Yes / T.S. is currently funded to study skin adhesives by a Medical Research Council Confidence in Concept grant obtained by John Bridgeman at the University of Bradford (MC_PC_19030).

Background: Surgeries history stretches far back in time. Stoma operations started being successfully in the 19th century. In the 1950s, a standard treatment for stoma operations was developed which still is being used today. The reason for getting a stoma may be due to various things such as illness or trauma. Getting a stoma can lead to a changed body perception and can affect the individual's experience of health and suffering. It´s up to the nurse to be able to approach these patients and their experiences in the best professional way. Aim: The aim of the study was to describe patients experiences of living with a stoma. Method: This study has been conducted as a qualitative litterature review. An analysis of eleven qualitative articles was carried out. Results: Three themes explaining the patient's experience of living with a stoma where identified as: the patient's path to acceptance, the patient's obstacles to the way of acceptance and the continued life with a stoma. Eight sub-themes: teaching and information, social support, an inner process, complications and leakage, uncertainty and concern, changed body perception, daily constraints, adaptation to a new life situation, where discovered. Conclusion: The experience of living with a stoma varies from person to person. There are factors that can affect the patient's life with a stoma. There are both positive and negative experiences that create an overall picture.

SAMMANFATTNING Bakgrund   Idag finns det runt 43 000 personer i Sverige som lever med stomi och sedan 2006 har antalet patienter ökat i alla regioner och landsting. Operationen förändrade patientens livssituation och dess upplevelse om den nya vardagen efter stomioperationen påverkade individens livskvalitet. Sjuksköterskans roll i möten med denna patientgrupp är att lindra deras lidande och främja deras livskvalitet. Patienters förändrade välbefinnande och livskvalitet efter stomioperationen ställer krav på sjuksköterskans kapacitet till att främja livskvaliteten.    Syfte Syftet var att beskriva utmaningar, livskvalitet hos patienter efter stomioperation samt behov av stöd av sjuksköterskan.  Metod Denna litteraturöversikt grundar sig på 15 vetenskapliga artiklar, både kvalitativa och kvantitativa studier. Databassökningen genomfördes i databaserna PubMed och CINAHL. De inkluderade artiklarna kvalitetsgranskades enligt Sophiahemmets bedömningstabell och analyserades med stöd av Integrerade analys. Resultat I studien framkom tre kategorier vilka ansågs viktiga för att beskriva patientens utmaningar, livskvalitet hos patienter efter stomioperation samt behov av sjuksköterskans stöd.  Slutsats Sammanfattningsvis visar resultatet att patienter som får stomi upplever negativ i större utsträckning som har sämre inverkan på deras livskvalitet. Sjuksköterska stöd genom rådgivning, stomiutbildning och egenvård kan minska problem och komplikationer i vardagen som har bättre inverkan på livskvalitet. / ABSTRACT Background Today, there are around 43,000 people in Sweden living with an ostomy and since 2006 the number of patients has been increased in all over the country. Changing the patient's life situation and their experience of the new everyday life after the ostomy operation affects the individual's quality of life. The nurse's role in meetings with this group of patients is to alleviate their suffering and promote their quality of life. Patients' changed well-being and quality of life after the ostomy operation lies demand on the nurse's capacity to promote quality of life. Aim The purpose was to describe challenges, quality of life in patients after ostomy surgery and the need for support from the nurse. Method This literature review is based on 15 scientific articles, both qualitative and quantitative studies. The database search was carried out in the databases PubMed and CINAHL. The included articles were peer-reviewed according to Sophiahemmet's assessment table and analyzed with support from Integrated analysis. Results The study identified three categories that were considered important to describe the patient's challenges, the quality of life of patients after ostomy surgery and the need for nurse support. Conclusions In summary, the results show that patients who have an ostomy experience negatively to a greater extent that have a lower impact on their quality of life. Nurse support through counseling, ostomy education and self-care can reduce problems and complications in everyday life that have a better impact on quality of life.

