La présente dissertation cherche d'abord d'établir un concept précis pour le néo-liberalisme, doctrine qui est née à partir des ouvrages de, parmi d'autres, Friedrich Haeyk et Milton Friedman, et qui s'est répandie dans plusiers pays à partir de la fin des annès 1970. Après l'annalyse des textes classiques concernant la naissance du libéralisme et sa débacle à la fin dela Deuxième Guerre Mondiale, on elabore un concept de néo-liberalisme qui embrasse sa condition théorique et ses conséquences pratiques dans la politique objective. Ensuite, on procede à una annalyse de la vie politique du Brésil à partir de la dernière époque de la dictature militaire jusqu'au crépuscule du governemment de Fernando Henrique Cardoso, toujours en employant le concept de néo-liberalisme pour signaler les mesures neolibérales adoptés par les divers gouvernements le long de cette période. De cette façon, il est possible de comprendre le degré d'adhésion à l'ideal néo-liberal du gouvernement brésilien dans son quotidien, ce qui permet d'annalyser les politiques actuelles du gouvernement féderal sous l'optique de changement et/ou continuité. / A presente dissertação inicia por buscar um conceito firme para o neoliberalismo, doutrina que emergiu a partir dos trabalhos de Friedrich Haeyk e Milton Friedman, entre outros, e que se implementou em diversos países do mundo a partir do final dos anos 1970. Após uma análise dos textos clássicos, perpassando o nascimento do liberalismo e sua débâcle, no final da II Grande Guerra, elabora-se um conceito do que seja neoliberalismo, abarcando sua condição teórica e seus consectários práticos na política real. Uma vez estabelecido este conceito, passa-se à análise da vida política brasileira do final da ditadura militar até o ocaso do governo Fernando Henrique Cardoso, sempre empregando a definição de neoliberalismo para apontar as medidas neoliberais adotadas pelos diferentes governos centrais ao longo deste período. Com isto se consegue compreender o grau de internalização do ideário neoliberal no cotidiano governamental brasileiro, o que viabiliza a análise das atuais políticas do governo federal sob o prisma da mudança e/ou da continuidade. / This work first intend to establish an accurate concept of neoliberalism, doctrine issued from the works of, among others, Friedrich Haeyk and Milton Friedman, and was disseminated in several countries after the last years of the 1979 decade. After the analysis of classical texts, from the beginning of liberalism to its debacle at the end of World War II, a concept of neoliberalism is established, including its theorical aspects and its practical consequences in objective politic. After setting up this concept, an analysis is made of brazilian political life, from the last times of the military dictatorship to the end of the Fernando Henrique Cardoso government, always employing the concept of neo-liberalism to point out the neoliberal mesures adopted by the several federal governments during that period. By doing so, it is possible to make clear the extent of adherence to neo-liberal ideals of brazilian governments in their everyday life, and therefore to study the current politics of federal government under the point of view of either modification and/or continuity.

Nothing has influenced and affected the Lutheran Church in the U.S.A. in the past century more than the doctrine of the Church and its Ministry. When the first Norwegian immigrants entered the U.S. in the middle of the 19th century, there were not enough Lutheran pastors to minister to the spiritual needs of the people. Some of these immigrants resorted to a practice that had been used in Norway, that of using lay-preachers. This created problems because of a lack of proper theological training. The result was the teaching of false doctrine. Some thought more highly of the lay-preachers than they did of the ordained clergy. Consequently clergy were often viewed with a discerning eye and even despised. This was one of the earliest struggles within the Norwegian Synod. Further controversies involved whether the local congregation is the only form in which the church exists. Another facet of the controversy involves whether or not the ministry includes only the pastoral office; whether or not only ordained clergy do the ministry; whether teachers in the Lutheran schools are involved in the ministry; and whether or not any Christian can participate in the public ministry. Is a missionary, who serves on behalf of the entire church body, a pastor? If only the local congregation can call a pastor, then a missionary cannot be a pastor because he serves the entire church body in establishing new congregations. Is a seminary professor, who trains future