This mixed model approach research explored what are the perceived essential components of an ideal organization. The data were collected from 150 leadership development seminars from 2000 to 2006 hosted by a Fortune 500 company with participants from over 239 organizations producing 5396 responses. The qualitative primary data were unitized and statistically analyzed and synthesized to reveal significant categories and their relationships. The statistically significant categories represent the essential components of an ideal organization. The original qualitative responses manifesting the significant categories are presented in alignment with the emerging complex systems leadership perspective. / text

Nas últimas décadas, o domínio tecnológico tem sido enfatizado como elemento de progresso tanto no âmbito das empresas como no dos países. A tecnologia está presente na infra-estrutura das atividades econômicas e de toda a sociedade. Dessa forma, a tecnologia da informação é cada vez mais importante para o desenvolvimento tecnológico, mesmo em áreas não diretamente ligadas a ela. O setor de semicondutores, que em conjunto com os setores de computação e de software forma a indústria de microeletrônica, tem tido especial destaque na evolução da economia mundial. No Brasil, entretanto, o setor de semicondutores permanece restrito a um pequeno grupo de empresas. Neste contexto, com o propósito de desenvolver o setor de microeletrônica no Brasil, o governo federal, por meio do Ministério da Ciência, Tecnologia e Inovação, investiu na criação de uma empresa de semicondutores, no estado do Rio Grande do Sul. A empresa criada constitui o objeto de pesquisa deste estudo de caso, desenvolvido ao longo de 2011, com foco em seu desenho organizacional. Os objetivos alcançados com o presente trabalho foram os seguintes: levantamento dos modelos de desenho organizacional na literatura, tanto do setor privado como do setor público; estudo das características administrativas de instituições públicas brasileiras, sua forma de operar e seu desenho organizacional, considerando suas várias dimensões; levantamento das características do setor de semicondutores, com foco no surgimento de empresas deste setor em países em desenvolvimento; avaliação das diferentes dimensões do desenho organizacional, suas interdependências e equilíbrios dinâmicos, por meio de um estudo de caso, considerando a realidade de empresa pública brasileira. A metodologia utilizada foi o estudo de caso, com abordagem qualitativa. A coleta de dados foi realizada por meio de observação direta, análise documental e entrevistas semiestruturadas. A principal contribuição deste trabalho consiste na análise do desenho organizacional adotado pela empresa em estudo, considerando a organização de uma maneira integrada e sistêmica, incluindo todas as cinco dimensões do desenho organizacional Estratégia, Pessoas, Sistemas de Recompensa, Processos e Estrutura, além de identificar as interações entre as diversas dimensões e entre estas e o ambiente de atuação da empresa. Outra contribuição do presente trabalho está relacionada à análise da evolução dos subsistemas produtivos na organização ao longo do tempo, assim como a evolução dos objetivos de desempenho a serem buscados pela empresa. Considerando que os estudos acadêmicos sobre desenho organizacional no setor público brasileiro são relativamente escassos, os resultados obtidos neste trabalho consistem em contribuição para a teoria, uma vez que abrangem fatores específicos do setor público e sua influência sobre programas de reestruturação e mudança. Além disso, diante da grande necessidade de melhoria do setor, a descrição do caso e a análise dos resultados apresentam evidente aplicação prática, uma vez que proporcionam uma base para trabalhos futuros. / In the last decades, technological dominium has been emphasized as a progress element even in the ambit of firms as of countries. Technology is present in the infrastructure of economic activities as in the whole society. In this way, information technology is being each time more important to technological development, even in areas not directly linked to it. The semiconductor sector, which forms the microelectronic industry together with computer and software sectors, has received special highlight in the evolution of the world economy. In Brazil, however, the semiconductor sector remains restricted to a small group of firms. In this context, with the propose of developing the microelectronic sector in Brazil, the federal government, through the Science, Technology and Innovation Ministry, invested in the creation of a semiconductor firm, in Rio Grande do Sul state. The created firm consists in the research object of this study case, developed along 2011, with focus on its organizational design. The objectives reached with the present work were: identification of organizational design models in the literature, both of the private and the public sectors; study of administrative characteristics of Brazilian public institutions, their modus operandi and organizational design, considering its various dimensions; identification of semiconductors characteristics, with focus on the emerging of firms in this sector in developing countries; evaluation of different dimensions of organizational design, its interdependencies and dynamic equilibrium, through a study case, considering the reality of a Brazilian public firm. The methodology used was case study, with qualitative approach. Data were collected through direct observation, documental analysis and semi-structured interviews. The main contribution of this work is the analysis of the organizational design adopted by the studied firm, considering the organization in an integrated and systemic manner, including all the five dimensions of its organizational design Strategy, People, Reward Systems, Process and Structure, besides identifying the interactions between these dimension and between each dimensions and the organizations environment. Another contribution of this work is related to the analysis of the evolution of the productive subsystems in the organization along the time, so as the evolution of the performance objectives to be reached by the firm. Considering that academic studies about organizational design in the Brazilian public sector are relatively scarce, the results obtained in this work consist of contribution to theory, since they enclose specific aspects of the public sector and their influence in restructuring and change programs. Moreover, given the major need for improvement of the sector, the case description and the analysis of the results present evident practical application, because they provide a base for future work.

