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Strategies to provide holistic care and support to children who are AIDS orphans living in township communitiesFrood, Sharron Louise January 2013 (has links)
The human immunodeficiency virus/acquired immune-deficiency syndrome pandemic (HIV/AIDS) continues to increase in prevalence worldwide, particularly in South Africa. “AIDS, (Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome), has devastated the social and economic fabric of African societies, made orphans of a whole generation of children and become the epicentre of the HIV/AIDS pandemic” (Fassin, 2007: 76). Like the virus itself, the AIDS crisis mutates rapidly. Children who are AIDS orphans living in South Africa, as in other African countries, suffer from recurrent psychological trauma. It starts with the illness and death of their parents and is followed by cycles of poverty, malnutrition, stigma, exploitation, sickness and often sexual abuse. The figures concerning those affected, which are staggering, offer various predictions regarding the number of orphans left in the wake of the pandemic. Between 1990 and 2003, the number of orphaned children rose from fewer than 1 million to more than 12 million in sub-Saharan Africa (UNICEF, 2005: 68). South Africa is severely affected by the AIDS pandemic, with the largest number of HIV infections in the world, a total of 5.7 million (RSA, 2010: 10), affecting approximately 3.2 million women and 280 000 children aged from 0 to14 years. There is a significant variation in HIV prevalence per province, with the Eastern Cape (EC) reportedly having an average prevalence rate of 28 percent. Hence South Africa is likely to be the country with highest percentage of children orphaned by AIDS within its population. Orphanhood is a major consequence of the AIDS pandemic in South Africa with an estimated 2.2 million AIDS-orphaned children, 11,188 per 100,000 by 2015. Most children who are AIDS orphans living in township communities live predominantly uncared for and unsupported. Therefore the purpose of this research study was to develop strategies to provide care and support to children who are AIDS orphans living in township communities. To achieve the purpose of this research study, a qualitative, exploratory, descriptive and contextual design was used by the researcher to gain insight from health and social care practitioners who render care and support to children who are AIDS orphans living in these communities. The data from in-depth interviews with the health and social care practitoners was used by the researcher to develop strategies to provide care and support to children who are AIDS orphans living in township communities. The study comprised the following four phases: Phase One: During this phase, the researcher will present an overview of the current legislative framework policies at an international, national and provincial level, regarding the the rights of children living in South Africa. Phase Two: During this phase data from two research populations were collected and analysed. As the research process of this study dealt with two groups of participants, namely in group one health care practitioners and group two comprised social workers and psychologists, who work in the township communities to provide care and support to children who are AIDS orphans living in these communities. The researcher discussed each group separately in the discussion of phase two of the study. Phase Three: Comprised the themes identified in the data gathered from the transcribed in-depth interviews, the field notes as well as the reflective journals were cross-validated to ensure trustworthiness of the data which was then organised into a conceptual framework. The conceptual framework was used to clarify the relationships of the concepts and the themes identified during the research process and also used to link the gathered data to previously established models and theories (Schneider, 2004: 133). Phase Four: The last phase of the research design, focused on the development of the “Steps of progression strategies” to provide holistic care and support to children who are AIDS orphans living in township communities. This was done making use of the themes identified during data analysis and the literature sources used throughout this research process. The evaluation criteria of Chinn and Kramer (2008: 237-248) were used to evaluate the strategies. It is therefore concluded that the researcher succeeded in achieving the purpose of this study because strategies which were understandable, clear, simple, applicable and significant to nursing practice have been developed for use by the Department of Health and Department of Social Development as well as primary health and social care practitioners to provide holistic care and support to children who are AIDS orphans living in township communities in South Africa.