pastors, a pastor? If only the local congregation can call a pastor, a seminary professor cannot be a pastor because he is called by the seminary board of control and not one particular congregation. In seeking to develop a statement that clearly defines the doctrine of the Church and its Ministry, a controversy exists within the church body known as the Evangelical Lutheran Synod (ELS), the successor synod to the Norwegian Synod. The reason for the controversy is that two different views of how to develop a doctrinal statement exist in the ELS. Some go directly to Scripture and set forth a position. Others follow an example found in C.F.W. Walther's theses on Church and Ministry. They misunderstand and misuse this approach that was developed only for use in a controversy against an erring Lutheran pastor, Johannes Grabau of the Buffalo Synod. Many of those who utilize this approach are former members of the Lutheran Church Missouri Synod (LCMS), of which Walther was one of the founders. As a result of the two distinct approaches, there has been an inability to unanimously agree on the wording of the statements on the doctrine of the Church and its Ministry. It is the conclusion of the author that it is this reliance on statements made by individuals in previous centuries regarding particular situations that has caused the struggle to develop and serves to prolong it. / Systematic Theology and Theological Ethics / D. Th. (Systematic Theology)

La présente dissertation cherche d'abord d'établir un concept précis pour le néo-liberalisme, doctrine qui est née à partir des ouvrages de, parmi d'autres, Friedrich Haeyk et Milton Friedman, et qui s'est répandie dans plusiers pays à partir de la fin des annès 1970. Après l'annalyse des textes classiques concernant la naissance du libéralisme et sa débacle à la fin dela Deuxième Guerre Mondiale, on elabore un concept de néo-liberalisme qui embrasse sa condition théorique et ses conséquences pratiques dans la politique objective. Ensuite, on procede à una annalyse de la vie politique du Brésil à partir de la dernière époque de la dictature militaire jusqu'au crépuscule du governemment de Fernando Henrique Cardoso, toujours en employant le concept de néo-liberalisme pour signaler les mesures neolibérales adoptés par les divers gouvernements le long de cette période. De cette façon, il est possible de comprendre le degré d'adhésion à l'ideal néo-liberal du gouvernement brésilien dans son quotidien, ce qui permet d'annalyser les politiques actuelles du gouvernement féderal sous l'optique de changement et/ou continuité. / A presente dissertação inicia por buscar um conceito firme para o neoliberalismo, doutrina que emergiu a partir dos trabalhos de Friedrich Haeyk e Milton Friedman, entre outros, e que se implementou em diversos países do mundo a partir do final dos anos 1970. Após uma análise dos textos clássicos, perpassando o nascimento do liberalismo e sua débâcle, no final da II Grande Guerra, elabora-se um conceito do que seja neoliberalismo, abarcando sua condição teórica e seus consectários práticos na política real. Uma vez estabelecido este conceito, passa-se à análise da vida política brasileira do final da ditadura militar até o ocaso do governo Fernando Henrique Cardoso, sempre empregando a definição de neoliberalismo para apontar as medidas neoliberais adotadas pelos diferentes governos centrais ao longo deste período. Com isto se consegue compreender o grau de internalização do ideário neoliberal no cotidiano governamental brasileiro, o que viabiliza a análise das atuais políticas do governo federal sob o prisma da mudança e/ou da continuidade. / This work first intend to establish an accurate concept of neoliberalism, doctrine issued from the works of, among others, Friedrich Haeyk and Milton Friedman, and was disseminated in several countries after the last years of the 1979 decade. After the analysis of classical texts, from the beginning of liberalism to its debacle at the end of World War II, a concept of neoliberalism is established, including its theorical aspects and its practical consequences in objective politic. After setting up this concept, an analysis is made of brazilian political life, from the last times of the military dictatorship to the end of the Fernando Henrique Cardoso government, always employing the concept of neo-liberalism to point out the neoliberal mesures adopted by the several federal governments during that period. By doing so, it is possible to make clear the extent of adherence to neo-liberal ideals of brazilian governments in their everyday life, and therefore to study the current politics of federal government under the point of view of either modification and/or continuity.