What does it take for organizations to support people working together effectively? What does it mean for an organization to be effective? Does successful collaboration lead to more effective organizations? This study explored these questions both theoretically and empirically in an effort to help organizations understand the most important aspects to consider when attempting to achieve collaboration for organization success. The purpose of this study was to fill some of the gaps in the research by taking a broad, holistic approach to exploring the context required to support collaboration at levels of organizations broader than the team and exploring the links between organization support of collaboration and organization effectiveness. In preparation for the current study, the Organization Support of Collaboration model was developed to identify the broad organization design elements that are required to support collaboration. The Organization Effectiveness model was created to provide a holistic view of what it takes for an organization to be considered effective. The present study empirically validated these models and explored the links between them. Data was collected via a web-based questionnaire administered to a broad sample of individuals who work in organizations. Results supported a model of Organization Support of Collaboration with six factors (Connect to the Environment, Craft a Culture of Collaboration, Understand Work Processes, Design Using an Array of Structures, Build Shared Leadership, and Align Support Systems) and a model of Organization Effectiveness with six factors (Performance, Employee Involvement, Flexibility, Customer Satisfaction, New Customer Development, and Treatment of People). Connect to the Environment predicted five of the six Organization Effectiveness factors, and Craft a Culture of Collaboration predicted four of the six, notably with a connection to Performance. For the predicted relationships between the models, nine hypotheses were supported, six were not supported, and three unexpected significant relationships were found. Implications for practice and future directions are recommended.

Project-based organizations (PBOs) are becoming increasingly widespread and important for the modern economy and society. Thus, they attact significant scholarly attention to their distinctive features. The unit of analysis employed by the majority of the studies is the project-based organization as a whole. Hence, the locus of attention stays at the organizational level, whereas project-related effects are discussed in terms of aggregate properties. With very few exceptions, projects as distinct entities do not feature prominently in the discussion of project-based organizations. This observation creates an interesting paradox. In particular, when projects are discussed as separate units of analysis, their complex organizational dynamics, idiosyncrasies, and institutional embeddedness are among important loci of attention. However, when projects and project collections are discussed within the context of the PBO, the very same aspects tend to be downplayed. Most commonly, projects are either neglected or implicitly assumed to be homogeneous, interchangeable atomic units without internal structure or dynamics, obediently following orders of the parent organizations. Their internal organizational properties are overlooked and the individual-level variables are assumed to have little or no influence on the project outcomes. This thesis questions these assumptions and posits that understanding the dynamics at the project operations level might have important implications for explaining the effectiveness of management arrangements in the PBO. In particular, this thesis aims to explore the factors that shape project-based operations in the setting of the project-based organization. The thesis examines three particular factors which affect organizing of the project-based operations: (1) the content of operations; (2) the context of operations; and (3) the social processes at the operational level. Structurally, the thesis comprises a cover essay and four appended papers (three of them published in international peer-reviewed journals). Largely inductive in nature, the thesis builds on two research studies. The first study represents an in-depth “insider” case study of project-based operations in the Operations division of a large pharmaceutical company. It employs a combination of data collection methods, including semi-structured interviews, participant observations, and document analysis. The second study represents a structured framework-based literature review. Recognizing the organizational properties of projects, the thesis draws upon several literature streams within organization theory and design to analyze the empirical data. The results elaborate how the organizing of project-based operations in the PBO is shaped by the interplay between the content, intra-organizational and wider institutional contexts, as well as endogenous social processes. The thesis contributes to the literature on project-based organizations by developing an institutional, as well as extending a contingency perspective on organizing project-based operations. Further, the results call for revisiting the conceptualization of the PBO by questioning the view of projects as atomic and homogeneous units. Finally, the thesis contributes to the literature by developing an organization design perspective on the PBO. In terms of managerial implications, the thesis offers a few frameworks which can be used to support the decision-making process in a PBO. In particular, Paper I develops a contingency model of program management competences (the 3C model), Paper II derives a framework that can help PBO managers in evaluating the sources of isomorphic pressure on individual projects and programs, while Paper IV puts forth an organization design model for the PBO. At a more general level, Paper II discusses how the identified isomorphic processes within the PBO can limit flexibility, innovation, and efficiency. Finally, the cover essay discusses the important factors that need to be scrutinized in order to assess organizing of the project-based operations, such as the technical content, the project landscape and social landscape or the influence of institutionalised practices and models. / <p>QC 20170508</p>

