There is increasing consensus among practitioners and academics alike that we are in the midst of a paradigm shift from producer-centered and internal innovation processes toward user-centered and open innovation processes. This paradigm shift induces significant changes to the design of organizations. Even though the research field of user innovation has been developing over a period of more than four decades, there have been only occasional intersections with the research field of organizational design. In this article, we aim to provide an integrated perspective of the two fields. We first identify major user innovation strategies. We then derive the implications for each user innovation strategy on key dimensions of organizational design.

The purpose of the research effort was to investigate the relationships that exist between managerial functions and organizational structure with the specific objective of employing the managerial function of coordination as a design parameter in designing organizations.

In capital-intensive organizations formed to plan new infrastructure development projects, the promoter of the project (as a single organization or as part of a coalition) rarely controls all of the critical resources required to achieve the system-level goal. Instead, the direct control of interdependent resources is diffused across multiple legally independent stakeholders (Lundrigan, Gil and Puranam, 2015). As such, the core structure in these so-called 'megaproject' meta-organizations is a classic empirical instantiation of a pluralistic setting (Denis, Langley and Rouleau, 2007). In pluralistic settings, the authority to make strategic decisions is diffused across actors with heterogeneous objectives, interests, values and expertise. Hence, to achieve the goal, the promoter needs to cooperate with multiple stakeholders. Since some critical resources are not transactional or measurable, the cooperation problem is not a 'buy' problem. Instead, resolving the cooperation problem necessitates a search for mutually consensual solutions that reconcile conflicting interests. Moreover, this search unfolds without recourse to top-down authority characteristic of unitary organizations. Therefore, the promoter has to play a coordinating role that traverses organizational boundaries to coalesce competing preferences into a one-off plan. Against this backdrop, this doctoral research investigates how designed rules and structures influence consensus-building during the collective development process. We conduct the research by drawing on two cognitive lenses consolidated in two vast bodies of literature that have remained largely disparate: organization design (Puranam, Alexy and Reitzig, 2014; Burton & Obel, 1984; Lawrence & Lorsch, 1967; March & Simon, 1958; Mintzberg, 1979) and collective action (Ostrom 1990, 2005). Combining these two research streams allows us to investigate how to resolve the coordination and cooperation problems inherent in pluralistic settings. Our research method is a single case study with embedded units of analysis. This method allows us to probe deeply into operational details while maintaining the holistic features of the focal phenomena (Yin, 2009; Yin, 2013; Siggelkow, 2007; Eisenhardt & Graebner, 2007). Our focal case is the planning stage of High Speed 2 (HS2), a new multi-billion-pound cross-country railway project in the UK. The scheme is promoted by the UK Government. However, the planning effort has required that the Government share local decision rights for planning choices related to the stations along the route with multiple local authorities. These local authorities are independent, resource-rich stakeholders who are impacted by local choices, and they have deep knowledge of local needs and constraints. Thus, in the HS2 case, organizing for collective action is a prerequisite for achieving the system-goal. Our research presents two major theoretical contributions. First, we contribute to organizational design literature by advancing our knowledge of how organizations can be designed to achieve system-level goals when decision-making authority is diffused across multiple organizational boundaries. Specifically, we advance our conceptual understanding of polycentric systems--a form of organizing that distributes decision-making authority across multiple local groups of independent stakeholders. As such, we illuminate the designed processes and structures that enable the core actors in a polycentric system to integrate effort and reconcile their differences over time. Organization design choices are about designing governance structures that enable and constrain collective action. Hence, we also contribute to the project management literature with insights on the governance of the planning stage of megaprojects. Specifically, we offer a deeper understanding of how to organize an inter-organizational setting to make planning decisions and manage interdependencies with the environment. Furthermore, we reveal that ambiguous evaluations of megaproject performance are rooted in collective efforts to resolve coordination and cooperation problems. Our research is grounded in the planning effort for the HS2 project and thus embedded in the UK context. We, therefore, encourage future studies to investigate the generalizability of our claims on organizing for collective action in other institutional contexts.

