This study concerns an investigation of the oral traditions of the contemporary child in southern France, and sets out to disprove the widely held belief that such traditions have disappeared as a result of the levelling influence of the media upon today's children. Attention is focused upon the child of eight to ten years of age, investigating that part of his world normally ignored, even denied, by adults: that is, those games and rhymes passed down by word of mouth from the older child to the younger, generation after generation. Unlike any previous detailed study of juvenile lore in twentieth-century France, this thesis considers the entire spectrum of traditional play in the context of the 'child-to-child complex'. The study has involved extensive fieldwork in the Midi, recording and transcribing the language and lore of children at play. This practical work has been backed up by detailed historical research into the documentation of child lore in France from the thirteenth century until the present day. Account has been taken both of literary references to children's games, which provide important data for historical and comparative analysis, and of the various manuals and collections of games which exist in France. From the vast range of materials amassed, common characteristics and clear divisions between the various play activities recorded have been identified, enabling a detailed classification to be made of the data collected. Such a classification has not hitherto been achieved in France. Through an investigation of the closed and mysterious world of the playground, a world where children gather among themselves, this study aims to present an autonomous society, regulated by the jurisdictions of its own code, where rhymes and games are communicated from one child to the next, away from the restrictive eye of the adult.

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A ocorrência frequente e a alta morbidade e mortalidade do câncer de boca nos cães conferem grande importância ao problema que se configura como relevante questão não só para o monitoramento, mas também para permitir caracterizar populações de risco e otimizar parâmetros que visem a prevenção, proteção e assistência ao paciente. Avaliar o perfil epidemiológico de uma amostra de conveniência de cães diagnosticados com câncer de boca de dois diferentes centros odontológicos e dois diferentes serviços oncológicos, no município de São Paulo entre janeiro de 2010 e dezembro de 2013. Estudo epidemiológico observacional ecológico, retrospectivo e prospectivo, multicêntrico de cães com neoplasia oral, avaliando as variáveis gênero, estado reprodutivo, idade, faixa etária, raça, peso, porte, localização e tamanho da neoformação oral e tipos histológicos mais frequentes e estadiamento clínico. Analisou-se 330 prontuários e os resultados apontam para a maior ocorrência das neoplasias malignas (67%), sendo mais frequente o melanoma (MM), seguida por neoplasias benignas (20%), sendo mais frequente o ameloblastoma (AMB), as demais lesões foram não-neoplásicas. Não houve predileção racial ou sexual, mas os animais intactos tiveram maior chance de acometimento por neoplasia maligna. A média de idade dos cães com neoplasia maligna foi de 11,22 anos e nas benignas 9,53 anos, sendo os animais geriátricos mais afetados. A média de peso para o câncer maligno foi de 17,13kg, tendendo para pequeno e médio porte, e benigno 22,4kg, tendendo para médio e grande porte, e os cães de pequeno porte apresentam maior chance de ocorrência de neoplasias malignas. A localização mais frequente foi a maxila (35,5%), e o tamanho médio das neoformações malignas foi de 3,52cm e as benignas 1,53cm. Dos pacientes com neoplasia maligna os geriátricos apresentam maior chance de morte e o estágio clínico IV foi o mais frequente. O tipo histológico que prevaleceu foi o MM para as neoplasias malignas, nos animais de pequeno e médio porte, e o AMB para as benignas, em médio e grande porte, os pacientes senis e geriátricos são mais acometidos por neoplasia maligna, assim como de pequeno porte e fêmeas castradas, sendo os pacientes geriátricos com maior chance de morte por neoplasia maligna e o estágio IV é o mais comum / The frequent occurrence and high morbidity and lethality of oral cancer in dogs attach great importance to the problem, which constitutes a relevant issue not only for monitoring, but also to allow characterize risk populations and optimize parameters for the prevention, protection and patient care. The aim of this study was to evaluate the epidemiological of a survey convenience sample of dogs diagnosed with oral cancer in two different dental centers and two different cancer services in the city of São Paulo between January 2010 and December 2013. Observational epidemiological ecological, retrospective and prospective and multicenter study with oral cancer dogs, assessing the variables gender, reproductive status, age, life stage, breed, weight, dog size, location and size of the oral tumor and more frequent histological types and clinical staging. Three hundred and third medical records were analyzed and the results point to a higher frequency of malignant neoplasms (67%), the most frequent malignant melanoma (MM), followed by benign neoplasms (20%), the most frequent ameloblastoma (AMB) other injuries were non-neoplastic. There was no breed or gender preference, but the unneutered dogs were more likely to involvement by malignancy. The average age of dogs with malignant neoplasm was 11.22 years and 9.53 years in benign, geriatric animals were the most affected. Mean weight for malignant cancer was 17,13kg, tending to small and medium size dog, and benign 22,4kg, tending to medium and large, and small dogs have higher odds of occurrence of malignant tumor. The most frequent site is the jaw (35.5%) and the average size of neoformation was 3,52cm malignant and benign 1,53cm. Of patients with malignant neoplasm, geriatric have higher odds of death and the clinical stage IV was the most frequent. The histological type that prevailed was the MM for malignant neoplasms in small and medium-sized animals, and the AMB for benign in medium and large, and the senile and geriatric patients are more affected by malignant tumor, as well as small and spayed females, geriatric patients at higher risk of death from malignant tumor and stage IV is the most common

