Ce travail de thèse propose une approche pluridisciplinaire de la qualité dans les systèmes de production manufacturiers, couplant les approches d'ingénierie et de sociologie des organisations. Il s'intéresse aux risques de non-conformités qui peuvent se propager dans le processus de réalisation et atteindre le client final. Il est basé sur des études de cas réalisées chez Siemens E T HS (Energy Transmission High-voltage Substation), une entreprise produisant de faibles quantités de matériel haute-tension hautement personnalisé. Il propose tout d'abord une méthode qualité pour améliorer le système de détection des non-conformités en identifiant et en agissant sur ses faiblesses. Dans une deuxième approche, cette thèse propose des instruments organisationnels pour limiter la propagation des non-conformités entre les frontières organisationnelles et améliorer la résilience de l'organisation face à ces problèmes transfrontières. Les deux approches ont été mises en oeuvre dans l'entreprise étudiée puis étendues à une autre entreprise du groupe opérant sur le segment de la production de masse ce qui a permis de tirer des conclusions à la fois académiques et managériales pour les partenaires industriels. / This thesis proposes an interdisciplinary approach of quality in manufacturing production systems that combines quality engineering and organization studies. It is interested in the risk of non-conformities that can propagate in the delivery process and reach the final customer. It builds upon case studies conducted at Siemens ETHS, a company manufacturing low volumes of customized high-voltage equipment. First, a quality methodology is proposed to improve the detection system of non-conformities by identifying its weaknesses and acting on them. A second approach proposes organizational mechanisms to avoid non-conformity propagation between organizational boundaries and improve the organizational resilience in case of transboundary problems. Both approaches have been implemented in the company under study and then extended to another company of the group operating in the high volume field, what enabled the researcher to draw academic conclusions as well as to build practical knowledge for the industrial partners.

AImplémenter un système intégré de type ERP n’est pas sans conséquences. Toutefois, les recherches consacrées à la post-implémentation restent peu abondantes. La question centrale de cette recherche est celle des capacités d'évolution de l'ERP après son implémentation lorsqu'il est confronté à l’évolution des besoins de l'organisation et de son écosystème, en particulier concernant leurs dimensions logistiques. La logistique est en effet souvent à l'origine de reconfigurations importantes, constituant autant de risques à intégrer pour un système ERP dont les rigidités ont été abondement abordées par la littérature. Il est alors intéressant de s’interroger sur les différents mécanismes qui vont permettre de faire évoluer l’ERP afin qu’il reste en cohérence avec les besoins, la stratégie et la performance de l’entreprise. Cette question est au cœur de cette thèse sur la contribution de la gestion des risques logistiques à la mise en lumière des inadéquations des ERP (Strong et Volkoff, 2010) et à leur évolution et adaptation (Besson et Rowe, 2011). Notre méthodologie est qualitative et repose principalement sur une étude de cas au sein d'une entreprise du secteur aéronautique à ERP stable. Nos données montrent à la fois le progiciel comme un atout pour la robustesse logistique à court terme et un handicap face aux risques logistiques qui devront être soit acceptés sans que l'ERP n'évolue, soit réduits avec l'ERP qui évoluerait, soit évités avec l'ERP qui serait de facto contourné. Dans tous les cas, la gestion des risques logistiques apparaît comme un outil permettant de faire évoluer continûment le paramétrage de l'ERP et donc d'en améliorer l'alignement et la performance. / AImplementing an integrated system, such as an ERP, is not without consequences. However, only a few studies have looked at post-implementation. The focal point of our research is the capacity of the ERP to evolve after being implemented, when confronted to changes of needs of the organization and its ecosystem, in particular concerning logistical dimensions. Indeed, logistics is often at the origins of major reconfigurations – risks that need to be integrated by an ERP system, whose rigidities have been abundantly addressed in publications. It is thus interesting to examine different mechanisms that would enable to have the ERP evolve, in order to keep it consistent with the needs, the strategy and the performance of the company. This question is at the heart of this thesis on the contribution of the management of logistics risks on the one hand, to underline the ERP misfits (Strong et Volkoff, 2010) and, on the other hand, to their evolution and adaptation (Besson et Rowe, 2011). Our methodology is essentially qualitative and relies mainly on a case study, with three phases of non-participant observations made in an aeronautics company whose ERP system is stable. Our observations, documentation and interviews show the software package is an asset for logistics robustness in the short term and, at the same time, a disadvantage in front of logistics risks, which will be either accepted without the ERP evolving, reduced with the evolution of the ERP or avoided with the actual bypassing of the ERP. In all cases, the management of logistics risk appears as a tool enabling the continuous evolution of the ERP configuration and so improving its alignment and performance.