Although organization design to bring about corporate social performance (CSP) is a critical issue in the business and society field, little research has been conducted. This study is an empirical test of the general model of the just organization presented by Stephens and colleagues (1991; Stephens, et al., 1997). The theoretical development describes organizational design principles from John Rawls' (1971) Theory of Justice, chosen for its emphasis on economic organizations and structure, its emphasis on efficiency as well as justice, and its affinity with Max Weber's wertrational (or value rationality) social action category from Economy and Society (1978/1910). From the general model of the just organization and characteristic organizational design features (structural and processual) consistent with the general model, an ideal type of just organization is developed. The primary hypothesis is that the more an organization emulates the ideal type of the just organization, the better its social performance will be as measured by higher CSP ratings. The degree of similarity of design with the ideal-type profile of the just organization is measured by the Euclidean distance, or summary distance metric, of the sample organization's profile to the ideal-type profile. The methodology utilizes surveys of corporations for organizational design features and the CSP ratings from the Kinder, Lydenberg, and Domini, Inc., social ratings database. The results indicate that there is no correlation between organization design and social performance when CSP is taken as an aggregate of all the stakeholder-firm relationships. However, when the specific stakeholder relationship is analyzed, there is an association between the presence of stakeholder-specific design features and higher CSP ratings along the stakeholder-specific social rating dimension. / Ph. D.

Num mercado com crescente competição como o atual, é mister que as empresas façam mais por seus clientes, ou seja, que em essência lhes entreguem mais valor. Para empresas industriais em particular, uma das ações mais comuns é a integração de serviços aos produtos existentes, a fim de oferecer uma solução que atenda às necessidades do cliente. A servitização, termo cunhado para denominar esse modelo de negócios, demanda uma transição organizacional, afinal prestar serviços é diferente de fabricar produtos. Não obstante argumentos em favor, nem sempre a servitização é bem sucedida. Nesta pesquisa, foram examinados os efeitos organizacionais da servitização no mercado editorial brasileiro, mais precisamente no segmento de livros didáticos. O foco recaiu sobre as editoras que criam, produzem e comercializam os livros, bem como sua relação com um de seus maiores clientes: as escolas particulares de ensino fundamental e médio. Usualmente vistas como produtoras de um bem manufaturado o livro e historicamente estruturadas segundo a tradição taylorista, essas editoras têm se reformado na direção de uma organização voltada à criação de conteúdo didático e prestação de serviços às escolas e professores. O presente trabalho teve como objetivo descrever e explicar como têm ocorrido as mudanças organizacionais decorrentes da servitização. Por meio de um estudo de caso múltiplo, coletaram-se evidências empíricas dos obstáculos e/ou facilitadores nesse caminho. Os resultados mostraram evidências de mudanças organizacionais devido à servitização, com destaque para a introdução de novas estruturas organizacionais e políticas de recursos humanos, que possibilitaram um relacionamento mais próximo dos clientes e de suas necessidades. Contudo, ainda há trabalho a fazer, como enfrentar os desafios da crescente digitalização dos conteúdos didáticos e o uso da Internet na distribuição de conteúdos e no relacionamento com os clientes. / In a marketplace with growing competition, it is mandatory that companies do more for their clients, i.e. that they ultimately deliver more value. For manufacturers in particular, one of the most common actions is the integration of services to the existing products, in order to offer a solution that meets customer needs. Servitization, a term coined to describe this business model, demands an organizational transition, given that providing services is different from manufacturing tangible goods. Despite the arguments for servitization, it is not always successful. The research investigated the organizational effects of servitization in the Brazilian publishing industry, specifically the textbook publishing segment. The focus was on publishers who create, produce and market the books, as well as their relationship with one of their major clients: the private Primary and Secondary Education Schools. Usually seen as manufacturers of a tangible good the textbook and historically structured according to the taylorist tradition, these publishers have reformed themselves towards an organization focused on the creation of didactic content and the provision of services to schools and instructors. The present research aimed to describe and explain how organizational changes occurred, due to servitization. A multiple case study was carried out, and empirical evidence was gathered, including the problems and successes on that matter. Results showed evidence of organizational changes due to servitization. Major examples include the introduction of new organizational structures and new human resources policies that enabled a closer relationship with customers and their needs. However there is still work to do, such as facing the challenges of growing digitalization of didactic content, as well as the use of Internet for content distribution and as a means of relationship with customers.

