Orthorexia is generally difficult to define, it takes place in an unhealthy behaviour where individuals is obsessed with eating “clean” food and a fitness lifestyle. Todays standards is based on strong, lean and healthy bodies and this behavior is emerging and become more difficult to discover. The problem is no longer at the individual level, it has becom a problem in the society.   The intention with this qualitativ study is based on to get a better understanding of what actually define this disease, as well seeking the consciousness of individuals who excersie. The study is based on interviews and literature studies, we are presenting the results by three themes that the respondents have in common: health, standards and measures.   As a conclusion we can present that orthorexia is difficult to define, a lack of clearness makes the problem to border other disorders such as anorexia. We agree that it is a problem that need attention. It should be noted so that we can be more aware of the missrepresented impression we have of the human being. Both in the way we look and how we act, when the healthy becom unhealthy.

Syfte och frågeställningar: Syftet med studien var att undersöka om ortorexi enligt studiens definition förekommer bland gymnasieelever i årskurs tre. Frågeställningar: 1. Uppvisar gymnasieeleverna en kostfixering enligt ORTO-15? 2. Uppvisar gymnasieeleverna ett träningsberoende enligt Exercise Dependence Scale-21? 3. Uppvisar gymnasieeleverna ett ortorektiskt beteende enligt studiens definition?  Metod: Detta är en kvantitativ studie med enkät som insamlingsmetod. Totalt åtta randomiserat utvalda kommunala gymnasieskolor inom Stockholms kommun deltog. Två olika tester användes; ett om kostfixering (ORTO-15) och ett om träningsberoende (Exercise Dependence Scale-21). Krav för att delta var att eleven är född 1996 eller tidigare. Totalt delades 234 enkäter ut, 226 var korrekt ifyllda och användes i studien. Det interna bortfallet var alltså åtta enkäter (3 %). Resultat: 23 % av deltagarna uppvisar en kostfixering enligt ORTO-15 (35 poäng eller mindre), varav 18 % män och 82 % kvinnor. 66 % av gymnasieeleverna uppvisar tendenser till träningsberoende, medan 2 % klassificeras (varav alla var män) som träningsberoende enligt Exercise Dependence Scale-21. Totalt klassificerades tre män (1,3 %) som ortorektiska. Slutsats: Ortorexi, enligt studiens definition, förekommer hos gymnasieelever, men endast i en väldigt liten del av den studerade gruppen (1,3 %), och endast bland män. Resultaten för träningsberoende enligt Excercise Dependence Scale-21var liknande (2 %, endast män), men en betydligt större del (66 %) uppvisade tendenser till träningsberoende. Nästan en av fyra (23 %) har en kostfixering enligt ORTO-15 testet. / Aim: The aim of the study was to investigate if orthorexia (according to this study's definition) occur among third grade high school students. Research questions: 1. Do the high school students exhibit a diet fixation according to ORTHO-15? 2. Do the high school students exhibit exercise dependence according to Exercise Dependence Scale-21? 3. Do the high school students exhibit orthorexic behavior, according to the study's definition, i.e. with both diet fixation according to ORTHO-15 and exercise dependence according to Exercice Dependence Scale-21? Method: This is a quantitative study with survey as the method of data collection. A total of eight public high schools within Stockholm's municipal were selected by randomization and included. Two different tests; one on diet fixation (ORTHO-15) and one on exercise dependence (Exercise Dependence Scale-21) were used. A requirement to participate was that the student is born in the year 1996 or earlier. A total of 234 surveys were passed out, 226 were correctly filled out and used for analyses in the study. Hence, the internal loss was 8 surveys (3 %). Results: 23 % of the participants exhibit a diet fixation according to ORTHO-15 (35 points or lower), whereof 18 % men and 82 % women. 66 % of the high school students exhibit tendencies towards exercise dependence, while 2 % (whereof all males) are classified as exercise dependent according to Exercise Dependence Scale-21. A total of three men (1.3 %) are classified as orthorexic. Conclusions: Orthorexia, according to the study's definition, is exhibited in high school students, but only in a very small fraction of the studied population (1.3 %), and only in males. Similar results were found concerning exercise dependence according to Exercise Dependence Scale-21 (2 %, all males), but a much larger population (66 %) exhibit tendencies towards exercise dependence. Almost one of four (23 %) high school students exhibits a diet fixation according to the ORTHO-15 test.

The purpose of the studies presented was to develop and examine the psychometric properties of the Eating Habits Questionnaire (EHQ). The author designed the 21-item self-report inventory to assess cognitions, behaviors, and feelings related to an extreme focus on healthy eating as a preliminary step in researching an alleged syndrome that has been labeled "orthorexia nervosa", defined as a pathological fixation on healthy eating. Study 1 examined the factor structure of the EHQ and refined the instrument with exploratory factor analysis. A 3-factor solution was preferred, with subscales labeled: knowledge of healthy eating, problems associated with healthy eating, and feeling positively about healthy eating. In the Study 1 sample (n = 174) the subscales displayed good internal consistency (.87 to .91) and test-retest reliability (.74 to .87). Study 2 examined the fit of the 3-factor model in a new sample (n = 213) with confirmatory factor analysis. Poor initial fit became adequate after eliminating poorly fitting items. Internal consistency (.82 to .90) and test-retest reliability (.72 to .81) of the subscales remained good in the Study 2 sample. Examination of correlations between the EHQ subscales and a variety of other measures provided preliminary evidence for both convergent and discriminant validity in the Study 2 sample. As expected, the EHQ subscales correlated more highly with measures of eating related pathology than with measures of general pathology, personality characteristics, or social desirability.