This research examines the United States Army’s adaptation and organizational resilience as it faces the phenomenon of what is commonly assumed to be the drastically different millennial generation of potential recruits, soldiers, and future leaders. Millennials are arguably the most unique generation to date when compared to their predecessors, mainly due to the significant technological advances of the past few decades and their ubiquitous use of technology. This study is distinctive because it addresses organizational resilience and generational gap issues from a cultural maintenance versus an adaptation and resilience viewpoint within what the author argues is presently a quasi-total, rather than total, institution. The study results refute important claims in the existing literature, which label the U.S. Army a total institution. That designation is no longer accurate because the modern U.S. Army has changed drastically. The ‘total institution’ label for the modern U.S. Army is only true during certain periods of the soldier’s experience, such as during onboarding or deployment. Thus, the label quasi-total is a better descriptor of the modern U.S. Army. Still, the U.S. Army’s need to change, so that it can recruit, train, accommodate, and retain this younger generation as an employer, must be balanced with preserving the organizational ability, culture and identity essential for the U.S. Army to function. That constant need for balance between accommodation and maintenance of core values and processes has mitigated the ‘total institution’ mindset of old. That is a major finding of this study. This study is an exploratory investigation using formal theme statements in an interview format given to the top 1% of the 1% of the U.S. Army’s leadership, as well as to lower ranking millennial soldiers. In this it is rare, if not unique. It is a problem-solving exploratory effort. In addition to a review of existing literature on related interdisciplinary topics, the study collected and analyzed empirical data in the forms of semi-structured interviews of senior grade non-millennial officers in Part 2, and, in Part 3, interviews of junior grade millennial generation soldiers who are currently serving. The study took a holistic approach to understand relevant views of different generations presently in the service and harvested the experiences and perspectives of senior leaders who have witnessed the U.S. Army’s transition firsthand. The findings indicate that several junior millennial respondents had contrary views and values to the assumptions society makes about them. Nor did they identify with the stereotypes of common views and biases about their generation. Amid signifying that not all millennials are alike, this discovery more importantly implies that assimilation to a strong organizational culture can transcend and/or alter presumed generational characteristics and norms, thereby demonstrating the U.S. Army’s resilience at the organizational level. The study showcases the uniqueness of the U.S. Army: as a ‘quasi-total institution’ it differs from others so labeled because it becomes much less total as the member spends more time in it. As an organization, the U.S. Army is different from most others because it must retain its talent since it has to grow leadership internally. Finally, its strong culture is essential to daily operations. Despite those facts that make the subject organization unique, parts of the study are relevant to many businesses globally which face similar issues of organizational adaptation versus resilience enfolding their multi-generational millennial versus non-millennial workforce. / Business Administration/Interdisciplinary

On March 2011 a destructive 9.0-magnitude earthquake and tsunami along with nuclear explosions struck northeastern Japan; killing thousands of people, halting industry and crippling infrastructure. A large manufacturing company operating outside of Japan received the news in the middle of the night. Within a few hours of the tsunami hitting Japan, this manufacturer’s logistics team ran global materials management reports to communicate the precise status of the products originating from Japan to their entire global network of facilities. With this quick and far reaching communication the manufacturer was able to launch a successful contingency plan. Alternative suppliers, already existing as part of their global network, were evaluated and used to mitigate Japan’s disruptive impact. The resiliency of this manufacturer’s trusted network of supply chain trading partners allowed for minimum disruptions, saving countless money and maintaining continuity for its end-to-end supply chain. This manufacturer was part of a cloud-based supply chain that provided the catalyst to quickly shift its resources to allay the impact of no longer being able to receive product from Japan. Today's supply chains are global and complex networks of enterprises that aim to deliver products in the right quantity, in the right place, and at the right time in an increasingly volatile and unpredictable environment. To cope with internal and external supply chain instability and disruptions, supply chains need to be resilient to survive. A supply chain's ability to collaboratively share information with