Num mercado com crescente competição como o atual, é mister que as empresas façam mais por seus clientes, ou seja, que em essência lhes entreguem mais valor. Para empresas industriais em particular, uma das ações mais comuns é a integração de serviços aos produtos existentes, a fim de oferecer uma solução que atenda às necessidades do cliente. A servitização, termo cunhado para denominar esse modelo de negócios, demanda uma transição organizacional, afinal prestar serviços é diferente de fabricar produtos. Não obstante argumentos em favor, nem sempre a servitização é bem sucedida. Nesta pesquisa, foram examinados os efeitos organizacionais da servitização no mercado editorial brasileiro, mais precisamente no segmento de livros didáticos. O foco recaiu sobre as editoras que criam, produzem e comercializam os livros, bem como sua relação com um de seus maiores clientes: as escolas particulares de ensino fundamental e médio. Usualmente vistas como produtoras de um bem manufaturado o livro e historicamente estruturadas segundo a tradição taylorista, essas editoras têm se reformado na direção de uma organização voltada à criação de conteúdo didático e prestação de serviços às escolas e professores. O presente trabalho teve como objetivo descrever e explicar como têm ocorrido as mudanças organizacionais decorrentes da servitização. Por meio de um estudo de caso múltiplo, coletaram-se evidências empíricas dos obstáculos e/ou facilitadores nesse caminho. Os resultados mostraram evidências de mudanças organizacionais devido à servitização, com destaque para a introdução de novas estruturas organizacionais e políticas de recursos humanos, que possibilitaram um relacionamento mais próximo dos clientes e de suas necessidades. Contudo, ainda há trabalho a fazer, como enfrentar os desafios da crescente digitalização dos conteúdos didáticos e o uso da Internet na distribuição de conteúdos e no relacionamento com os clientes. / In a marketplace with growing competition, it is mandatory that companies do more for their clients, i.e. that they ultimately deliver more value. For manufacturers in particular, one of the most common actions is the integration of services to the existing products, in order to offer a solution that meets customer needs. Servitization, a term coined to describe this business model, demands an organizational transition, given that providing services is different from manufacturing tangible goods. Despite the arguments for servitization, it is not always successful. The research investigated the organizational effects of servitization in the Brazilian publishing industry, specifically the textbook publishing segment. The focus was on publishers who create, produce and market the books, as well as their relationship with one of their major clients: the private Primary and Secondary Education Schools. Usually seen as manufacturers of a tangible good the textbook and historically structured according to the taylorist tradition, these publishers have reformed themselves towards an organization focused on the creation of didactic content and the provision of services to schools and instructors. The present research aimed to describe and explain how organizational changes occurred, due to servitization. A multiple case study was carried out, and empirical evidence was gathered, including the problems and successes on that matter. Results showed evidence of organizational changes due to servitization. Major examples include the introduction of new organizational structures and new human resources policies that enabled a closer relationship with customers and their needs. However there is still work to do, such as facing the challenges of growing digitalization of didactic content, as well as the use of Internet for content distribution and as a means of relationship with customers.

