6 Abstract The goal of this thesis is to provide a basic overview of the legislative acts taken against organized crime in Japan, and to map the intriguing historical evolution of organized crime until the present day. Also, to show how the connection and the historically advantageous relationship between the yakuza and the ruling elites affected the law in Japan. The first chapter is dedicated to the historical milestones of organized crime in Japan from the 17th century to the implementation of the first comprehensive law against the organized crime - the Bōtaihō, in 1991. In the next part of this thesis the particularities of the legislation against organized crime can be found, including the differences of the American and European models as well as the details of the Bōtaihō law itself. The third chapter is dedicated to the complementary and follow-up legislations concerning the fight against organized crime. Key words: organized crime, yakuza, legal instruments to fight organized crime

Santykiai tarp Europos ir Rusijos labai stipriai veikia pasaulio stabilumą. Magistrinio darbo tikslas yra išsiaiškinti, kokia Rusijos įtaka Europos saugumui, pateikti išsamią Europos ir Rusijos santykių kovos su organizuotu nusikalstamumu srityje analizę. Darbe nagrinėjami ES kovos su organizuotu nusikalstamumu politika, ES ir Rusijos teisės aktai, susitarimai, jų vykdoma politika. Taip pat siekiama atskleisti Lietuvos ir Rusijos bendradarbiavimo santykius kovoje su šiuo reiškiniu bei formuojamą politiką. Tuo tikslu buvo vykdoma ekspertų, politikų, mokslininkų apklausa, kad išsiaiškintume, ar, jų nuomone, Rusijos organizuotas nusikalstamumas kelia grėsmę Europos saugumui, kuo ši grėsmė pasireiškia, ar nekyla bendradarbiavimo sunkumų tarp Lietuvos ir Rusijos teisėsaugos institucijų bei kitus su tuo susijusius klausimus. Magistriniame darbe keliama hipotezė, kad Rusija kelia grėsmę Europos saugumui, nes Rusijos kova su organizuotu nusikalstamumu neatitinka ES ir tarptautinių standartų. / Relations between EU and Russia have a huge impact on global stability. This Master’s Thesis aims to define the impact of Russia on European security and to provide a detailed analysis of relations between EU and Russia in the field of detection of organized crime. The Thesis also aims to provide an analysis of the EU policy on the field of organized crime detection, of European and Russian legislation, agreements and the policy the countries are implementing. Another aim of the Thesis is to cast a light on the relations of cooperation between Lithuania and Russia in this field, and to describe the national policies. Experts, politicians and scientists have been interviewed in order to find out, whether, in their opinion, Russian organized crime is threatening European security, in which ways the threat is expressed, whether there are any difficulties in cooperation between Lithuanian and Russian law enforcement institutions, and other related matters. The hypothesis of this Thesis is that Russia causes threat to European security, as Russian’s measures of detection of organized crime are not up to EU and international standards.

107 Forms of crime committed by organized crime - Abstract The aim of this work was to map the range of criminal offenses and other criminal acts perpetrated by perpetrators of organized crime. Members and supporters of criminal organizations commit a large number of different offenses, primarily with the intention of obtaining illegal profits. However, some actions aim at legalizing previous revenues, establishing contacts in police, justice, and public administration, or to prevent these groups from being exposed. A specific crime may have multiple meanings in the overall strategy of the organized crime subject. Such an act is committed to both profits and cover- up (eg murder, extortion). This work is divided into three parts. The first part, consisting of Chapter 1, deals with the theoretical and legal definition of organized crime and other related concepts, such as organized groups and organized criminal groups. For these characteristics, both professional treatises and legal regulations are used, including international conventions, EU legislation and the laws of the Czech Republic. This section also provides a demonstrative list of the main criminal activities of organized crime. The second part, consisting of chapters 2 and 3, focuses on the historical development of organized crime and the...

Univ., Diss u.d.T.: Reiter, Stephanie: Einfluss der Europäischen Union auf das österreichische Strafrecht--Wien, 2006.

International criminality has been a challenging phenomenon for national police forces for years. States have developed international police cooperation relations and extradition instruments in order to fight international criminal activity. This treatise explores the reasons for the rise in transnational organized crime activities in Europe and presents an in-depth explanation concerning the emergence, mandates, and structures of multilateral police collaboration systems such as Interpol, Trevi, Schengen, and Europol. Since the extradition has become an inseparable part of international policing, this study examines the improvements in extradition procedure and emphasizes the importance of extradition. Finally this study compares traditional (European Convention on Extradition of 1957) and new (European Arrest Warrant) extradition systems.

The most challenging and spoken criminal phenomenon today is indisputably organised crime. It is a crime that both the general public, business community, commentators, researchers, scholars, journalists, writers, politicians, prosecutors, jurists and presiding officials debate with different interpretation and understanding of the concept as well as the manifestation of the phenomena. Debates on the subject have seen the dawn of rival terminologies of organised crime and crimes that are organised. While the United Nations has not assisted the nations in finding a definition of what organised crime is, the confusion has spread throughout the globe and South Africa has not been spared the pandemonium. The objective of this study is to comparatively assess the present understanding and setup in South Africa in comparison with Italy, Tanzania and the United States of America, identify the root causes of the confusion and find possible remedies to liberate the situation. The research concludes with the findings and recommendations. / Criminal & Procedural Law / LL.D.