its supply chain partners is one of the most important factors that enhance a supply chain’s resilience. Cloud based supply chain management (SCM) creates a platform that enables collaborative information sharing that helps to identify, monitor and reduce supply chain risks, vulnerabilities and disruptions. However, supply chain academics and practitioners are at its infancy in understanding the capabilities of cloud based supply chains and its impact on resiliency. The goal of this dissertation is to explore how cloud based SCM make supply chains more resilient to disruptions. To achieve this goal the present research addresses the following fundamental research question: What is the impact of cloud based supply chain management (SCM) on supply chain resilience? To address this research question, this dissertation is comprised of three separate but interrelated essays. The first essay uses the systematically literature review (SLR) method to provide clear definitions of supporting constructs of supply chain resiliency (SCRES), classify the capabilities of SCRES, and identify existing research gaps and future SCRES research ideas. The second essay applies resource-based view (RBV) and dynamic capabilities as the theoretical lens to investigate the role of cloud based SCM in establishing SCRES. The second essay develops a theory-driven, conceptual model to illustrate and explain the relationships among cloud based SCM, SCRES, and the supply chain capabilities identified in the first essay. The third essay uses systems dynamics theory to develop two novel casual loop diagrams (CLD) and its equivalent systems dynamics (SD) models to quantitatively analyze the impact of cloud based information sharing on supply chain performance. A hospital supply chain is used as an illustrative example to show the positive impact on performance. Lead-time, inventory spend, and customer service levels are the comparative performance metrics used in this essay and are consistent with the findings of essays 1 and 2. One CLD and its equivalent SD model represent a traditional on-premise hospital supply chain information sharing platform and the other represent a cloud based hospital information sharing platform. The SD models simulate and compare the performance of the traditional and cloud based hospital supply chain platforms.

Esta tese investigou como o uso do Sistema de Controle Gerencial influencia na gestão da resiliência organizacional de uma empresa brasileira. A escolha pelo modelo teórico \"Levers of Control\" de Robert Simons (1995, 2000) está vinculada ao seu objetivo que é analisar quais são os sistemas de controle gerencial utilizados pela organização para promover a renovação da estratégia organizacional, com isto auxiliar na gestão da resiliência estratégica da organização. Desenvolveu-se um survey single entity em uma empresa do setor de comércio de derivados de petróleo, com estrutura, porte e sistema de controle gerencial demandados para a investigação. A empresa escolhida foi conveniente pois, no momento da pesquisa, estava vivenciando um momento de tensão em relação a sua estrutura e modo de funcionamento. O levantamento dos dados ocorreu a partir de um questionário enviado aos executivos de diversas áreas da organização abrangendo uma amostra de 64 gestores organizacionais. Os resultados suportam a hipótese de que o uso do sistema de controle gerencial impacta positivamente na resiliência estratégica porque permite uma visão estruturada para ação e reação das organizações. Observou-se que elevados níveis do uso do sistema de controle gerencial nas formas de sistemas de crenças, restrições, uso diagnóstico e uso interativo aumentam a capacidade da organização para a resiliência ao atuarem de forma proativa, com visão estratégica frente às adversidades do cenário empresarial, proporcionando a renovação da estratégica proposta por Simons (1995). Dentre as contribuições da pesquisa, destacam-se: (i) a discussão sobre o sistema de controle gerencial sob o prisma das alavancas de controle gerencial de Simons (1995, 2000) no cenário nacional e sua associação com a teoria da resiliência organizacional; (ii) o desenvolvimento e a validação de uma ferramenta para mensurar resiliência estratégica no nível empresarial; e (iii) do ponto de vista prático, este estudo auxilia os gerentes a decidirem qual padrão de controle melhor se adequa às circunstâncias em que operam e aos seus desafios estratégicos, contribuindo para a compreensão de como o uso do sistema de controle gerencial impacta a resiliência no ambiente organizacional. / This Ph.D. dissertation investigated how the use of the Management Control System influences in the management of organizational resilience in a Brazilian company. The choice by the theoretical model named \"Levers of Control\" by Robert Simons (1995, 2000) is linked to its purpose to analyze which are the management control systems used by the organization to provide the strategic renewal and helping with the organization\'s strategic resilience management. A survey single entity developed in a Brazilian oil derivative trading company with structure, size and management control system required for the research. The chosen company was convenient because, at the time of the research, it was experiencing a