Both practitioners and researchers have long noted that employee turnover creates both positive and negative consequences for an organization. From a management perspective, the question is how much turnover is the right amount. Abelson and Baysinger (1984) first proposed that an optimal level of turnover could be found based on individual, organizational, and environmental factors. However, as Glebbeek and Bax (2004) noted, their approach was overly complex to empirically verify, let alone utilize at the practitioner level. This study is an attempt to demonstrate whether a logic- and theory-based model and computational simulation of the employee turnover-organizational performance relationship can actually produce Abelson and Baysinger's optimal turnover curve (the inverted U-shape) when studied in the context of a public organization. The modeling approach is based on developing and integrating causal relationships derived from logic and the theory found in the literature. The computational approach used parallels that of Scullen, Bergey, and Aiman-Smith (2005). The level of analysis of this study is the functional department level of large public organizations placing it below the macro level of entire agencies as studied in public administration, but above the level of small group research. The focus is on agencies that employ thousands of employees in specific professional occupations such as engineers, attorneys, and contract specialists. Employee attrition (equivalent to turnover as this model has been structured) is the independent variable. Workforce performance capacity and staffing costs are the dependent variables. Work organization and organizational “character” (i.e., culture, HRM policies, and environment) are moderating elements that are held constant. Organizational parameters and initial conditions are varied to explore the problem space through the use of a number of case scenarios of interest. The model examines the effects on the dependent variables of annual turnover rates ranging from 0% to 100% over a 10-year period. Organizational size is held constant over this period. The simulation model introduces several innovative concepts in order to adapt verbal theory to mathematical expression. These are an organizational stagnation factor, a turbulence factor due to turnover, and workforce performance capacity. Its value to research comes from providing a framework of concepts, relationships, and parametric values that can be empirically tested such as through comparative analyses of similar workgroups in an organization. Its value for management lies in the conceptual framework it provides for logical actions that can be taken to control turnover and/or mitigate turnover's impact on the organization. The simulation model used a 100-employee construct as per Scullen, Bergey, and Aiman-Smith (2005), but was also tested with 1000 employees as well and no significant differences in outcome were found. Test cases were run over a 10-year period. The model was also run out to 30 years to test model stability and no instability was found. Key findings and conclusions of the analysis are as follows: 1. Results demonstrate that Abelson and Baysinger's (1984) inverted-U curve can occur, but only under certain conditions such as bringing in higher-skilled employees or alleviating stagnation. 2. Results support Scullen, Bergey, and Aiman-Smith's (2005) findings that workforce performance potential increases under the condition of increasing the quality of replacement employees. 3. Organizational type, as defined in the public administration literature, does not affect the results. In addition, an analysis of recent empirical work by Meier and Hicklin (2007) who examine the relationship between employee turnover and student test performance using data from Texas school districts is provided as an Addendum. This analysis demonstrates how the modeling and simulation methodology can be used to analyze and contribute to theory development based in empirical research. / Ph. D.

