Det huvudsakliga syftet med mitt examensarbete var att undersöka hur elever i årskurs 7 resonerar kring sitt deltagande på idrottslektionerna, deras motiv huruvida de väljer att avstå eller delta i undervisningen. Min undersökning bygger på kvalitativa intervjuer, där eleverna intervjuats i frågor rörande förväntningar, olika slags motivation, kommunikation och relationer. Jag har studerat och jämfört likheter och skillnader mellan elevernas motiv. Studien visar på få skillnader i motiven men desto fler likheter. Resultatet pekar på att aktiviteterna, deras nivå och kommunikationen mellan lärare- elev och elev- elev är en väsentlig grund för elevernas deltagande. Vidare visar det sig att eleverna är hälsomedvetna och att denna medvetenhet bidrar till rörelse på lektionerna. De faktorer eleverna beskrev som anledningar att sitta vid sidan om var bland annat sjukdom och skador. Eleverna visar dock ett allmänt genuint intresse för att vara fysiskt aktiva då de sysselsätter sig med andra fysiska aktiviteter, även om de inte deltar i den obligatoriska idrottsundervisningen. / The main purpose with this study was to investigate the motivational behavior of pupils in an elementary school, with respect to whether they participate in the PE class or not. The study is based on interviews, where I have asked the pupils questions concerning expectations, external and internal motivation, communication and relationships. Afterwards I made comparisons on likeliness and differences in their answers, where patterns were discovered. The study shows a small amount of differences and a larger set of likeliness on their purposes to attend or not attend PE. The result indicates that the activities, their level and the teacher-pupil and pupil- pupil communication are the most important reasons to participate. Moreover it is shown that pupils that are aware of their health and this awareness promotes movement. Illness and injuries were described as the main factors to step aside and not participate. The pupils show a genuine interest about physical activities in general, as they keep themselves occupied with other physical activities, even though they’re not participating in the compulsory PE class.

Polyethylene terephthalate is one of the most important engineering thermal plastics used for fibers, films and bottles. Despite its wide applications and vast global market, PET has shortcomings, which limits it usage in many areas. PET has a glass transition temperature (Tg) of 80 DEGREE Celsius, this temperature is too low for certain applications. Increase in glass transition temperature, high temperature mechanical properties, and dimensional stability is of great importance to further expand the applications of PET. Significant research efforts have been made toward this goal, using a variety of approaches. In this work, we attempt to improve the properties of PET melt spun filament. Three strategies has been investigated (i) copolymerization of more rigid comonomer, 4, 4' bibenzoate unit into the PET structure, (ii) UV crosslinking of functionalized PET fiber, and (iii) Reinforcing PET matrix with carbon nanofibers.

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The present study aims at clarifying the effects of processing parameters and substrate orientation on the epitaxial growth of Ni on polycrystalline Cu by electrodeposition from a sulfamate solution. The deposits were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD), auger electron spectroscopy (AES) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Two morphologies: rough and smooth, of the substrate surface were introduced by electropolishing. Auger electron spectroscopy showed that Ni was deposited on both areas without preference. However, the deposition rate for the rough area was slightly higher at a low current density of 0.01 A/dm2. At higher current densities, both areas possessed the same rate of deposition. In-plane TEM results demonstrated that Ni deposited on Cu epitaxially regardless the orientation of the Cu grains, electrolyte temperature and current density. EBSD analysis indicated that the Ni epilayer with an orientation of <001>//ND grew epitaxially to as thick as 12 £gm, whereas randomly oriented Ni nucleated on the epilayer having orientations of <011>//ND or <-111>//ND on prolonging deposition at current of 10 A/dm2. In other words, the epitaxial growth of Ni on Cu cannot be sustained to a thickness of hundreds of micrometers without a <001>//ND orientation.