moment of tension in relation to its structure and mode of operation. The data were collected based on a questionnaire sent to executives from different departments, covering a sample of 64 organizational managers. The results support the hypothesis that the use of the management control system has a positive impact on the strategic resilience because it allows a structured view for organizations\' action and reaction. Thus, it was observed that high levels of the use of the management control system in the forms of beliefs systems, boundary systems, diagnostic control system and interactive control system increase the organization\'s capacity for resilience by acting in a proactive way, with strategic vision facing the business context\'s adversities, providing the strategic renewal proposed by Simons (1995). Among the research contributions, the following stand out: (i) the theoretical discussion about the Management Control System through the prism of Levers of Control by Simons (1995, 2000) in the national scenario, and its association with the organizational resilience theory; (ii) the development and validation of a tool to measure strategic resilience at the organizational level; and (iii) the practical point of view, this research helps managers to decide which pattern of control best fits the circumstances in which they operate and their strategic challenges, contribute to understanding how the use of management control system impacts on the resilience in the organizational environment.

Submitted by Nadir Basilio (nadirsb@uninove.br) on 2016-09-01T20:30:12Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Rosa de Almeida Freitas Albuquerque.pdf: 1492748 bytes, checksum: 6cc22413c343ad44c48f0616f147829a (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-09-01T20:30:12Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Rosa de Almeida Freitas Albuquerque.pdf: 1492748 bytes, checksum: 6cc22413c343ad44c48f0616f147829a (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-06-29 / Resilient organizations adapt to adversities because resilience allows the organizations to absorb complexity and emerge from situations for having larger repertoire of solutions. Such situations are experienced by Higher Education Institutions (HEIs) mainly in the face of affirmative action policies (AAP). The affirmative actions constitute a set of public policies aimed at promoting the rights of the excluded group to ensure, in the medium and long term, equal access to the same opportunities for employment and education. This study, of a qualitative and exploratory nature, aimed at analyzing how the resilient capacities of a HEI influence the implementation of the affirmative action policies from the point of view of their managers, students, technicians and teachers. For this reason, a single case study was carried out in a public HEI – Federal University of Mato Grosso. The data were collected mainly through interviews but also through analysis of secondary documents and direct observation. The main contributions of the study are in proposing a descriptive model of construction of resilient characteristics for the implementation of the AAP in the Higher Education Institutions (HEIs), and the discussion of five research proposals developed in light of the theoretical framework studied, taking into account the data collected in the case study. The results show that situation awareness, identification of the most important vulnerabilities, collaboration between the organizational elements and capacity of adaptation have a strong influence on the resilient capacities of the HEIs to implement the affirmative action policies. / Organizações resilientes adaptam-se à adversidade, porque a resiliência permite às organizações absorver a complexidade e emergir de situações por ter maior repertório de soluções. Tais situações são vivenciadas por Instituições de Ensino Superior (IES), em especial diante das políticas de ações afirmativas (PAA). As ações afirmativas constituem um conjunto de políticas públicas que visam à promoção de direitos do grupo excluído para garantir, a médio e longo prazo, o acesso equânime às mesmas oportunidades de emprego e de educação. Este estudo, de natureza qualitativa e exploratória, teve como objetivo analisar como as capacidades resilientes de uma IES influenciam a implementação das políticas de ações afirmativas na visão de seus gestores, estudantes, técnicos e docentes. Para tanto, foi realizado um estudo de caso único em uma IES Federal pública – Universidade Federal do Mato Grosso. Os dados foram coletados principalmente por meio de entrevistas, mas também análise de documentos secundários e observação direta. As principais contribuições do estudo estão em propor um modelo descritivo de construção das características resilientes para a implementação das PAA nas IES e a discussão de cinco proposições de pesquisa elaboradas à luz do referencial teórico estudado tendo em vista os dados coletados no estudo de caso. Os resultados indicam que a consciência da situação, a identificação das vulnerabilidades mais importantes, a colaboração entre os elementos organizacionais e a capacidade de adaptação desempenham forte influência na capacidade resiliente da IES para implementar as políticas de ações afirmativas.