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Practice guidelines for supporting youth-headed families to enhance their resilienceSoji, Zoleka January 2013 (has links)
The topic of the research is derived from the researcher‟s own interest as a social worker and observations of reality within youth-headed families. Over the past few years the number of published studies on child and youth-headed households has grown out of the realisation that this multi-faceted phenomenon is growing in numbers and complexity. Most of these studies and reports concentrate on the issue of scale and the severity of the crisis of child and youth-headed households (UNICEF, 2002; Maqoko & Dryer, 2007 & Kuhanen, Shemeikka, Notkola & Nghixulifwa, 2008). These studies reveal the complex nature of the phenomenon of child and youth-headed families and the challenges that face young people within these families which impact on their growth and development. In most of the studies, the phenomenon of child and youth-headed households has been reported to have an impact on societal framework as a result of its complexity (UNICEF, 2002, 2008; van Dijk, 2008; Kuhanen et al., 2008; Evans, 2010). Over the past years there has been a steady increase in studies that has focussed on coping and resilience of children and young people. Many of these studies have identified resilience-related factors through quantitative ecological approaches to research. To date, there seems to be very few qualitative studies that have been undertaken to delineate the construct of resilience in child and youth-headed families within the South African context from the perspectives of children and young people growing up in these families (Beeka, 2008; Nkomo, 2008; Leatham, 2005). McCubbin (1999, in Smith 2006:48) argues that qualitative research is well suited to understanding processes and strategies in the study of resilience. This study therefore corresponds to McCubbin‟ calling by employing a qualitative research to the study of resilience in youth-headed families. The first goal of this study was to gain a deeper understanding of the experiences and needs of youth-headed families in Port Elizabeth, South Africa, as well as to enhance understanding of the protective factors and processes within youth-headed families and their environment that enable them to cope with their circumstances. The secondary goal of this study was to formulate practice guidelines for supporting members of youth-headed families that could be used by social workers and other service providers rendering services to these families in order to enhance their coping and resilience. The following objectives were formulated to guide the research process: - To explore and describe the experiences and needs of youth-headed families; - To explore the perceptions of community members regarding the needs of youth-headed families, as well as their perceptions regarding how these needs are addressed at community level; - To identify and describe the protective factors and/or processes within individual members of youth-headed families, their families and community context that promote the coping and resilience of youth-headed families; - To explore the views of service providers rendering services to youth-headed families regarding the nature of interventions and programmes rendered to these families; - To review the literature on existing family support programmes in order to identify good practice examples to inform the formulation of practice guidelines for supporting members of youth-headed families.
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An investigation of orphans and vulnerable children care-giving and education in selected care-giving institutions of Sedibeng region, Gauteng province.Zwane, Ntombizonke E. January 2013 (has links)
D. Tech. Education / The HIV/AIDS pandemic is one of the greatest humanitarian and development challenges ever faced by the global community. It is alarmingly estimated that by 2015 more than 30 per cent of all children younger than 15 years of age will have lost their mothers to HIV. This means that, by 2015, a total of 5.7 million children in South Africa will have lost one or both parents to AIDS. Research has shown that children orphaned by the pandemic - if not cared for - are likely to engage in alternative actions that pose a risk to themselves and society. This implies that it becomes critical to raise orphaned and vulnerable children well to ensure that we don't have a society filled with people who pose a danger to themselves and others. The study is based on systems theory which unravels the multilayers of the government system to bring to bear the challenges regarding care-giving and education experienced at the level of national, provincial and local government. The purpose of the study was to investigate the care-giving process and education of orphaned and vulnerable children.
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The impact of South African social welfare policies on pensioners raising orphaned grandchildrenNel, Sumien 12 1900 (has links)
Thesis (MPhil)--Stellenbosch University, 2004. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Very little attention has been paid in South Africa to the situations where grandmothers
have become surrogate parents to their grandchildren and other vulnerable children who
have been left destitute due to the HIV/Aids epidemic. These women, who are in great
need of support are not directly factored into Aids-related policy and care strategies,
even though they play a vital role in assuming the roles of surrogate parents to their
grandchildren. Clearly elderly women are valuable resources and are both crucial and
valuable for the role they play in the care of both Aids sufferers and Aids orphans.
Grandmothers who assume such care-giving roles are not receiving specific and
targeted support from government structures. Instead they only benefit peripherally from
the legislation within the jurisdiction of Department of Social Development and the
programs that are established by them. This study determined where government social
and welfare polices can improve the quality of life of black female pensioners who are
taking care of their orphaned grandchildren and other vulnerable children.
Policy makers need to recognise that grandmothers are increasingly obliged to assume
care-giving responsibilities for dying adult children and later for orphans, when their own
physical and cognitive abilities may be declining. Instead of using their state pensions to
enjoy their old age and spend their money on looking after their health, proper housing
etc., black female pensioners are forced to assume additional responsibilities in looking
after orphaned grandchildren and other vulnerable children who require food, clothing,
proper housing, education etc. Such expenses imply that their pensions are not put to
their intended uses. Due to their advanced age they find it increasingly difficult to earn
income to support young children. Until now the South African government has done
little to support older women who find themselves in such precarious circumstances and
to recognise their invaluable contributions. Various recommendations are made in the
report to improve this situation. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Baie min aandag is tot dusver nog in Suid-Afrika geskenk aan die omstandighede waar
grootmoeders hulself bevind in die posisie van surrogaat ouer vir hul kleinkinders en
ander kwesbare kinders wat haweloos gelaat is as gevolg van die HIVNigs epidemie.