The purpose of the studies presented was to develop and examine the psychometric properties of the Eating Habits Questionnaire (EHQ). The author designed the 21-item self-report inventory to assess cognitions, behaviors, and feelings related to an extreme focus on healthy eating as a preliminary step in researching an alleged syndrome that has been labeled "orthorexia nervosa", defined as a pathological fixation on healthy eating. Study 1 examined the factor structure of the EHQ and refined the instrument with exploratory factor analysis. A 3-factor solution was preferred, with subscales labeled: knowledge of healthy eating, problems associated with healthy eating, and feeling positively about healthy eating. In the Study 1 sample (n = 174) the subscales displayed good internal consistency (.87 to .91) and test-retest reliability (.74 to .87). Study 2 examined the fit of the 3-factor model in a new sample (n = 213) with confirmatory factor analysis. Poor initial fit became adequate after eliminating poorly fitting items. Internal consistency (.82 to .90) and test-retest reliability (.72 to .81) of the subscales remained good in the Study 2 sample. Examination of correlations between the EHQ subscales and a variety of other measures provided preliminary evidence for both convergent and discriminant validity in the Study 2 sample. As expected, the EHQ subscales correlated more highly with measures of eating related pathology than with measures of general pathology, personality characteristics, or social desirability.

Ortorexia Nervosa (ON) är ett sällsynt förekommande ämne inom dagens forskning. ON behandlar en besatthet av en viss typ av livsmedel som senare leder till social isolering. Studien genomfördes med syfte att undersöka om ON förekommer bland gymnasieelever, om bassjälvkänsla och förvärvad självkänsla, vetskap om sitt eget BMI samt kön är kopplat till fenomenet. Undersökningen genomfördes med enkäter som mätte graden av ON samt självkänsla. Åttiofem gymnasieelever svarade på enkäterna. Resultatet visade att tretton procent av respondenterna fick poäng över tröskelvärdet för ON. Ingen signifikant korrelation uppkom beträffande relationen mellan könen. Undersökningen visade signifikanta samband mellan ON och de två typerna av självkänsla: vid högt behov av förvärvad självkänsla samt låg bassjälvkänsla tenderar individen att ha högre grad av ON.

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Background: A topic more frequently discussed nowadays is orthorexia nervosa (ON), which is an atypical eating disorder where the person is obsessed with healthy eating to avoid illness and disease. Signs of ON often begin with a wish for getting rid of bad habits, such as eating meals containing a lot of sugar and fat. Eventually the person’s behaviour changes and eating healthy becomes an unhealthy obsession that takes over the everyday life. Recently, it has also been related to excessive training, especially in Swedish media. Furthermore, it has been shown that athletes are at higher risk for developing ON. However, there is insufficient research in this area, as well as the ON prevalence among adolescent girls and correlation between ON and body mass index adjusted for children and adolescents. To investigate this, as well as the correlation between ON and hand strength, which is used as an indicator of general muscle strength, is therefore of great importance.  Aim: The aim of this study was to compare ON prevalence among adolescent girls in seventh grade in a sports secondary school and adolescent girls in seventh grade in general secondary schools and investigate the correlation between ON and BMI and ON and hand strength.  Method: A total of 48 girls in seventh grade participated in the study: 28 girls from the sports secondary school and 20 girls from the general secondary schools. To investigate the ON prevalence the questionnaire ORTO-15 was used. To calculate BMI standing length and body weight was measured and thereafter adjusted to the cut-off points constructed by the International Obesity Task Force. Hand strength was registered with a hand grip dynamometer.  Results: There was no significant difference in ON prevalence between the girls in the sports secondary school and the general secondary schools. However, a majority of all girls had an indication of ON. Furthermore, a higher indication of ON had a small correlation with both a higher BMI and a higher muscle strength. Conclusion: More studies and better instruments are needed to further investigate ON prevalence among adolescent girls, as well as relationships between ON and BMI and ON and hand strength. Interesting to consider in further research is also how these variables evolve over time in persons with ON. / Malmö Youth Sport Study / Halmstad Youth Sport Study

Social media use represents an emerging area of interest in relation to body image and disordered eating. Previous research has demonstrated social media use may be related to eating disorder risk, an increase in body image concerns, bulimic symptoms, and restricted eating. Orthorexia Nervosa (ON), a disordered eating pattern focused on the purity/quality of food, needs further investigation within the social media context. The current study examined whether young adult women’s social media use was associated with objectified body consciousness and orthorexia nervosa symptoms. Social media use, both active and passive, was significantly correlated with body consciousness (body surveillance and body shame) but was not significantly correlated with orthorexia nervosa symptoms. However, in the regression model, only objectified body consciousness, not social media use, significantly predicted ON tendencies. Understanding the impact of social media and body consciousness on ON behaviors may have implications for young women’s mental health, as well as eating disorder programs and recovery.

Ortorexia Nervosa (ON) är ett idag relativt okänt fenomen och detfinns skilda åsikter angående vilken typ av problem det är. Det finns desom menar på att det kan vara en ätstörning eller ett tvångssyndrom.Studien genomfördes med syfte att undersöka hur utbrett ON är hosträningsintresserade människor samt undersöka om bassjälvkänsla ochförvärvad självkänsla kunde relateras på olika sätt till graden av ONsamt se ifall kön och ålder har någon inverkan på detta.Undersökningen genomfördes med enkäter som mätte graden av ONoch självkänsla på 102 deltagare. Det visade sig att 33% av antaletdeltagare hade poäng över tröskelvärdet för ON. Studiens äldre ochyngre deltagare visade sig vara de som fick högst poäng på testet förON, dock hittades ingen skillnad beträffande kön. Inga signifikantasamband mellan ON och de två typerna av självkänsla kunde hittas.Idag är forskningen bristfällig inom ON och fler studier behövs.

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