La présente dissertation cherche d'abord d'établir un concept précis pour le néo-liberalisme, doctrine qui est née à partir des ouvrages de, parmi d'autres, Friedrich Haeyk et Milton Friedman, et qui s'est répandie dans plusiers pays à partir de la fin des annès 1970. Après l'annalyse des textes classiques concernant la naissance du libéralisme et sa débacle à la fin dela Deuxième Guerre Mondiale, on elabore un concept de néo-liberalisme qui embrasse sa condition théorique et ses conséquences pratiques dans la politique objective. Ensuite, on procede à una annalyse de la vie politique du Brésil à partir de la dernière époque de la dictature militaire jusqu'au crépuscule du governemment de Fernando Henrique Cardoso, toujours en employant le concept de néo-liberalisme pour signaler les mesures neolibérales adoptés par les divers gouvernements le long de cette période. De cette façon, il est possible de comprendre le degré d'adhésion à l'ideal néo-liberal du gouvernement brésilien dans son quotidien, ce qui permet d'annalyser les politiques actuelles du gouvernement féderal sous l'optique de changement et/ou continuité. / A presente dissertação inicia por buscar um conceito firme para o neoliberalismo, doutrina que emergiu a partir dos trabalhos de Friedrich Haeyk e Milton Friedman, entre outros, e que se implementou em diversos países do mundo a partir do final dos anos 1970. Após uma análise dos textos clássicos, perpassando o nascimento do liberalismo e sua débâcle, no final da II Grande Guerra, elabora-se um conceito do que seja neoliberalismo, abarcando sua condição teórica e seus consectários práticos na política real. Uma vez estabelecido este conceito, passa-se à análise da vida política brasileira do final da ditadura militar até o ocaso do governo Fernando Henrique Cardoso, sempre empregando a definição de neoliberalismo para apontar as medidas neoliberais adotadas pelos diferentes governos centrais ao longo deste período. Com isto se consegue compreender o grau de internalização do ideário neoliberal no cotidiano governamental brasileiro, o que viabiliza a análise das atuais políticas do governo federal sob o prisma da mudança e/ou da continuidade. / This work first intend to establish an accurate concept of neoliberalism, doctrine issued from the works of, among others, Friedrich Haeyk and Milton Friedman, and was disseminated in several countries after the last years of the 1979 decade. After the analysis of classical texts, from the beginning of liberalism to its debacle at the end of World War II, a concept of neoliberalism is established, including its theorical aspects and its practical consequences in objective politic. After setting up this concept, an analysis is made of brazilian political life, from the last times of the military dictatorship to the end of the Fernando Henrique Cardoso government, always employing the concept of neo-liberalism to point out the neoliberal mesures adopted by the several federal governments during that period. By doing so, it is possible to make clear the extent of adherence to neo-liberal ideals of brazilian governments in their everyday life, and therefore to study the current politics of federal government under the point of view of either modification and/or continuity.

This study considers Thomas Hoccleve’s role, throughout his works, as a “religious” writer: as an individual who engages seriously with the dynamics of heresy and ecclesiastical reform, who contributes to traditions of vernacular devotional writing, and who raises the question of how Christianity manifests on personal as well as political levels – and in environments that are at once London-based, national, and international. The chapters focus, respectively, on the role of reading and moralization in the Series; the language of “vice and virtue” in the Epistle of Cupid; the moral version of Chaucer introduced in the Regiment of Princes; the construction of the Hoccleve persona in the Regiment; and the representation of the Eucharist throughout Hoccleve’s works. One main focus of the study is Hoccleve’s mediating influence in presenting a moral version of Chaucer in his Regiment. This study argues that Hoccleve’s Chaucer is not a pre-established artifact, but rather a Hocclevian invention, and it indicates the transnational literary, political, and religious contexts that align in Hoccleve’s presentation of his poetic predecessor. Rather than posit the Hoccleve-Chaucer relationship as one of Oedipal anxiety, as other critics have done, this study indicates the way in which Hoccleve’s Chaucer evolves in response to poetic anxiety not towards Chaucer himself, but rather towards an increasingly restrictive intellectual and ecclesiastical climate. This thesis contributes to the recently revitalized critical dialogue surrounding the role and function of fifteenth-century English literature, and the effect on poetry of heresy, the church’s response to heresy, and ecclesiastical reform both in England and in Europe. It also advances critical narratives regarding Hoccleve’s response to contemporary French poetry; the role of confession, sacramental discourse, and devotional images in Hoccleve’s work; and Hoccleve’s impact on literary tradition.