隨著民主政治的發展，人民對政府的期望亦隨之提高，對政府的服務要求愈加殷切，政府施政是否清廉，成為人民對政府信賴的重要指標，清廉的政治風氣，尤能影響工商產業的投資意願，是影響經濟發展的非經濟因素。因此，無論是人民或政府無不大力倡導建立清廉的政府。 由於國人普遍的認為我國在廉明政府的工作上猶有改善的空間，因此我國的廉政機構組織與廉政相關法制經常見諸檢討，更有以香港、新加坡的廉政成功例子，質疑何以香港、新加坡能而我國為何不能，法務部遂參照香港、新加坡之廉政機構組織，籌組法務部廉政署，並將其組織條例草案提出於立法院，惟立法院委員亦提出多版的類似廉政機構組織條例草案，結果都未能獲立法院審議通過，廉政機構組織架構，應有更充份的檢討與評估，以建設符合政府再造，發揮廉政功能的廉政組織。 本論文首先探討政府如何建構廉政政策問題，檢討問題建構的正確性，其次探討現有廉政機構組織的運作方式與產生的問題，政府採取何種對策與工具解決廉政問題。第三再就政府對未來所採取的廉政政策規劃評估其適當性，可行性。第四提出幾個清廉度高的國家廉政機構組織，比較分析其運作方式及可能成功因素，是否能為我國借鏡，解決廉政問題，第五檢討廉政機構解決廉政問題的能力，提出解決我國廉政問題的設計方案，最後提出參採幾個國家的制度，研擬我國廉政機構組織設計方案的原則建議希望本論文研究，對廉政機構組織之設計能符合組織理論與政府再造的理念，早日完成廉政機構組織再造工程，以發揮廉政目標。

The Organizational Information Processing Theory (OIPT) was used as a tool to analyze the collected data. It was found that, when Information Processing Requirements (IPR) outweigh Information Processing Capacities (IPC), information overload can be the result. Organizational structure should be chosen to enable successful task execution, if that is the case information overload is unlikely to occur. Structural elements that were found to especially increase IPC and therefore reduce the likelihood of information overload are: clarity, transparency and adherence to definitions of job responsibilities or roles.

Nas últimas décadas, o domínio tecnológico tem sido enfatizado como elemento de progresso tanto no âmbito das empresas como no dos países. A tecnologia está presente na infra-estrutura das atividades econômicas e de toda a sociedade. Dessa forma, a tecnologia da informação é cada vez mais importante para o desenvolvimento tecnológico, mesmo em áreas não diretamente ligadas a ela. O setor de semicondutores, que em conjunto com os setores de computação e de software forma a indústria de microeletrônica, tem tido especial destaque na evolução da economia mundial. No Brasil, entretanto, o setor de semicondutores permanece restrito a um pequeno grupo de empresas. Neste contexto, com o propósito de desenvolver o setor de microeletrônica no Brasil, o governo federal, por meio do Ministério da Ciência, Tecnologia e Inovação, investiu na criação de uma empresa de semicondutores, no estado do Rio Grande do Sul. A empresa criada constitui o objeto de pesquisa deste estudo de caso, desenvolvido ao longo de 2011, com foco em seu desenho organizacional. Os objetivos alcançados com o presente trabalho foram os seguintes: levantamento dos modelos de desenho organizacional na literatura, tanto do setor privado como do setor público; estudo das características administrativas de instituições públicas brasileiras, sua forma de operar e seu desenho organizacional, considerando suas várias dimensões; levantamento das características do setor de semicondutores, com foco no surgimento de empresas deste setor em países em desenvolvimento; avaliação das diferentes dimensões do desenho organizacional, suas interdependências e equilíbrios dinâmicos, por meio de um estudo de caso, considerando a realidade de empresa pública brasileira. A metodologia utilizada foi o estudo de caso, com abordagem qualitativa. A coleta de dados foi realizada por meio de observação direta, análise documental e entrevistas semiestruturadas. A principal contribuição deste trabalho consiste na análise do desenho organizacional adotado pela empresa em estudo, considerando a organização de uma maneira integrada e sistêmica, incluindo todas as cinco dimensões do desenho organizacional Estratégia, Pessoas, Sistemas de Recompensa, Processos e Estrutura, além de identificar as interações entre as diversas dimensões e entre estas e o ambiente de atuação da empresa. Outra contribuição do presente trabalho está relacionada à análise da evolução dos subsistemas produtivos na organização ao longo do tempo, assim como a evolução dos objetivos de desempenho a serem buscados pela empresa. Considerando que os estudos acadêmicos sobre desenho organizacional no setor público brasileiro são relativamente escassos, os resultados obtidos neste trabalho consistem em contribuição para a teoria, uma vez que abrangem fatores específicos do setor público e sua influência sobre programas de reestruturação e mudança. Além disso, diante da grande necessidade de melhoria do setor, a descrição do caso e a análise dos resultados apresentam evidente aplicação prática, uma vez que proporcionam uma base para trabalhos futuros. / In the last decades, technological dominium has been emphasized as a progress element even in the ambit of firms as of countries. Technology is present in the infrastructure of economic activities as in the whole society. In this way, information technology is being each time more important to technological development, even in areas not directly linked to it. The semiconductor sector, which forms the microelectronic industry together with computer and software sectors, has received special highlight in the evolution of the world economy. In Brazil, however, the semiconductor sector remains restricted to a small group of firms. In this context, with the propose of developing the microelectronic sector in Brazil, the federal government, through the Science, Technology and Innovation Ministry, invested in the creation of a semiconductor firm, in Rio Grande do Sul state. The created firm consists in the research object of this study case, developed along 2011, with focus on its organizational design. The objectives reached with the present work were: identification of organizational design models in the literature, both of the private and the public sectors; study of administrative characteristics of Brazilian public institutions, their modus operandi and organizational design, considering its various dimensions; identification of semiconductors characteristics, with focus on the emerging of firms in this sector in developing countries; evaluation of different dimensions of organizational design, its interdependencies and dynamic equilibrium, through a study case, considering the reality of a Brazilian public firm. The methodology used was case study, with qualitative approach. Data were collected through direct observation, documental analysis and semi-structured interviews. The main contribution of this work is the analysis of the organizational design adopted by the studied firm, considering the organization in an integrated and systemic manner, including all the five dimensions of its organizational design Strategy, People, Reward Systems, Process and Structure, besides identifying the interactions between these dimension and between each dimensions and the organizations environment. Another contribution of this work is related to the analysis of the evolution of the productive subsystems in the organization along the time, so as the evolution of the performance objectives to be reached by the firm. Considering that academic studies about organizational design in the Brazilian public sector are relatively scarce, the results obtained in this work consist of contribution to theory, since they enclose specific aspects of the public sector and their influence in restructuring and change programs. Moreover, given the major need for improvement of the sector, the case description and the analysis of the results present evident practical application, because they provide a base for future work.