This thesis focuses on legal protection of victims of human trafficking in Sweden. Human trafficking involves the exploitation of often already vulnerable individuals and is a violation of their human rights. Human trafficking is also a threat to state security as a component of transnational organized crime and illegal migration, and has therefore long been a subject of international cooperation.      In this thesis international responses to human trafficking are categorized as being focused on two distinct and separately protected parties, namely the individual and the state. The implementation of these international responses have, in the case of Sweden, mainly led to new criminal regulation relating to human trafficking, and in this thesis international as well as Swedish legal measures against human trafficking are analyzed from a victimological perspective. The overall aim is to investigate and analyze whether victims of trafficking have received an enhanced legal protection through Swedish criminal law.      The thesis shows that human trafficking is not considered a problem in the Swedish legislative context, and that the international measures to protect victims of trafficking have not been regarded to any great extent. Few victims of trafficking in Sweden are even identified as victims, and measures against human trafficking have largely been associated with measures against prostitution. To legally connect human trafficking with prostitution is, however, problematic because these crimes have different primary protective interests and the victims have different roles in the investigation and litigation process. From a victim's perspective, the categorization of the crime is crucial because the status of plaintiff, as is required for the possibility for financial redress and other legal rights, is assessed in Sweden by how the offense is classified. It is therefore important for the victims of human trafficking to be identified and categorized correctly in order to be defined as plaintiffs and obtain protection under criminal law. As a result of all these factors, the intended enhanced legal protection for victims of trafficking in Sweden is lost.

Il lavoro concerne il tema del contrasto patrimoniale alla criminalità organizzata e la confisca di prevenzione ante delictum (art. 24, d.lgs. n. 159/2011). Lo spregiudicato ricorso a questo strumento ha creato una confusione tra i piani della prevenzione (ante delictum) e della repressione (post delictum) della criminalità. Si nota, inoltre, la tendenza della confisca a sconfinare verso settori d’intervento della giustizia penale differenti da quelli per i quali è espressamente prevista. La Parte prima della tesi è dedicata alla ricostruzione delle origini storiche delle misure di prevenzione patrimoniali, nonché ai presupposti e alle finalità di sequestro e confisca. La Parte seconda affronta il problema della natura giuridica della confisca. Alla dottrina che si è espressa per la sostanziale natura sanzionatoria della misura (formalmente) di “prevenzione”, si oppone la giurisprudenza che la estromette dalla materia penale e dalle garanzie (costituzionali e convenzionali). La Parte terza è dedicata alla ‘sfida’ del principio di proporzione: la verifica della ragionevolezza della confisca secondo il modello del giudizio trilaterale. Nelle conclusioni si espongono delle considerazioni sui rapporti tra prevenzione ante delictum e principio di sussidiarietà, nell’ottica di una valorizzazione dell’idea di gradualità e di promozione dell’uguaglianza tra cittadini. / The work concerns the contrast against organized crime and the preventive confiscation (art. 24, d.lgs. n. 159/2011). The use of confiscation has created a confusion between the plans of crime prevention (ante delictum) and crime repression (post delictum). The first part of the thesis concerns: reconstruction of the historical origins of the preventive system; conditions and purposes of seizure and confiscation. The second part deals with the problem of the legal nature of confiscation. The doctrine has been expressed for substantial punitive measure; jurisprudence excludes confiscation from criminal law and its guarantees. The third part concerns the 'challenge' of the principle of proportionality: the verification of the reasonableness of confiscatione. The conclusions expose the considerations on the relationship between prevention ante delictum and the principle of subsidiarity, to valorize the idea of gradually and of equality between citizens.

AND KEY WORDS The purpose of my thesis is to analyze the institute of criminal informant as a legal instrument in the fight against organized crime. I introduce the historical background of cooperation between criminals and state on uncovering criminal activities. Then I follow with the analysis of current Czech legislation of cooperating accused and the so far limited cases of its application and also offer a comparative view of the law and its application in United States, Great Britain and Slovakia. The thesis is composed of six chapters. Chapter One is introductory and defines basic terminology used in the thesis: cooperating accused and crown witness. In this chapter I argue that the terms can be used interchangeably In the second chapter I introduce the history of cooperation between criminals and the state. Special subsection deals with the development of Czech legislation on cooperating accused. Chapter Three examines relevant Czech legislation and the limited number of documented cases of application of the institute. Chapter Four offers a comparative view of relevant legislation and approach to decision-making by trial courts in the United States and Great Britain and also the legislation passed in neighboring Slovakia. Chapter Five concentrates on problems resulting from organized crime,...

OF THE THESIS IN THE ENGLISH LANGUAGE The methodology of murder investigation (selected issues) The methodology of murder investigation is one of the areas of the special criminalistics, which attends to the methods of investigation of individual criminal offenses. In consideration of the variability of murders and of the overall natural development of the company, it is necessary to be consulting also the methodology of investigation as the process which is dynamic and subject to the development. One of the essential and the relatively unknown phenomenon in this area of the last time was the increase in committed murders made to order - hired murders. This type of murder is at the same time often the link with another relatively new phenomenon of post-revolutionary period in the territory of the Czech Republic, the organized crime. The purpose of the thesis is except for the outline of general procedure during the homicide investigation also to point out some specific features concerning the hired murders and the murders planted in the context of organized crime. The forced theme is in this direction the characteristic of the personality of a hired murderer. In consideration of the fact that the murder and the personality of the murderer in general is very often the subject of the research of the...