Purpose: The purpose of this study is to investigate how and to what degree Swedish multinational companies (MNCs) adapt to local conditions when they establish subsidiaries in China, and if cultural differences play an important role in their operations. Background: The major challenge for MNCs establishing abroad is the configuration and integration of their country subsidiaries (Galbraith, 2000). Therefore, it is vital to understand how activities within an organization, such as structures, processes, reward systems, and people practices, should be designed in order for the company to be as efficient as possible (Weiss, 2007; Kesler &amp; Kates, 2011). Swedish direct investments in China have increased significantly in the late 2000s, especially in the eastern regions, where a majority of about 650 Swedish companies in China are located (Swedish Trade Council, 2012a). Establishing across borders is a step towards future growth, but it is important to note that a cross-border expansion comes with many challenges (Galbraith, 2000). Method: This study uses a qualitative research method by investigating the experiences and practices of two Swedish multinational companies with operations in Shanghai, China. Information has been collected from eight respondents in the form of interviews and open-ended questionnaires. Conclusion: Swedish MNCs standardize their organization to a large extent when they establish subsidiaries in China, and culture has a slight influence on the practices of Swedish MNCs but does not play a major role for the business as a whole.

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No description available.

組織設計(organization design) 乃是：「設計一套能適應內外環境的組織，在達成其目標的過程中，不但有其效率(efficiency)也有其效能(effectiveness) 的一門學問。」如何研究、設計此一「理想型」的組織，學者們所提方法甚多，觀點亦不盡相同。本論文綜合各家的說法，所建構之概念模型，假設透過「程序」(Process) 、「行為」(behavior)、「情境」(situation) 等三個「面向」(side)來深討此問題，所得結論或許會比較週全詳密。這是本文所設置三「篇」的緣起。 行政機關組織欲達成其任務，「工作」必須先作合理的劃分，「結構」並應力求全面的整合。這些「分」、「合」的步驟，就是本文第二、第三兩章的由來。又因組織決策乃係集個人決策的連續過程，組織設計的目的即在使此一「過程」臻於理性，故列專章研究，亦即本文之第四章。 從問卷資料發現：現行公務人員的最大「需求」為「生理需求」，─這是一個最低層次的需求，如何使此一「需求層次」升高，並給予適度的滿足，這是組織設計的重大課題，本文第五章即由此而生。 其次，問卷資料顯示：目前公務人員的最大「願望」是：「開明的主管」，其次是「良好的環境」─如何做一位開明的主管，使其「權威」能有效的鞏固；如何改善現有的辦公環境，並儘速地適應變動不居的環境（筆者曾實地觀察四○九個機關環境），這是本文第七、八兩章用力的焦點。 再從測驗資料中發現：七項主管能力的測驗分數，以「意見溝通」的能力最低。溝通網路的締建，溝通技術的講求，為組織設計所不可忽略的問題，本文第六章討論之。 組織效能的提高，貴乎其有高度的「適應能力」，「管理發展」為提高此一「能力」的有力手段。因此，研究組織設計，就不能不討論組織的能力開發，此即本文第九章的旨趣所在。

Using modeling and computer simulation, this research focuses on studying two different views to organizational design and their implications for performance in the context of academic institutions. One view represents the manifest structure that includes resources (students, faculty, administration, facilities, finances, partners, donors, etc.); the other view represents the latent structure that focuses on dissent. The dissertation addresses the following two questions; 1. What are the tangible dynamic interdependencies constituting the manifest structure within academic institutions and their impact on performance? 2. What is the impact of the latent structures composed of intangible organizational processes, especially dissent, on performance? The dissertation proposes generic system dynamics simulation models untangling the complexity of the topic by tackling various slices of the problem in separate papers. The models are based on three different theoretical frameworks addressing resources and their composition, dissent, and stakeholder engagement. It is observed that while both the manifest and the latent parts of the university organization impact its performance, the latent part, being invisible, is often ignored. In the long run, the influence of the latent part of the organization can slowly but seriously compromise intangible performances components like quality, reputation, and attractiveness. When the manifest part of the organization is dysfunctional, its tangible performance rapidly suffers. The damage control policies will often impact the latent organizational performance leading the institution into a vicious cycle. The presence of time delays in this framework may create an oscillatory behavior that might modulate a growth or decline trend. Performance measures addressing intangible performance components must be factored into the organizational design since faculty, students, and other stakeholders are not only driven by financial rewards, but also by the organizational environment. The research, besides addressing the important question of the role of latent elements in organization design and demonstrating this can be done using system dynamics modeling and computer simulation, should also be of value to the design and management of higher education institutions.