O presente estudo tem como primeiro objetivo identificar os pressupostos teóricos do ensino e aprendizagem da oralidade, na aula de Português. Da análise dos programas curriculares, retivemos as grandes linhas orientadoras que concetualizam o desenvolvimento das competências compreensão / expressão oral: o trabalho didático deve recair sobre os vários géneros discursivos orais, com particular incidência nos usos mais formais, observando as fases de planificação, execução e avaliação. Ensinar e promover a aprendizagem da oralidade levou-nos a refletir sobre a especificidade da língua oral formal e do que é saber falar bem em público. Fizemos um diagnóstico baseado nas gravações das produções orais e públicas dos nossos alunos. Efetuamos e estudamos o seu registo escrito, levantando os principais problemas detetados. Categorizadas as dificuldades dos alunos, gizamos um percurso didático- pedagógico suportado metodologicamente pelos diferentes contributos disciplinares.

A comunicação oral não se reduz a saber falar, significa também transmitir uma informação correctamente. É um locutor/falante ser capaz de transferir para o interlocutor/ouvinte mensagens de uma forma fácil e sem desvios, não esquecendo que a escrita difere da oralidade, que é dinâmica e complexa, logo o treino do oral é importante. No domínio da oralidade defende-se um treino e uma aprendizagem desta competência comunicativa em contexto de sala de aula, para que, futuramente, os discentes possam fazer uma exposição oral correctamente, produzindo um discurso coerente, recorrendo a todos os elementos que fazem parte da oralidade. O professor deve conferir importância a este treino, diferenciando as estratégias e os estilos de aprendizagem, deixando de ser o único detentor do saber e passando a ser o orientador e facilitador das aprendizagens. Deve, também, responsabilizar o aluno pela sua própria aprendizagem, dando-lhe a oportunidade de intervir sobre o que aprende e o modo como aprende desenvolvendo, assim, a sua autonomia, capacidade de de resolução de problemas, planificação, comunicação, colaboração e de auto-avaliação. Este trabalho deve ser acompanhado por dispositivos pedagógico-dictáticos ajustados e pela produção de materiais adequados ao perfil dos alunos e aos seus contextos de formação. Neste relatório, dá-se conta da reflexão feita em torno do treino da oralidade na aula de Línguas, durante o ano de estágio pedagógico, e são propostas algumas estratégias e materiais para treino desta competência nas Línguas Materna (Português) e Estrangeira (Espanhol).

No description available.