O conhecimento tem se tornado um dos recursos estratégicos mais importantes no atual ambiente competitivo das empresas, fonte de vantagem competitiva sustentável. Devido a sua importância no sucesso organizacional, geri-lo adequadamente é uma das principais preocupações dos executivos. Com esse fim foram desenvolvidos modelos e metodologias para implantar a gestão do conhecimento nas companhias, trabalhos que apresentam limitações e levam às organizações a intentos falhos ou abordagens parciais do tema, limitações como a excessiva orientação sobre as tecnologias de informação, a falta de alinhamento com as estratégias da organização, a insuficiente atenção sobre os fatores humanos e culturais, o desenvolvimento de modelos sem base metodológica, e principalmente, a abordagem dividida da implantação da gestão do conhecimento. Fundamentado em uma exaustiva análise e reflexão dessas limitações, este trabalho tem como objetivo o desenvolvimento de um modelo integrado para a implantação e desenvolvimento da gestão do conhecimento, utilizando a metodologia de modelagem Enterprise Knowledge Development (EKD). Para a consecução do objetivo foi desenvolvida uma pesquisa bibliográfica, gerando a primeira versão do modelo, posteriormente este foi validado com especialistas em modelagem organizacional e gestão do conhecimento, obtendo-se da análise dessas apreciações uma versão aprimorada. O trabalho tem como resultado a confrontação e relação dos pareceres dos especialistas com a construção teórica, tendo como base o modelo proposto. O modelo proposto poderá orientar às organizações na prática da gestão do conhecimento e servir de referência para sua melhor compreensão. / Knowledge has become one of the most important strategic resource in the current competitive business environment, a source of sustainable competitive advantage. Due to its importance in organizational success, managing it properly is a major concern of executives. To this goal models and methodologies have been developed to implement knowledge management in companies, researches that have limitations and lead organizations to failed attempts or partial approaches, limitations as the excessive orientation on the information technologies, the lack of alignment with organizational strategy, insufficient attention on human and cultural factors, the development of models without methodological basis, and mainly, an divided approach of the implementation of knowledge management. Based on a thorough analysis and reflection of these limitations, this study aims to develop an integrated model for the implementation and development of practices of knowledge management, using the Enterprise Knowledge Management (EKD) modeling methodology. To achieve the goal it was be developed a literature search, generating the first version of the model, after that it was be validated with experts in organizational modeling and knowledge management, resulting of the analysis of these appreciations an improved version. The work has resulted in the confrontation and relation of opinions of experts with the theoretical construct, based on the model. The model proposed can guide organizations in this practice and serve as a reference for its better understanding.

Mudanças significativas ocorridas no cenário político e econômico do país provocaram transformações expressivas no contexto da indústria da construção civil em geral e, em particular, no setor de edificações. Redes de cooperação entre empresas possuem um papel estratégico, pois permitem que as empresas participantes tenham acesso a tecnologias, informação, mercados e recursos, podendo aumentar seus conhecimentos, suas experiências e obterem economias de escala e escopo. Utilizando-se do referencial teórico em redes de cooperação, esse trabalho se baseia em um estudo de caso de caráter exploratório em sete obras de edificações em diferentes estágios de execução, com o objetivo de sistematizar um modelo que permita descrever os relacionamentos entre atores e recursos no canteiro de obras. A modelagem organizacional foi realizada com a metodologia enterprise knowledge development (EKD) para descrever esse relacionamento e a responsabilidade entre atores. O modelo gerado a partir dos dados coletados em campo quando compatibilizado com a programação operacional da obra permite esclarecer os momentos nos quais a rede é reconfigurada e avaliar as possíveis mudanças nos fatores de produção advindas dessa compatibilização. / Significant changes occurred on the country political and economical scenery caused expressive transformation in the context of civil construction industry, particularly in the building construction sector. Interorganizacional cooperation networks allows the participant enterprises to have access to new technologies, information, markets and resources, having the opportunity to develop their knowledge, experience and reach scale and scope economies. Considering the cooperation networks concept, this research is based on an exploratory case study in seven different building construction works, on different execution stages. The research objective is to introduce a model that allows describing the relationships between actors and resources in a construction site. The organizational modeling was performed with the enterprise knowledge development (EKD) methodology to expose this relationship and the responsibility between actors. The compatibilization between the model generated from the collected data on the case study with the building operational schedule allows explain the moments that occurs the network reconfiguration and assess the possible production factors changes that outcomes from this compatibilization.

The purpose of the architecture of software systems in business organizations is to support those organizations in achieving business goals. In software development organizations the design of an architecture is a collective effort that involves various organizational stakeholders and designers, who identify, interpret, and reason about intents, and communicate, delegate, commit to, and implement intents and decisions. Current architectural design descriptions are by-and-large based on block-and-arrow notations representing "coarse-grained" solution elements of the system. They lack explicit representation for modeling and analyzing the decision-making of stakeholders and architectural designers who hold different organizational responsibilities, and pursue conflicting and/or synergistic business or system goals, while collectively pursuing organizational objectives. This thesis considers the proposition that a distributed intentionality perspective is applicable in the design of software system architectures. During architectural design, relationships between intentional actors define the context in which intentional actors pursue business and system goals and in which they negotiate architectural decision-making. The objective of this research is to investigate what an Intentional Architecture Language (IAL) could be like that utilizes intentional and organizational modeling and analysis concepts to support architectural decision-making efforts in organizational settings. Drawing from prior work on organizational modeling and analysis, this thesis first defines a core IAL, and then explores its use to model and analyze architectural decision-making both reported in the literature and empirically observed at a number of commercial projects in industry. Drawing from these explorations, this thesis proposes a number of extensions to the core IAL, discusses lessons learned, and points to the advantages and limitations in using an IAL to model and analyze architectural decision-making in an organizational setting.