Abstract This study investigates the organization design and interactive marketing of the industry of system integration, using the fundamental organization management theory (organization design, organization reform, organization efficiency and organization study), knowledge management theory, marketing management theory, by utilizing individual case studies to discuss study types, through studying the encouragement system, organizational design, preservation of core competitiveness, marketing strategy of the staffs from the individual case companies, in order to verify the associated theories and actual operation conditions of the companies. The subject interviewed used to be the pioneer in the system integration business field, the corporate development record showed rise and fall, but was able to carry on business high peak through importing of new product with innovative designs. But while the organization expands, highly divided by business tier and separation of workload, the management felt the new organization design and organization management limited the overall development, the ability of the organization to respond became evidently sluggish to meet up with the fast pace ever changing market demand, and the expansion of the industry service category requirement. On top of that, due to the recent decline in market prosperity, this resulted in the decline of business net profit. The interviewees from the case study all have different background, helding various different positions in the business organization. The commonality among all the interviewees are that they all served a certain period of time in their current position, most of them even witnessed the stages of rise and fall of their company. I thank them for sharing of their valuable time and personal opinion that allows the result and discussion of this study to be of significant value. The result of this study showed the subject should adjust in the area of encouragement system, organization design, preservation of core competitiveness and marketing strategy, particularly in the area of 1. delegation of authority ¡B2. differentiation of competitive strategy ¡B3. organization trait is highly efficient but incapable of reaching the goal of innovation ¡B4. integration of organization study and marketing ¡B5. the scale of organization increase gradually while the business is stuck with the unnecessary and over elaborated formalities; the results found from the case study matches with the phenomenon found in the applied theories. Through the preliminary result of this study and the author¡¦s observation from the long term involvement, the cases have been identified as the total solution supplier of information equipments, skills and services, the management should particularly focus on the core fundamental nature of service and serve the clients. Organization design should focus on the preservation of core skills and experience, enhance system design in the area of delegation of authority and encourage innovation, in order to promote the overall competitiveness of the business. The application of relevant theories would be of significant consultation value to the business in this field.¡C