The abrupt transition to remote work caused by the COVID-19 pandemic has put considerable pressure on both companies and their employees. With no means to avoid the crisis, many companies have transitioned to remote work, conducting their business predominantly on digital platforms. This has created a situation where the employees are disconnected from the collective of the office at the same time as they face a completely new situation. To our attention, research is lacking in the area of organizational resilience in remote settings. Thus, we have conducted a qualitative case study where we have examined how organizational and individual resilience has influenced a company during the change to remote work and how adequate communication can facilitate a strengthened resilience. Our findings suggest that the social aspects of a sustainable resilience are hard to replicate in a digital environment and that communication might be the primary driver of organizational resilience in all resilience streams.

Coronakrisen har varit och är fortfarande i skrivande stund en stor samhällsbörda för många olika typer av organisationer och har varit särskilt påfrestande för gymnasieskolor. Samtidigt har det lett till en god möjlighet att utforska organisationers krishantering. Denna studie är baserad på tidigare forskning om resiliens för att vidareutveckla begreppets förståelse och praktiska innebörd genom att undersöka hur anställdas uppfattningar av organisatorisk resiliens påverkas av demografisk bakgrund och hemarbetsförutsättningar. Studien genomfördes genom en sambandsanalys av enkätfrågor baserade på Mallaks (1998a) principer av resiliens och frågor om demografisk bakgrund samt hemarbetsförutsättningar som riktades åt anställda på gymnasieskolor i Skåne.  Studien identifierade indikationer på ett starkt samband mellan vissa av Mallaks (1998a) principer (framför allt de principer som berör de anställdas egna arbeten) och anställdas uppfattningar av dess hemarbetsförutsättningar. Det identifierades även ett samband med viss demografisk bakgrundsinformation och vissa av principerna, men sambandet var svagare. Detta tyder på att det finns behov att forska vidare på anställdas behov i hemarbete samt för organisationer att tillgodose dessa behov samt undersöka hur anställdas uppfattningar påverkar organisationers resiliens. / The corona crisis has been and still is at the time of writing a major societal burden for many different types of organizations and has been particularly stressful for upper secondary schools. At the same time, it has led to a good opportunity to explore organizations' crisis management. This study is based on previous research on resilience to further develop the understanding of the concept and its practical meaning by examining how employees' perceptions of organizational resilience are affected by their demographic background and working from home conditions. The study was conducted through a correlation analysis of survey questions based on Mallak's (1998a) principles of resilience and questions about demographic background as well as the conditions for working from home aimed at employees at upper secondary schools in Skåne. The study identified indications of a strong connection between some of Mallak's (1998a) principles (especially principles that concern the employees' own work) and employees' perceptions of their conditions while working from home. The study also identified some connection with demographic background information and some of the principles, but this connection was weaker. This indicates that there is a need to further research the needs of employees while working from home as well as for organizations to meet those needs and to examine how employees' perceptions affect the organizations resilience.