Hierdie vroue wat ondersteuning dringend nodig het, is nie regstreeks in berekening
gebring by die verskeie Vigs beleide en ander versorginstrategiee en maatreels nie, al
speel hulle 'n beslissende rol as surrogaat ouers vir hulle kleinkinders. Dit is duidelik dat
bejaarde vroue 'n waardevolle hulpbron is en 'n onskatbare en onmisbare rol speel by
die versorging van sowel Vigs Iyers as kinders wat weens Vigs ouerloos is.
Grootmoeders wat hierdie versorgingsrolle aanvaar, ontvang geen spesifieke en
doelgerigte ondersteuning van regeringstrukture nie. Instede daarvan trek hulle net
voordeel uit wetgewing binne die jurisdiksie van Department van Openbare Welsyn en
die programme wat daaruit mag voortvloei. Hierdie studie het vas gestel hoe die
bestaande open bare en welsynsbeleide aangepas kan word om die lewenskwalitiet van
swart vroulike pensioenarise wat vir hul ouerlose kleinkinders en ander kwesbare kinders
sorg, te verbeter.
Beleidmakers moet besef dat grootmoeders toenemend verplig word om om te sien na
die versorging van hul eie sterwende volwasse kinders en mettertyd die versoging van
dieselfde gestorwenes se kinders wat wees agtergelaat word. Hierdie toedrag van sake
ontvou in 'n stadium wanneer hierdie vroue se eie fisiese krag en kognitiewe
vaardighede waarskynlik reeds aan die afneem is. Instede daarvan dat hierdie vroue die
staatspensioen gebruik om hul oudag te geniet en om te sien na hulle eie gesondheid,
behoorlike behuising edm., is swart vroulike pensioenarisse verplig om hierdie beperkte
fondse aan te wend vir die versorging, voeding, behuising en onderrig van hul ouerlose
kleinkinders en ander kwesbare kinders. Sulke onkostes impliseer dat hul pensioen nie
aangewend word vir die doel waarvoor dit ingestel is nie. Weens hul hoe ouderdom is dit
vir hierdie vroue al hoe moeiliker om 'n inkomste te genereer om vir jong kinders te sorgo
Tot nog toe het die Suid-Afrikaanse regering weinig gedoen om ouer vroue wat hulself in
hierdie benarde omstandighede bevind, te ondersteun of om hul onskatbare bydrae te
erken. Verskeie voorstelle word in hierdie verslag gemaak om die situasie te verbeter.
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Corporate social responsibility towards AIDS orphans in South Africa : trends in the motor manufacturing sector and guidelines for corporate actionNeethling, Marcha 04 1900 (has links)
Thesis (MPhil)--Stellenbosch University, 2005. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: The HIV/AIDS pandemic is destroying young adults in the prime of their lives. Children not
only become orphans, but also gain instant “adult” status – becoming heads of households,
breadwinners and customers. Children who fill such roles must be recognised as important
stakeholders with regard to business. As limited available estimations suggest that South
Africa is home to 800 000 orphans, corporations must realise that it will make good business
sense to invest in the country’s AIDS orphans1 today, as these children will constitute both
their future clients and employees.
This study examines trends in the Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) initiatives of five
major corporations in the South African motor manufacturing sector. AIDS orphans were also
involved in the study through participation in three focus group discussions. The evidence
reveals that corporations do not recognise AIDS orphans as important stakeholders to
business, nor do they see it as their responsibility to carry the burden of care for such
children. Orphans felt that corporations in this business sector do not care about their needs
and well-being. They regarded companies who were involved in CSR projects in their
communities as “caring” and this resulted in the children hosting positive feelings towards
involved companies. They even expressed the desire to purchase their brand of motor
vehicle, as opposed to competitor’s brands that were not involved (through CSR) in their
community, in future. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die MIV/VIGS pandemie is besig om die lewens van jongmense te verwoes. Kinders word
nie alleenlik wees gelaat nie, maar word ook oornag volwassenes. Hulle word die hoof van
huishoudings, broodwinners en kliënte vir besighede. Kinders wat hierdie rolle vervul moet
daarom as belangrike aandeelhouers in die besigheidswêreld erken word. Beperkte
skattings veronderstel dat Suid-Afrika tans ongeveer 800 000 weeskinders huisves.
Besighede moet, in die lig hiervan, besef dat dit goeie besigheidssin maak om in VIGSWeeskinders1
te belê, aangesien hierdie kinders hul toekomstige kliënte en werknemers is.