Given a graph G = (V, E), two players, Alice and Bob, alternate their turns to choose uncolored edges to be colored. Whenever an uncolored edge is chosen, it is colored by the least positive integer so that no monochromatic cycle is created. Alice¡¦s goal is to minimize the total number of colors used in the game, while Bob¡¦s goal is to maximize it. The game Grundy arboricity of G is the number of colors used in the game when both players use optimal strategies. This thesis discusses the game Grundy arboricity of graphs. It is proved that if a graph G has arboricity k, then the game Grundy arboricity of G is at most 3k − 1. If a graph G has an acyclic orientation D with maximum out-degree at most k, then the game Grundy arboricity of G is at most 3k − 2.

This dissertation explores the socio-cognitive system of collective influences on consumers’ evaluation and decision processes, which have not been discussed fully in consumer literature, by examining how people resolve a conflict between group orientation and trait regulatory focus. It is proposed that, depending on the interaction between group commitment and collective efficacy, consumers implement one of three conflict resolution processes (i.e., depersonalization, compliance, and self-preservation) to determine the outcome of their regulatory shift. The impact of these three conflict resolution processes on regulatory shift and following message evaluations are tested with a series of six experiments. The results of these studies showed that people shift their regulatory orientation from trait regulatory focus to group orientation if the group identity is strong enough (experiment 1 and 2), the impact of group orientation on message evaluation is stronger when group members have higher group commitment (i.e., depersonalization; experiment 3 and 4) or experience higher collective efficacy (i.e., compliance; experiment 5), and people experience regulatory non-fit when they follow compliance process and generated less favorable message evaluations than when they follow depersonalization process (experiment 6). These findings highlight the importance of understanding group influence on a consumer’s mindset that consequently affects his/her various psychological processes and consumption behaviors.

Transition to middle school is a turbulent time of development in which friends have growing impact on adolescents’ academic adjustment. Structural equation modeling was used to examine the unique and joint contributions of academically oriented and deviant close friends on reading and math achievement, competence beliefs in reading and math, and engagement during the transition into middle school. The sample was 652 (53.4 percent male) ethnically diverse and academically at-risk students. Within-wave associations between peer affiliation and outcome variables were found in the expected directions. Outcome variables were highly stable. The model yielded adequate fit of the data. Contrary to expectations, neither peer affiliation variable (academically-oriented friends or deviant friends) contributed to year 6 outcomes, controlling for year 5 outcomes, nor did the two affiliation variables interact in predicting changes in outcomes. Affiliation with close friends was moderately stable over time and affiliation with learning oriented friends was positively associated with the academic outcomes and affiliation with deviant friends was negatively associated with the academic outcomes. Close friendships may change so rapidly that a relationship between close friend affiliation at any one point in time is not predictive of changes in one’s engagement, competence beliefs, or achievement. Future research that examines peer relationships and academic competencies across a longer period of time and more frequently may allow for a clearer understanding of relationships among peer affiliation and academic outcomes.

During the expansion of service quality research in the early 1980s, Berry (1980,1983) and Grőnroos (1981, 1983) develop a business concept with the central aim of achieving a customer-focused workplace and, in turn, providing high quality service for end customers. So there are lots of researches focus on the relationship between internal marketing and customer orientation, and there is no exception of this research. Through this research, we want to realize besides organization policy, which we mean internal marketing, if personal values, which we mean employee work values, can help employees understand and be more customer-oriented? Besides, we find there are lots of discussions about the relationship of internal marketing and customer-orientation behavior, but there are few examine the relation. So we put employee job performance in our research to measure individual contribution. The data of this research is obtained from personal finance operators of seven banks. We use structural equation model (SEM) and Pearson correlation to find the relationships among internal marketing, work value, customer-orientation behavior and job performance. This research finds that internal marketing will positively influence customer-orientation behavior through work values, and internal marketing can directly and positively influence employee job performance. So, based on the results of this research, managers can focus some work values to be criteria recruiting employees. Or more constructively, managers can design some systems to help employee ¡§re-socialize¡¨ to chage or create their work values.

Ti nano-films are deposited on a NaCl(001) single crystal substrate by ion beam sputtering from a Ti target, and then annealed. Ti crystallites on a NaCl(001) substrate with increase in the substrate temperature and annealing have the preferred orientation (1-101) and (0001).

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