[pt] Além das definições que do homem fazem as diversas disciplinas da ciência, se descobre que, antes de tudo, o ser humano é um homo symbolicus e homo festivus ou ludens. Na esfera celebrativa religiosa, o homem festeja mediante uma anamneses os momentos significativos do passado, em um kairós, que não é cronológico, os acontecimentos do presente e em uma perspectiva escatológica os desejos e anelos do futuro. Estas celebrações, por sua carga subjetiva e em alguns casos de mistério, são impossíveis de realizar sem o recurso aos símbolos. Assim surgem no mundo do cristianismo os sacramentos. Este trabalho de dissertação tem como finalidade apontar a importância de articular o vivido cotidianamente com o celebrado sacramentalmente e, no caso do cristianismo, a exigência à referência da pessoa de Jesus de Nazareth e ao projeto do reino por parte de quem celebra os sacramentos. A partir desta exigência evangélica, se descobre a crise sacramental experimentada na América Latina e que trato de expor neste trabalho. Referenciados pelo Concilio Vaticano II, especificamente pelos documentos da constituição dogmática Lumen Gentium sobre a igreja, a constituição Sacrosanctum Concilium sobre a sagrada liturgia, e a constituição pastoral Gaudium et spes sobre a igreja e o mundo de hoje, apresento a importância de resgatar a dimensão da graça salvífica de Deus para com os homens manifestada nos sacramentos e celebrados liturgicamente na assembleia. Este trabalho se subscreve no âmbito da antropologia sacramental assim como da teologia dos sacramentos reunindo elementos de eclesiologia e liturgia apresentando aos sacramentos como o lugar mistérico desde onde se revela e celebra a graça do desígnio divino de salvação de Deus para com a humanidade. / [en] In addition to the definitions of man do the various disciplines of science, we find that, above all, the human being is a homo festivus, symbolicus or ludens. In the religious sphere of celebration, the man celebrated by anamnesis the significant moments of the past; a kairos, that is not chronological, the events of the present and, in an eschatological perspective, the wishes and desires of the future. These celebrations, by their subjective and sometimes mysterious cargo, are impossible to achieve without the use of symbols. So arise in the world of Christianity the sacraments. This dissertation work aims to point the importance of articulating the lived daily with the celebrated sacramentally and in the case of Christianity, the requirement for the reference person of Jesus of Nazareth and the project of the kingdom by those who celebrate sacraments. From this gospel demand, experienced sacramental crisis in Latin America is found and I try to show in this paper. Referenced by Vatican II, specifically documents the dogmatic constitution Lumen Gentium on the church, the constitution Sacrosanctum Concilium on the sacred liturgy, and pastoral constitution Gaudium et Spes on the church and the world today, I present the importance of rescuing the size of the saving grace of God to men manifested in the sacraments and celebrated liturgically in the assembly. This work is signed in the field of sacramental anthropology and theology of the sacraments gathering elements ecclesiology and liturgy featuring the sacraments as the oracular place where he reveals and celebrates the grace of the divine plan of salvation of God for humanity. / [es] Amén de las definiciones que del hombre hacen las diversas disciplinas de la ciencia, descubrimos que, ante todo, el ser humano es un homo symbolicus y homo festivus o ludens. En la esfera celebrativa religiosa, el hombre festeja mediante una anamnesis los momentos significativos del pasado, en un kairós que no es cronológico, los acontecimientos del presente y en una perspectiva escatológica los deseos y anhelos del futuro. Estas celebraciones, por su carga subjetiva y en algunos casos de misterio, son imposibles de realizar sin el recurso a los símbolos. Así surgen en el mundo del cristianismo los sacramentos. Este trabajo de disertación tiene como finalidad apuntar la importancia de articular lo vivido cotidianamente con lo celebrado sacramentalmente y, en el caso del cristianismo, la exigencia a la referencia de la persona de Jesús de Nazaret y al proyecto del reino por parte de quienes celebran los sacramentos. A partir de esta exigencia evangélica, se descubre la crisis sacramental experimentada en América Latina y que trato de exponer en este trabajo Referenciados por el Concilio Vaticano II, específicamente por los documentos de la constitución dogmática Lumen Gentium sobre la iglesia, la constitución Sacrosanctum Concilium sobre la sagrada liturgia, y la constitución pastoral Gaudium et spes sobre la iglesia y el mundo de hoy, presento la importancia de rescatar la dimensión de la gracia salvífica de Dios para con los hombres manifestada en los sacramentos y celebrados litúrgicamente en la asamblea. Este trabajo se suscribe en el ámbito de la antropología sacramental así como de la teología de los sacramentos reuniendo elementos de eclesiología y liturgia presentando a los sacramentos como el lugar mistérico desde donde se revela y celebra la gracia del designio divino de salvación de Dios para con la humanidad.