[pt] O entendimento claro de uma empresa sobre o seu ambiente operacional, assim como suas forças e fraquezas, possibilita um melhor gerenciamento da incerteza imposta por adversidades e ameaças, favorecendo a resiliência organizacional. Para que a resiliência em uma organização seja implementada de forma sistêmica, é preciso que as dimensões Ambiental e Comportamental (tanto em nível organizacional quanto individual), sejam sustentadas por ações gerenciais estratégicas. Visando compreender como as práticas de gestão podem impulsionar a resiliência organizacional, foi elaborado o framework Gestão Estratégica de Resiliência Organizacional [GERO], e validado qualitativamente em cinco empresas brasileiras de setores e portes diferentes, tendo como pano de fundo a pandemia da COVID-19. A partir da análise de conteúdo das entrevistas em profundidade realizadas com os diretores destas organizações, foi possível identificar pontos comuns e pontos não contemplados no framework GERO. Como pontos comuns, as empresas pesquisadas percebem as reservas financeiras como necessárias para gerenciar efetivamente seus negócios; usam crises passadas para desenvolver sua capacidade de aprendizagem e de tomada de decisão, facilitando a agilidade de resposta; e elaboram novos produtos/ serviços rapidamente para dar continuidade aos seus negócios. Por outro lado, o empoderamento das equipes, a gestão horizontal e o fortalecimento dos valores organizacionais não contemplados no GERO foram pontos importantes na crise para estas empresas. Concluímos que este framework pode contribuir para que organizações, de diferentes setores, tamanhos e níveis de complexidade, analisem sistematicamente processos, forças e fraquezas, cenários internos e externos, favorecendo o gerenciamento estratégico da resiliência organizacional. / [en] A clear understanding of a company s operating environment and its strengths and weaknesses enables a better management of the uncertainty related to adversities and threats, promoting organizational resilience. For a systemic implementation of resilience in an organization, the Environmental and Behavioral dimensions (at the individual and organizational levels) must be supported by strategic management actions. In order to understand how management practices can boost organizational resilience, the Strategic Management of Organizational Resilience (SMOR) framework was developed and qualitatively validated in five Brazilian organizations of different sizes and operating in different sectors during the COVID-19 pandemic. The content analysis of in-depth interviews conducted with leaders of these organizations identified aspects in common as well as factors not addressed in the SMOR framework. Regarding the aspects in common, studied companies perceive financial reserves as necessary to effectively manage their businesses, use past crises to develop learning and decision-making capabilities and then facilitate response agility, and develop new products/services quickly for business continuity. On the other hand, team empowerment, horizontal management, and the strengthening of organizational values not addressed in the SMOR framework were important factors in past crises for these companies. We conclude the SMOR framework can help organizations from different sectors and of different sizes and levels of complexity perform systematic analyses of processes, strengths and weaknesses, internal and external scenarios, thus favoring a strategic management of organizational resilience.

Molti studi hanno evidenziato come le riforme legate al NPM abbiano favorito l’adozione di logiche di mercato nelle amministrazioni pubbliche, basate sul rafforzamento dell’efficienza e dell’efficacia, e l’introduzione di innovazioni manageriali nell’erogazione dei servizi pubblici. In ciò, i meccanismi contabili pubblici hanno giocato un ruolo importante. Alcuni hanno enfatizzato che sono poche le evidenze sulla relazione tra logiche di NPM e maggiore performance, sottolineando che l’efficienza e l’orientamento ai risultati non sono sufficienti a evitare le conseguenze di shock. Altri affermano che le recenti misure di austerity hanno portato ad un rinnovato interesse sia in approcci di tipo privatistico, che a logiche neo-weberiane, ma sono anche emersi nuovi paradigmi. Date queste considerazioni, la mia ricerca mira a contribuire (i) alla letteratura di pubblica amministrazione e a quella di financial management investigando come le risposte organizzative a eventi negativi sono legate alle precedenti strategie finanziarie e condizioni e capacità organizzative, e come la resilienza organizzativa sia influenzata da condizioni interne ed esterne; (ii) alla letteratura di public sector accounting, esplorando come l’accounting inficia sulle relazioni tra stato ed enti locali nell’ambito delle politiche di austerity, e le relative conseguenze su come i servizi pubblici sono organizzati, erogati e a chi. / Many studies have emphasized how NPM reforms have led to the adoption of market logics within public sector organizations, based on enhancing efficiency and effectiveness, and to the introduction of managerial innovations to public service delivery. In this, public accounting mechanisms have played a relevant role. Some have emphasized that there are scant evidences of the relation between NPM logics and increased performance, with “efficiency” and “result-orientation” being not sufficient to avoid the consequences of shocks. Others claim that the recent austerity measures has led to a renewed interest on both private-like approaches and neo-weberian logics, but also to the emergence of post-NPM paradigms. Based on these considerations, my research aims (i) to contribute to public administration and public sector financial management literature by investigating how organizational responses to negative events are rooted in past financial strategies and organizational conditions and capacities, and how organizational resilience is affected both by internal and external conditions; (ii) to contribute to public sector accounting literature by exploring how accounting is implicated in the (re)shaping of the relationship between central and local governments under the emergence of austerity policies, and how this affects how public services are organized, provided, and to whom.