Hierdie studie ondersoek tendense in besighede se sosiale verwantwoordelikheidsinitiatiewe
(“Corporate Social Responsibility Initiatives”), binne die motorvervaardigingsbedryf van Suid-
Afrika. VIGS-Weeskinders was ook nouliks by die studie betrokke, deur middel van
deelname aan drie fokusgroepbesprekings. Die studie het bewys dat besighede nie VIGSWeeskinders
as belangrike aandeelhouers erken nie, en dat dit ook nie as hul plig gesien
word om na weeskinders om te sien nie. Weeskinders, daarenteen, was van die opinie dat
besighede in dié bepaalde bedryf nie omsien na hul welstand, of probeer om in hul behoeftes
te voorsien nie. Kinders het wel besighede wat betrokke is by sosiale
verwantwoordelikheidsinitiatiewe in hul gemeenskappe, beskryf as “liefdevol”, en dit het
daartoe gelei dat kinders positiewe houdings jeens sulke besighede gehuldig het. Kinders
het selfs die behoefte uitgespreek om, eendag eerder handelsmerke se voertuie te koop wat
wel sosiale verwantwoordelikheidsinitiatiewe in hul gemeenskappe bedryf, as dié wat niks
doen om hul lot te verlig nie.
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Ontwikkelingsaanrakingsterapie met kleuters in 'n kinderhuisVan Graan, Antoinette 17 February 2014 (has links)
M.A. (Social Work) / The lack of relevant therapeutic programmes suitable for pre-school children staying in children's homes became apparent whilst the researcher was working in children's homes, as well as during discussions with colleagues. The inability of the pre-school child to converse fluently leads to a continuous search for quality interventions. In an attempt to resolve this need, two therapeutic programmes namely Viola Brody (1975) Developmental Touch Therapy Programme as well as a developmental group work programme developed by the researcher are implemented in a children's home. An exploratory, evaluating study, with two groups of four pre-school children each, are conducted in a children's home. An adapted experimental design is used to compare the results of the two groups. The children's behaviour are monitored and reported on in case studies. A singlesystem design is used to arrange the data, compare the two groups with each other and to monitor individual behaviour changes. The study is an exploratory probe into the viability / workableness and effectiveness of the two interventions with pre-school children in a children's home. The objective is to establish whether the programmes can be implemented in a children's homes and whether it will lead to a change in the general functioning of the children involved. The study concluded that both programmes is viable / workable. In addition, the Developmental Touch Therapy programme prove effective in the development of self concept as well as improving their general functionality, especially in developing positive behaviour. The developmental group work programme is marginal successful in respect of developing positive behaviour but unsuccessful in developing self concept.
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Experiences of older women caring for HIV/AIDS affected households in AtteridgevilleZheve, Kudzai Ottilia 09 May 2015 (has links)
The aim of this qualitative study was to understand how older women experience their roles as care-givers to HIV/AIDS affected households in the Atteridgeville community and to identify specific problems they encounter. Twelve older women attending three elderly day care centres in Atteridgeville participated in the study. Purposive sampling was done and data was collected through two focus group interviews. Colaizzi‟s seven-step method of data analysis yielded the following four main themes: Caring for adult children with HIV/AIDS, Caring for HIV affected and infected grandchildren, Multiple role players involved in caring for HIV/AIDS persons, The impact on the lives of care-givers. Factors with a positive and negative impact on caring for HIV/AIDS households were identified. The study raises awareness for the need for social workers in Atteridgeville to intervene in assisting older women in their challenging role of caring for HIV/AIDS households / Health Studies / M.A. (Public Health)
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Exploring community resilience strategies on challenges faced by orphans and vulnerable children affected by HIV and AIDS in EkurhuleniMetropolitan Municipality, GautengNgonyama, Luyanda George 11 1900 (has links)
Evidence suggests that caring for orphans and vulnerable children affected by HIV and AIDS remains one of the greatest challenges facing South Africa. Statistics indicate that there are 1.91 million AIDS orphans in the country (UNICEF, 2012; Statistics South Africa, 2009:8)). The majority of these orphans live in rural and poor urban households. Caring for orphans and vulnerable children places severe strain on support systems, such as the extended family; this spills over into the community. Providing care and support also places an extra burden on the already overstretched welfare sector and drains state resources. The primarily objective of this study was to explore community resilience strategies on challenges faced by orphans and vulnerable children affected by HIV and AIDS in Ekurhuleni Metropolitan Municipality, Gauteng. A purposive sample of 32 participants was selected and field data were collected over a period of two months using a structured research guide. A combination of data collection methods was employed in order to explore different perspectives of community resilience strategies on challenges faced by orphans and vulnerable children affected by HIV and AIDS in Benoni. Emerging data illustrate a clear account on the impact of the AIDS epidemic in Benoni. All of