This study investigated the concept of verbal accessibility in marriage. It is an example of the interactional approach to the study of marriage, which is concerned with the on-going socialization process in marriage. Verbal communication is one component of the socialization process and also of problem solving in marriage. Interpersonal communication is influenced by many variables-- personality, culture and social situation. Polansky (1 965) conceptualized verbal accessibility as the degree of readiness to communicate verbally and to participate in communication about determinant attitudes. Determinant attitudes are those which have the most far reaching influence on other attitudes and on behavior. One of the goals of this study was to develop a scale which would permit examination of the verbal accessibility of attitudes relevant for marriage, and also to measure the VA between marital partners. The scale of fifty-seven items covered such areas as child-rearing, sex, money, education, in-laws, religion, employment, health, and the like. The items were then roughly categorized by Goffman’s scheme of social structure, interaction, and personality referents. Items were also judged as to their positive, negative and neutral connotation. Subjects were asked to report how fully they would talk with their spouses about each of the items, and also how fully they thought their spouse would talk with them about the same items. The responses were weighted in order to arrive at scores of verbal accessibility. The scale was administered to twenty-six couples who had requested conciliation services at the Court of Domestic Relations. The scale was constructed to measure verbal accessibility in such a way that persons as well as items could be ranked along a continuum from least accessible to most accessible. Scalogram analysis with the interaction and personality items for husbands and for wives produced a total of six scales. These scales appeared to reflect a dimension of self-protectiveness. There was no significant difference between the medians for husbands and wives, although the mean of the medians for husbands was slightly higher. Since this is in contrast to previous findings, we assumed that our sample was abnormal, biased, or both. Women did have a higher median score for interaction items, however, which may be due to the woman’s affective role in the family, and to the greater specificity of the interaction items. The scale appears to have potential for future use because it was able to elicit differential responses; items around such areas as sex and health had low accessibility and items around such areas as children and employment had higher accessibility. It was hypothesized that: 1) The more similar the marital partner’s verbal accessibility, the greater the likelihood of reconciliation. 2) The greater the marital partners’ assumed similarity of verbal accessibility the greater the likelihood of reconciliation 3) The higher the verbal accessibility on positive items, the greater the likelihood of reconciliation. 4) The higher the verbal accessibility on negative items, the less the likelihood of reconciliation. 5.) The higher the verbal accessibility of the respondent on positive and neutral items, the greater the likelihood of reconciliation. The data did not support the hypotheses. We concluded that our study was weakened by the small sample size, the lack of other measures of VA, and the uncertain significance of marital reconciliation. Responses apparently were biased by the stress of the situation, the desire to appear cooperative and the preponderance of female interviewers. We do not believe that the scores we obtained were actual measures of VA, but rather a reflection of the special situation of our subjects. Our sample appeared to have unique characterological, motivational, and interactional patterns which had an undetermined influence on our findings. We suggest that future research consider social, cultural and personality measures as part of any study of VA. Interactional patterns, orientations to marriage and barriers to marital breakdown down should also be studied. A normal sample would be useful for purposes of comparison.

Doctor of Philosophy / This work was digitised and made available on open access by the University of Sydney, Faculty of Dentistry and Sydney eScholarship . It may only be used for the purposes of research and study. Where possible, the Faculty will try to notify the author of this work. If you have any inquiries or issues regarding this work being made available please contact the Sydney eScholarship Repository Coordinator - ses@library.usyd.edu.au