The purpose of the architecture of software systems in business organizations is to support those organizations in achieving business goals. In software development organizations the design of an architecture is a collective effort that involves various organizational stakeholders and designers, who identify, interpret, and reason about intents, and communicate, delegate, commit to, and implement intents and decisions. Current architectural design descriptions are by-and-large based on block-and-arrow notations representing "coarse-grained" solution elements of the system. They lack explicit representation for modeling and analyzing the decision-making of stakeholders and architectural designers who hold different organizational responsibilities, and pursue conflicting and/or synergistic business or system goals, while collectively pursuing organizational objectives. This thesis considers the proposition that a distributed intentionality perspective is applicable in the design of software system architectures. During architectural design, relationships between intentional actors define the context in which intentional actors pursue business and system goals and in which they negotiate architectural decision-making. The objective of this research is to investigate what an Intentional Architecture Language (IAL) could be like that utilizes intentional and organizational modeling and analysis concepts to support architectural decision-making efforts in organizational settings. Drawing from prior work on organizational modeling and analysis, this thesis first defines a core IAL, and then explores its use to model and analyze architectural decision-making both reported in the literature and empirically observed at a number of commercial projects in industry. Drawing from these explorations, this thesis proposes a number of extensions to the core IAL, discusses lessons learned, and points to the advantages and limitations in using an IAL to model and analyze architectural decision-making in an organizational setting.

Mudanças significativas ocorridas no cenário político e econômico do país provocaram transformações expressivas no contexto da indústria da construção civil em geral e, em particular, no setor de edificações. Redes de cooperação entre empresas possuem um papel estratégico, pois permitem que as empresas participantes tenham acesso a tecnologias, informação, mercados e recursos, podendo aumentar seus conhecimentos, suas experiências e obterem economias de escala e escopo. Utilizando-se do referencial teórico em redes de cooperação, esse trabalho se baseia em um estudo de caso de caráter exploratório em sete obras de edificações em diferentes estágios de execução, com o objetivo de sistematizar um modelo que permita descrever os relacionamentos entre atores e recursos no canteiro de obras. A modelagem organizacional foi realizada com a metodologia enterprise knowledge development (EKD) para descrever esse relacionamento e a responsabilidade entre atores. O modelo gerado a partir dos dados coletados em campo quando compatibilizado com a programação operacional da obra permite esclarecer os momentos nos quais a rede é reconfigurada e avaliar as possíveis mudanças nos fatores de produção advindas dessa compatibilização. / Significant changes occurred on the country political and economical scenery caused expressive transformation in the context of civil construction industry, particularly in the building construction sector. Interorganizacional cooperation networks allows the participant enterprises to have access to new technologies, information, markets and resources, having the opportunity to develop their knowledge, experience and reach scale and scope economies. Considering the cooperation networks concept, this research is based on an exploratory case study in seven different building construction works, on different execution stages. The research objective is to introduce a model that allows describing the relationships between actors and resources in a construction site. The organizational modeling was performed with the enterprise knowledge development (EKD) methodology to expose this relationship and the responsibility between actors. The compatibilization between the model generated from the collected data on the case study with the building operational schedule allows explain the moments that occurs the network reconfiguration and assess the possible production factors changes that outcomes from this compatibilization.

