport properties. In case of macromolecules such as dendron-rod-coil molecules, the solid state morphology plays a significant role in influencing the charge transport properties. While these molecules exhibit only electron transporting behavior in field-effect transistor measurements, ambipolar charge transport is observed in the diode configuration. Short conjugated oligomers, based on donor-acceptor-donor design, provide model systems for conjugated polymers. Effect of varying the donor functionality on optoelectronic and charge transport properties was studied in short donor-acceptor-donor molecules. While donor-acceptor-donor molecules are well known in the literature, the effect of molecular composition on the charge transport properties is not well understood. We designed molecules with 2,1,3-benzothiadiazole as the acceptor and thiophene based donor functionalities. These molecules exhibit a reduced bandgap, good solution processability and charge mobility making them interesting systems for application in organic photovoltaics. Cyclopentadithiophene (CPD) based materials have been widely utilized as organic semiconductors due to their planar nature which favors intermolecular charge transport. While most CPD based materials are hole transporting, incorporation of electron withdrawing fluorinated substituents imparts n-type behavior to these molecules. This change in charge transport properties has often been attributed to the lowering of the LUMO energy level due to the increased electron affinity in the molecule. We designed CPD based semiconductors in which the bridgehead position was functionalized with electron withdrawing ketone or dicyanomethylene group and the -positions were substituted with phenyl or pentafluorophenyl groups. Both the phenyl substituted molecules are p-type materials, even though the dicyanomethylene group lowers the LUMO by 500 meV as compared to the carbonyl compound. The pentafluorophenyl substituted molecules are n-type materials even as their LUMO energy levels are about 300 meV higher than the corresponding phenyl substituted molecules. This indicates that charge transport behavior is not an exclusive function of the frontier orbital energy levels.

The Bayer process for the production of alumina (A1203) from bauxite involves a perennial gibbsite (y-Al(OH)3) precipitation step, relating to an inherently slow crystal growth from supersaturated sodium aluminate solutions (pregnant Bayer liquors). The kinetics and mechanisms involved in the transformation of the tetrahydroxo, Al(III)-containing species in solution into octahedrally-coordinated Al(OH)3 crystals in the presence of NA+ and excess of ions, are as yet not fully known. To gain further knowledge and better understanding of the nature of solution species, their specific interaction and participation in the gibbsite crystallization mechanisms, the role alkali ions play in the kinetic behaviour and mechanisms of nucleation, growth and aggregation/agglomeration from caustic aluminate solutions of industrial strength has been investigated.

The Bayer process for the production of alumina (A1203) from bauxite involves a perennial gibbsite (y-Al(OH)3) precipitation step, relating to an inherently slow crystal growth from supersaturated sodium aluminate solutions (pregnant Bayer liquors). The kinetics and mechanisms involved in the transformation of the tetrahydroxo, Al(III)-containing species in solution into octahedrally-coordinated Al(OH)3 crystals in the presence of NA+ and excess of ions, are as yet not fully known. To gain further knowledge and better understanding of the nature of solution species, their specific interaction and participation in the gibbsite crystallization mechanisms, the role alkali ions play in the kinetic behaviour and mechanisms of nucleation, growth and aggregation/agglomeration from caustic aluminate solutions of industrial strength has been investigated.