Syfte Det övergripande syftet med studien var att öka förståelsen för hur digitalt mogna företag utformar och bedriver arbetet i de digitala enheterna. Studien har undersökt den del av organisationen som direkt eller indirekt arbetar med att utveckla digitala innovationer (digitala enheten) mot externa kunder, och har nyttjat konceptet verksamhetsmodell för att uppnå ett systemperspektiv i förståelsen. Syftet adresseras genom följande forskningsfråga: Vilka gemensamma faktorer finns hos digitalt mogna företags digitala enheter? Metod Studien är av explorativ karaktär med en induktiv forskningsansats, där en kvalitativt flerfallsstudie genomförts. För att studera digitalt mogna företag har urvalet skett med hjälp av digitala experter och tidigare forskning på digital mognad. Primärdata bestod av 21 semi-strukturerade intervjuer med informanter från 8 digitalt mogna företag med god insikt i respektive verksamhet, samt 4 intervjuer med experter inom digitalisering och verksamhetsutveckling. Sekundärdata bestod av publik information så som årsrapporter, presentationer och hemsidor m.fl.. Resultat Resultatet visar att det finns många gemensamma faktorer mellan de studerade verksamheterna som kan utgöra en förklaring till varför de är framstående inom digital innovation och mognad. Totalt har 22 gemensamma teman identifierats som till betydande grad återspeglats i de studerade verksamheterna. De identifierade teman aggregeras till ett förslag på 4 generiska designprinciper för hur verksamheter kan utformas och bedrivas för att främja digital innovation. Därtill presenteras ett ramverk för verksamhetsmodellering med fokus på digitala enheter. Teoretiska implikationer Det teoretiska bidrag som studier tillför är fyrfaldigt: (1) Studien skapar större insikter kring digitalt mogna företag och bekräftar indirekt mycket av tidigare forskning på digital mognad (2) utvecklar och konkretiserar konceptet verksamhetsmodell, (3) introducerar ett ramverk för verksamhetsmodellering i allmänhet och med generiska designprinciper för främjandet av digital innovation i synnerhet samt (4) bidrar till tvärdisciplinär forskning genom ett holistiskt perspektiv. Praktiska implikationer Det praktiska bidrag som studien skapar är kunskap kring verksamhetsdesign för samtida företagsledare i allmänhet, och i synnerhet för ledare som arbetar kring digital innovation. Ramverket och designprinciperna kan bidra till att företagsledare lättare kan skapa en överblick av verksamheten och aktivt utforma den för att stödja affärsmodellen och i förlängningen främja strategin. / Purpose The overall purpose of the study is to develop the understanding of how digitally maturing companies design and operates the digital unit. The study has examined the organization within the companies that directly or indirectly develop digital offerings (the digital unit) towards external customers , and has utilized the holistic concept of an operating model in order to do so. The purpose is addressed by the following research question: What common factors exist between the digital units of digitally maturing companies? Method The study is exploratory in its nature with an inductive approach, in which a qualitative multiple case study was conducted. In order to study digitally matured companies, the selection process involved the help of digital experts as well as previous studies on digital maturity. In total, 21 semi-structured interviews with informants from 8 digitally matured companies were conducted, together with 4 interviews with experts in digitalization and business development. The informants had a good understanding of respective organization, and the data was complemented with publicly available information such as reports, presentations and websites. Results The results show that there are many common factors between the studied organizations that can help explain as to why they are prevalent in digital innovation and maturity. In total, 22 common themes were identified between the organizations’ digital units by studying their operating models. The identified themes were aggregated into a proposal of 4 generic design principles for how the digital units could be designed in order to prosper digital innovation. In addition, a framework for operations modelling is presented with a focus on digital units. Theoretical implications The theoretical implications from the study is primarely fourfolded: (1) the study develops the knowledge of digitally matured companies and concretizes the result from previous studies. (2) The study develops the concept of an operating model by identifying and bridging 6 academic fields. (3) The study presents a suggested framework for modelling the operations in general, and particularly for the design of the digital unit. (4) The study support a multidisciplinary approach to studying best praxis from a holistic perspective. Practical implications The results from the study can serve as inspiration when designing organizations for today’s the managers in general, and for the managers within digital innovation in particular. The suggested framework and design principles can facilitate the process of understanding and designing a synergetic operation that support the business model and strategy.