O conhecimento tem se tornado um dos recursos estratégicos mais importantes no atual ambiente competitivo das empresas, fonte de vantagem competitiva sustentável. Devido a sua importância no sucesso organizacional, geri-lo adequadamente é uma das principais preocupações dos executivos. Com esse fim foram desenvolvidos modelos e metodologias para implantar a gestão do conhecimento nas companhias, trabalhos que apresentam limitações e levam às organizações a intentos falhos ou abordagens parciais do tema, limitações como a excessiva orientação sobre as tecnologias de informação, a falta de alinhamento com as estratégias da organização, a insuficiente atenção sobre os fatores humanos e culturais, o desenvolvimento de modelos sem base metodológica, e principalmente, a abordagem dividida da implantação da gestão do conhecimento. Fundamentado em uma exaustiva análise e reflexão dessas limitações, este trabalho tem como objetivo o desenvolvimento de um modelo integrado para a implantação e desenvolvimento da gestão do conhecimento, utilizando a metodologia de modelagem Enterprise Knowledge Development (EKD). Para a consecução do objetivo foi desenvolvida uma pesquisa bibliográfica, gerando a primeira versão do modelo, posteriormente este foi validado com especialistas em modelagem organizacional e gestão do conhecimento, obtendo-se da análise dessas apreciações uma versão aprimorada. O trabalho tem como resultado a confrontação e relação dos pareceres dos especialistas com a construção teórica, tendo como base o modelo proposto. O modelo proposto poderá orientar às organizações na prática da gestão do conhecimento e servir de referência para sua melhor compreensão. / Knowledge has become one of the most important strategic resource in the current competitive business environment, a source of sustainable competitive advantage. Due to its importance in organizational success, managing it properly is a major concern of executives. To this goal models and methodologies have been developed to implement knowledge management in companies, researches that have limitations and lead organizations to failed attempts or partial approaches, limitations as the excessive orientation on the information technologies, the lack of alignment with organizational strategy, insufficient attention on human and cultural factors, the development of models without methodological basis, and mainly, an divided approach of the implementation of knowledge management. Based on a thorough analysis and reflection of these limitations, this study aims to develop an integrated model for the implementation and development of practices of knowledge management, using the Enterprise Knowledge Management (EKD) modeling methodology. To achieve the goal it was be developed a literature search, generating the first version of the model, after that it was be validated with experts in organizational modeling and knowledge management, resulting of the analysis of these appreciations an improved version. The work has resulted in the confrontation and relation of opinions of experts with the theoretical construct, based on the model. The model proposed can guide organizations in this practice and serve as a reference for its better understanding.

Uma rede de cooperação entre empresas é definida como um grupo de empresas que interagem entre si pela troca de competências, de forma a atender uma série de suas necessidades que seriam de difícil satisfação no caso de atuarem isoladamente. Tendo em vista que o planejamento e controle da produção possui importância de primeira grandeza dentro da empresa industrial como da rede de cooperação, e que, através da modelagem organizacional, pode-se observar as empresas com uma maior e melhor dimensão de entendimento, permitindo a integração dos seus componentes. Este trabalho tem o objetivo de adequar o PCP ao ambiente de redes de cooperação entre empresas, por meio da utilização da metodologia de modelagem organizacional (EKD) e de um estudo de caso em obra de construção civil / An interorganizational cooperation network is defined as a group of companies which interact among themselves for exchange of competences, so a series of necessity from the companies which would be a difficult satisfaction if the work were done individually. In view of that the production planning and control has a great importance in an industrial company and also in the cooperation network. Through organizational modeling, can be observed the company with a greater and better dimension of agreement, which allows the integration of the companies’ components. This work has the objective to adjust the PPC to the environment of cooperation networks between companies, once several resources, capacities and ability are congregated and must be endeavored by a flow of information, through the use of the methodology of organizational modeling (EKD) and case study in workmanship of civil construction

