Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of California, San Diego, 2002. / Vita. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 343-382).

Diss. Örebro : University, 2003.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of California, San Diego, 2002. / Vita. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 202-208).

1. SammanfattningMitt syfte med uppsatsen är att undersöka de attityder som finns till europeisk – utomeuropeisk. Jag har en övergripande fråga som lyder: vilka uppfattningar kan finnas bland elever och lärare om europeisk respektive utomeuropeisk historieundervisning?För att kunna få svar på frågorna har jag genomfört en enkätundersökning i tre stycken samhällsklasser, haft intervjuer med tre stycken elever och haft intervjuer med två stycken verksamma historielärare. Vidare har jag även tittat närmare på kursplanen för historia samt gjort en läromedelsanalys. Jag kommer att lyfta fram välkända begrepp som historiemedvetande och historieidentitet. Specifika begrepp för min uppsats blir orientalism och omvärldsbilder. Nyckelord: Omvärldsbilder, historiemedvetande, historieidentitet, orientalism / 1.2 AbstractThe purpose with my essay is to examine what attitudes exist towards European and non- European history education. My main target group will be students in upper secondary school. I have one overlapping question: which impressions can exist among students and teachers, regarding European and non- European history education? To get my answers, this essay consists of two parts, one theoretical and one empirical. I will discuss noted concepts as historical identity and historical consciousness and specific for my essay will be orientalism and national images. Keywords: National images, historical identity, historical consciousness, orientalism

The paper aims to examine the relationship between the media's portrayal of the refugee situation in Sweden to investigate whether this could be a contributing factor to a widespread threat society, characterized by fear. Primary theories used is Simmel’s Stranger, Said’s Orientalism, Nohrstedt’s Threat society, framing theory and the media logic in news. Four morning newspapers, with geographic coverage in Sweden, have been used for the quantitative methods to collect empirical data. During the past year, we have analyzed a total of four weeks evenly distributed over the year, starting in May 2015 and end in February 2016. A total of 424 articles are coded on the basis of 21 variables. The result shows that the refugee's descent rarely appears in the articles. The geographical space also reveals that exile nationality rarely occur if the refugee is in Sweden. Furthermore, the result indicates a framing of the refugee as a burden/threat, in more cases than as victim/necessitous. When the refugee is portrayed as a burden the temporal charge is many times urgent. Many article types allows the writer to express their own opinion, as with the rhetorical tools can affect the receiver. Articles says, both implicitly and explicitly, that the Government of Sweden and all municipalities in the country are responsible regarding to the refugee issue. The topics that are high on the news agenda is the reception of refugees and asylum accommodation. These results are in line with the theory of a threat society as the refugee becomes anonymous, described as a stranger and perceived as a burden on society.

Although the field of German Romantic Orientalism has been growing in recent years, the prolific writer E.T.A. Hoffmann has largely escaped critical attention. This study of his oeuvre reveals, however, that it was shaped and influenced by both the scholarly and popular orientalist discourses of his time. Furthermore, Hoffmann satirises literary orientalist practices even as he takes part in them, and so his work exposes the ambivalence of the apparent German veneration for the ‘Romantic’ Orient. While Hoffmann responds to the Romantic image of the Orient set up by his predecessors (J.G. Herder, Novalis, Friedrich Schlegel), he does so in order to reveal both the uses and the limits of this model for the Romantic artist in the modern world. The Orient serves as an inspiration for Romantic art, and thus Edward Said’s claim that the Romantics appropriated the East merely for the rejuvenation of European literature must be acknowledged. Nevertheless, as an extremely self-aware writer, Hoffmann does not utilise this approach uncritically. My thesis shows how Hoffmann responded to the image of the Orient as it was produced by writers, musicians, and scholars inside the German-speaking lands. The Orient resists successful imitation, as his texts acknowledge when they turn a critical eye towards German cultural production. Furthermore, Hoffmann’s famous criticism of nineteenth-century society is enhanced by comparison of German and oriental characters, with the latter often coming out more favourably. Hoffmann’s tales therefore demand a reassessment of the view that the Romantics constructed the Orient exclusively as a paradisaical land of poetic fulfilment. His (self-) reflective response to the nineteenth-century treatment of the Orient in Germany marks him out as an original – and essential – voice in Romantic Orientalism.

Syftet är att undersöka antiflykting-propaganda på sociala medier med fokus på multimodala texter för att förstå vilken bild av flyktingar som ges, i texter med olika modaliteter.  -Hur kan antiflyktingkampanjer på sociala medier förstås utifrån teori om propaganda? -På vilket sätt reproducerar antiflykting-propaganda myter med grund i orientalism? -Vilka ord och/eller begrepp används i propaganda materialet för att beskriva flyktingar och övertyga mottagaren om att gränserna bör stängas? Artikeln "Sweden: State-funded Muslim sniper training", blogginlägget "Shariapoliser nu lagliga i Tyskland" samt bilderna "Flykting vs Terrorist" och "Rape, Rape, Rape: You can do it in Finland" ligger till grund för analysen. Materialet analyseras via propaganda-tekniker, Edward Saids studie om orientalism och med redskap från semiotiken. Huvudresultatet visar att propaganda-teknikerna förenkling, förstärkning, förtätning och förklädnad används aktivt. Digital kommunikation utgår från den klassiska propaganda-modellen. Sex myter har identifierats som grundar sig i en islaminriktad orientalism. Materialet innehåller ett avhumaniserande språkbruk.

published_or_final_version / Literary and Cultural Studies / Master / Master of Arts

<p>During the nineteenth century, an impressive number of occult organizations blossomed both in Europe and the United States. The most influential of these groups was arguably the Theosophical Society. One feature that set it apart from other groups was the assertion that its teachings came from highly advanced beings often referred to in Theosophical literature as the “Masters.” Various authors claim that two of them, Koot Hoomi and Morya, have their roots in the East. However, the descriptions provided include many aspects that might be more readily associated with the West.</p><p>The aim of this study is to critically examine a selection of Theosophical writings composed in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries which concern the Masters in the light of the notion of Orientalism. Textual analysis is the method applied. The question I seek to answer is: In what ways do these descriptions exemplify Orientalism? The results indicate that examples can be found in discussions concerning their names and titles, how they are defined, the brotherhood to which they belong, characteristics they possess, their functions, their homes, and what they look like. This is also the case in regard to writings describing how one becomes a Master and those debating whether or not they exist. The matters addressed are relevant because they provide insight into how conceptualizations of other cultures are constructed and because the notion of ascended masters is still a common one in new age religion.</p>

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