the respondents were directly or indirectly affected by the epidemic. This should be located within the high prevalence of HIV and AIDS and the high number of orphans in Ekurhuleni. The study findings further suggest a correlation between socioeconomic challenges and the AIDS epidemic in Ekurhuleni. This is demonstrated through the challenges experienced by orphans and vulnerable children in Benoni, which include: non-disclosure by parents of their illness; economic deprivation and disrupted schooling; children caring for an ill parent with AIDS and child-headed households; emotional, sexual and economic exploitation, stigmatisation and discrimination. Despite these challenges, through community resilience the Benoni community has taken some initiatives to mitigate against these challenges. This includes the establishment of a community based organisation which provides basic services to orphans and vulnerable children in Benoni. To date this organisation has successfully provided material and psychosocial to more than 278 orphans. The success of this initiative confirms the importance of community driven interventions using the resilience framework to supports orphans and vulnerable, rather than dependency on the government imposed programmes- top down approach. However, community based programmes need to be strengthened by the government and non-governmental organisations in order to maximise benefits. / Psychology / M.A. (Social Behaviour Studies)
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Experiences of older women caring for HIV/AIDS affected households in AtteridgevilleZheve, Kudzai Ottilia 09 May 2015 (has links)
The aim of this qualitative study was to understand how older women experience their roles as care-givers to HIV/AIDS affected households in the Atteridgeville community and to identify specific problems they encounter. Twelve older women attending three elderly day care centres in Atteridgeville participated in the study. Purposive sampling was done and data was collected through two focus group interviews. Colaizzi‟s seven-step method of data analysis yielded the following four main themes: Caring for adult children with HIV/AIDS, Caring for HIV affected and infected grandchildren, Multiple role players involved in caring for HIV/AIDS persons, The impact on the lives of care-givers. Factors with a positive and negative impact on caring for HIV/AIDS households were identified. The study raises awareness for the need for social workers in Atteridgeville to intervene in assisting older women in their challenging role of caring for HIV/AIDS households / Health Studies / M. A. (Public Health)
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Exploring community resilience strategies on challenges faced by orphans and vulnerable children affected by HIV and AIDS in EkurhuleniMetropolitan Municipality, GautengNgonyama, Luyanda George 11 1900 (has links)
Evidence suggests that caring for orphans and vulnerable children affected by HIV and AIDS remains one of the greatest challenges facing South Africa. Statistics indicate that there are 1.91 million AIDS orphans in the country (UNICEF, 2012; Statistics South Africa, 2009:8)). The majority of these orphans live in rural and poor urban households. Caring for orphans and vulnerable children places severe strain on support systems, such as the extended family; this spills over into the community. Providing care and support also places an extra burden on the already overstretched welfare sector and drains state resources. The primarily objective of this study was to explore community resilience strategies on challenges faced by orphans and vulnerable children affected by HIV and AIDS in Ekurhuleni Metropolitan Municipality, Gauteng. A purposive sample of 32 participants was selected and field data were collected over a period of two months using a structured research guide. A combination of data collection methods was employed in order to explore different perspectives of community resilience strategies on challenges faced by orphans and vulnerable children affected by HIV and AIDS in Benoni. Emerging data illustrate a clear account on the impact of the AIDS epidemic in Benoni. All of the respondents were directly or indirectly affected by the epidemic. This should be located within the high prevalence of HIV and AIDS and the high number of orphans in Ekurhuleni. The study findings further suggest a correlation between socioeconomic challenges and the AIDS epidemic in Ekurhuleni. This is demonstrated through the challenges experienced by orphans and vulnerable children in Benoni, which include: non-disclosure by parents of their illness; economic deprivation and disrupted schooling; children caring for an ill parent with AIDS and child-headed households; emotional, sexual and economic exploitation, stigmatisation and discrimination. Despite these challenges, through community resilience the Benoni community has taken some initiatives to mitigate against these challenges. This includes the establishment of a community based organisation which provides basic services to orphans and vulnerable children in Benoni. To date this organisation has successfully provided material and psychosocial to more than 278 orphans. The success of this initiative confirms the importance of community driven interventions using the resilience framework to supports orphans and vulnerable, rather than dependency on the government imposed programmes- top down approach. However, community based programmes need to be strengthened by the government and non-governmental organisations in order to maximise benefits. / Psychology / M.A. (Social Behaviour Studies)
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