Background: People with physical and intellectual disabilities have varying health needs and living arrangements. They depend on their carers for their daily oral hygiene care. Objectives: 1. To describe the dental practices and oral health among people aged 18–44 years with physical and intellectual disabilities and 2. To determine if residential setting is associated with care recipients’ oral health status, or if there are other factors, which if modified, could improve the oral health of adults with physical and intellectual disabilities. Methods: Cross-sectional mailed questionnaire survey (February 2005 – June 2006) of carers of adults with physical and intellectual disabilities (18–44 years) living in South Australia in three settings: family home; community housing; and institutions, followed by oral examinations of care recipients by trained examiners at recalls or new appointments. Decayed (D), missing (M) and filled (F) teeth (DMFT), tooth wear, oral hygiene and gingival status were recorded. Results: Carers completed the questionnaire for 485 adults, a yield of 37.9%, of which 267 care recipients were examined (completion rate = 55.1%). Some 47.4% of the care recipients lived in family homes, 31.4% in community housing and 21.2% in institutions. Some 39.3% of care recipients had their teeth brushed once a day or less, with most needing assistance from their carers. Infrequent toothbrushing and inadequate time to clean were more frequently reported by carers at family homes than those at other settings (P<0.001). Care recipients at institutions visited the dentist more frequently than those at other settings (P<0.001). Other care recipients had problems accessing dental care due to their carers’ lack of awareness of dental services available, lack of dentists with adequate skills in managing people with disabilities, cost, location of dental clinic, lack of dentists willing to treat people with disabilities and transportation problems. Some 18.8% of care recipients required a general anaesthetic and 13.1% an oral sedation for oral examination and treatment. Presence of both oral health problems and treatment needs were reported by almost 50% of carers, but only 13.5% of care recipients reportedly experienced one or more negative impacts. Oral examinations showed that the prevalence of untreated decay among the care recipients in South Australia was 16.9% (95% CI= 12.7, 21.7) and 76.3% (95% CI= 71.0, 81.2) had past and present caries experience. None of the examined subjects wore a removable prosthesis, although nearly 50% had one or more missing teeth. After adjusting for carer and care recipient characteristics, multivariate analysis showed that there was no difference (P>0.05) in the prevalence of untreated decay (D>0) missing teeth (M>0), filled teeth (F>0), caries experience (DMFT>0) or mean DMFT among the three residential settings. However, untreated decay was significantly associated with moderate [OR= 3.7 (1.2, 11.4)] and high intake [OR= 3.3 (1.1, 11.1)] of sweet drinks and never visiting the dentist or visiting only because of a problem [OR= 5.2 (1.7, 15.8)]; missing teeth were significantly associated with requirement for a general anaesthetic for dental treatment [OR= 3.2 (1.4, 7.2)] and having low [OR= 3.4 (1.1, 10.3)] and high [OR= 4.2 (1.7, 10.7)] weekly hours of care; filled teeth were significantly associated with 35–44 age-group [OR= 5.4 (2.0, 14.9)], lack of oral hygiene assistance from carers [OR= 5.1 (2.2, 11.8)] and high weekly hours of care [OR= 4.4 (2.0, 9.5)]; and caries prevalence was significantly associated with 35–44 age-group [OR= 7.3 (2.0, 26.3)], lack of oral hygiene assistance from carers [OR= 4.0 (1.3, 12.5)] and high weekly hours of care [OR= 6.3 (2.5, 15.9)]. Mean DMFT was significantly associated with 35–44 age-group [β= 3.0 (0.4, 5.6)], autism [β = 3.4 (1.3, 5.8)], intellectual disability [β = 2.5 (0.3, 4.8)], and high weekly hours of care [β = 3.6 (1.6, 5.6)]. Anterior tooth wear was found in 45.1% (95% CI= 36.1, 53.9) and posterior tooth wear in 23.9% (95% CI= 18.7, 29.0) of care recipients. Care recipients in the community were more likely to have posterior tooth wear compared to those in family homes. Anterior tooth wear was significantly associated with 25–34 age-group [OR= 3.1 (1.5, 6.5)], 35–44 age-group [OR= 2.6 (1.1, 6.2)] and rumination [OR= 3.4 (1.3, 9.2)]. Oral hygiene and gingival status were poor with the prevalence of extensive plaque (dental plaque on all surfaces of the tooth, with a score of 2 or more) of 40.0% (95% CI= 34.1, 45.9), extensive calculus (moderate to abundant amount of supra and subgingival calculus, with a score of 2 or more) of 41.9% (95% CI= 36.0, 47.8), and extensive gingivitis (gingivitis extending all around the tooth, with a score of 2 or more) of 36.0% (95% CI= 30.2, 41.8). Residential setting was not associated with oral hygiene and gingival status. Extensive plaque was significantly associated with 35–44 age-group [OR= 3.9 (1.4, 11.2)], poor to fair general health [OR= 3.3 (1.2, 9.0)], habit of placing food/medicine/other products in mouth for lengthy periods of time [OR= 7.8 (2.7, 22.7)], care recipients cared for by male carers [OR= 3.9 (1.4, 10.8)], and care recipients with high weekly hours of care [OR= 4.0 (1.5, 10.8)]. Extensive calculus was significantly elevated in prevalence in the 25–34 age-group [OR= 4.3 (1.8, 10.7)], 35–44 age-group [OR= 5.3 (1.8, 15.4)]. Extensive gingivitis was significantly associated with always needing help for self-care activities from carers [OR= 3.5 (1.2, 10.2)]. Conclusions: Residential setting was not associated with caries experience, oral hygiene and gingival status among adults with disabilities, after adjustment for age and other relevant characteristics of care recipients. However, care recipients in the community were more likely to have posterior tooth wear compared to those in family homes. Emphasis should be placed on modifiable factors like carer assistance with daily oral hygiene care, diet and regular dental visits, whilst ensuring that carers are not overburdened. / Thesis (Ph.D.)-- University of Adelaide, School of Dentistry, 2008

Thesis (D.Min.)--Liberty Theological Seminary and Graduate School, 2007.