O Sistema Único de Saúde (SUS) pode ser traduzido em princípios constitucionais como acesso universal e igualitário às ações e serviços, e integralidade da atenção à saúde. É, portanto, um setor que carece de um processo de regulação eficiente das vagas e recursos. O SUS passou por um processo de reestruturação organizacional na última década e vem tentando se consolidar conforme proposto na Constituição de 1988. Uma das consequências foi a regionalização e a hierarquização da rede de serviços de saúde no que tange à estratégia de atendimento e ao encaminhamento de pacientes para os serviços especializados. Nesse sentido, os serviços de saúde foram organizados em diferentes níveis de complexidade (Rede de Atenção Básica, Rede de Média complexidade e Rede de Alta Complexidade) e, a regionalização no Estado de São Paulo ocorreu por meio da criação/organização de Departamentos Regionais de Saúde (DRS). Portanto, este projeto propõe analisar o processo de regulação de vagas de consultas eletivas do Departamento Regional de Saúde XIII do Estado de São Paulo verificando sua integração com os princípios propostos pelo SUS. Foi possível concluir que o processo atual de regulação de vagas eletivas do DRSXIII atende parcialmente os princípios propostos pelo Sistema Único de Saúde (SUS) e identificar oportunidades de melhorias. / The Public Health System (PHS) can be translated in constitutional principles as the egalitarian and universal access to the actions and services and integrality of attention to health. It is, therefore, a sector that needs an efficient regulation process of vacancies and resources. The PHS has passed by an organizational restructuration process in the last decade and has been trying to consolidate itself due to the proposal in the Constitution of 1988. One of the aftermaths was the regionalization and prioritization of the health networking services which refer to the public service strategy and to the patients forwarding to the specialized services. In this sense the health services were organized in different complexity levels (Basic Healthcare Network, Medium Complexity Healthcare Network and High Complexity Healthcare Network) and in the State of São Paulo the regionalization occurred through the creation/organization of the Regional Health Departments (RHD). Therefore, this project proposes to analyze the process of regulation of vacancies of elective consultations of the XIII Regional Health Department of the State of São Paulo verifying its integration with the principles proposed by PHS. It was possible to conclude that the current process of regulation of vacancies of elective consultations of the XIII Regional Health Department of the State of São Paulo meets partially the principles proposed by the Public Health System (PHS) and identify opportunities for improvement.

Para atender às cambiantes exigências coletivas, numa sociedade cada vez mais complexa, a Administração Pública deve estar em permanente processo de aperfeiçoamento e modernização, sempre ocupada com a eficiência dos serviços que presta à sociedade, às empresas e aos cidadãos. A prestação de serviços Públicos é a razão de ser e condição de legitimidade de qualquer organização administrativa. Apesar da escassez de processos de qualidade e gerenciamento, cultura de atendimento, memória organizacional, na Administração Pública existe uma enorme riqueza de conhecimento tácito em verdadeiros portais humanos. Há um número de especialistas muito bem formados e com décadas de experiência, sendo um dos grandes desafios conseguir explicitar e compartilhar todo esse conhecimento. Neste sentido o presente trabalho tem como objetivo: Propor um método de trabalho que, utilizando como referencial os modelos da Enterprise Knowledge Development (EKD), desenvolva-os através das atividades da Gestão do Conhecimento, utilizando informações do setor de Alimentação Escolar do município de São Carlos, SP. Como um dos principais benefícios pretendidos com o método de trabalho pode-se citar o enriquecimento dos profissionais do setor que, dotados de novos conhecimentos e conhecimentos compartilhados, estejam aptos a disseminá-los e aplicá-los como forma de controle e produtividade. / To attend the variable collective demand, in a society that is getting each day more complex, the public administration must be in a permanent process of development and modernization, always worried about the efficiency of the service that offers to society and businesses. Public service providing is the reason of existence and condition of legitimacy of any business. Even though public administration lacks of quality and management process, serving culture, organizational memory, there exist an enormous wealth of tacit knowledge. There are in the public sector a great number of specialists with awesome degrees and with decades of experience, so there is a great challenge to explicit and share the knowledge. In this way the present work has an objective: propose a work methodology, utilizing the referential model of Enterprise Knowledge Development, that develops them through the activities of Knowledge Management utilizing information from the school lunch of the publics schools in São Carlos. The most important benefits intended with this working methodology are the enrichment of the professionals from this area, who with knowledge in hands and shared knowledge, are able to spread this knowledge and apply it in a way that will improve the control and productivity in the schools of the public sector.