Introdução: A ocorrência das diferentes incontinências e da constipação intestinal (CI), de forma isolada ou concomitante, não é pouco frequente no ambiente hospitalar. Esses problemas de saúde ainda são pouco investigados e os estudos com pacientes hospitalizados são escassos. Conhecer sua prevalência e fatores associados em pacientes hospitalizados é necessário para promover a sensibilização dos profissionais de saúde sobre a importância dessas necessidades passíveis de intervenções durante o período da internação. Objetivo: Identificar e analisar a prevalência das incontinências urinária (IU) e fecal (IF), de forma isolada e combinada, e da CI e as variáveis sociodemográficas e clínicas associadas às suas ocorrências em pacientes hospitalizados. Métodos: Trata-se de um estudo epidemiológico, observacional, transversal, analítico e descritivo, onde a amostra do estudo foi composta de 345 pacientes adultos e idosos hospitalizados no Hospital Universitário da USP. Os dados foram coletados por meio de entrevista, exame físico e registros de prontuários, utilizando-se os seguintes instrumentos: questionário de dados Sociodemograficos e Clínicos, Características das Perdas Urinárias, International Consultation on Incontinence Questionnaire - ICIQ-SF, Hábito Intestinal na População Geral e o Índice de Incontinência Anal IIA. A prevalência dos eventos estudados foi levantada quatro vezes (prevalência-ponto), em um único dia, nos meses de março, abril, maio e junho, sempre no mesmo dia do mês, de forma a atender o tamanho amostral para a análise dos fatores associados. Os dados foram analisados utilizando-se os testes qui-quadrado e Fisher para as variáveis categóricas, os testes t-student e Mann-Whitney para as variáveis numéricas, além de regressão logística (forward stepwise) para a identificação de fatores associados. Resultados: Obtiveram-se as seguintes prevalências: 22,9% para IU (28% para mulheres e 16,1% para homens); 7,9% para IF (9,4% para mulheres e 6% para homens); 4,7% para incontinência combinada (IC) (7,3% para mulheres e 1,4% para homens) e 14,9% para CI (15% para mulheres e 14,7% para homens). Dentre as incontinências, conseguiu-se detectar fatores associados somente para a IU: sexo feminino (OR=3,89; IC95% 1,899-7,991); idade (OR=1,03; IC95% 1,019-1,054); asma (OR=3,66; IC95% 1,302-10,290); estar em uso de laxantes (OR=3,26; IC95% 1,085-9,811); o uso de fralda no momento da avaliação (OR=2,75; IC95% 1,096-6,908); o uso de fralda em casa (OR=10,29; IC95% 1,839-57,606) e o uso de fralda em algum momento da internação (OR=6,74; IC95% 0,496-91,834). Especificamente para o sexo feminino, as variáveis associadas à IU foram: idade (OR=1,03; IC95% 1,017-1056); Diabetes Mellitus (OR=2,59; IC95% 1,039-6,489); asma (OR=4,92; IC95% 1,460-16,588) e número de partos (OR=1,27; IC95% 1,064-1,522). Os fatores que apresentaram associação com a CI foram: anos de estudo (OR=0,91; IC95% 0,856-0,985) e estar em uso de laxantes (OR=8,08; IC95% 3,387-19,282). Conclusão: Os valores de prevalência encontrados no presente estudo, assim como os fatores associados, foram similares aos achados de estudos epidemiológicos nacionais e internacionais realizados com população geral, porém distintos daqueles oriundos da escassa literatura internacional existente sobre o tema para adultos e idosos hospitalizados. Estudos longitudinais fazem-se necessários para a confirmação das relações encontradas entre as variáveis estudadas, contribuindo para o diagnóstico mais acurado da causalidade dessas condições e, portanto, o estabelecimento de medidas mais eficazes de prevenção e tratamento das incontinências e da CI no cenário hospitalar. / Introduction: The occurrence of different incontinences and intestinal constipation (IC), alone or concomitantly, is not uncommon in the hospital setting. These health problems are still poorly investigated and studies of inpatients are scarce. Knowing their prevalence and associated factors in hospitalized patients is necessary to promote the awareness of health professionals about the importance of these possible interventional needs during the period of hospitalization. Objective: To identify and to analyze the prevalence of urinary (UI) and fecal incontinence (FI), in an isolated and combined manner, and IC, and sociodemographic and clinical variables associated with their occurrences in hospitalized patients. Methods: This is an observational, cross-sectional, analytical and descriptive epidemiological study, where the study sample consisted of 345 adult and elderly patients hospitalized at University Hospital of USP. The data were collected through interviews, physical examination and medical records, using the following instruments: Sociodemographic and Clinical Data, Characteristics of Urinary Loss, International Consultation on Incontinence Questionnaire - ICIQ-SF, Intestinal Habit of the General Population and the Anal Incontinence Index - IIA. The prevalence of the events studied was raised four times (point-prevalence) in a single day in March, April, May and June, always on the same day of each month, in order to meet the sample size for the analysis of the factors associated. Data were analyzed using chi-square and Fisher tests for categorical variables, t-student and Mann-Whitney tests for numerical variables, and logistic regression for the identification of associated factors. Results: The following prevalences were obtained: 22.9% for UI (28% for women and 16.1% for men); 7.9% for FI (9.4% for women and 6% for men); 4.7% for combined incontinence (CI) (7.3% for women and 1.4% for men) and 14.9% for IC (15% for women and 14.7% for men). Among the incontinences, it was possible to detect factors associated only for UI: female gender (OR=3.89; IC95% 1,899- 7,991); age (OR=1.03; IC95% 1.019-1.054); asthma (OR=3.66; IC95% 1.302-10.290); being in use of laxatives (OR=3.26; IC95% 1.085-9.811); The use of the diaper at the time of evaluation (OR=2.75; IC95% 1.096-6.908); The use of diapers at home (OR=10.29; IC95% 1,839-57,606) and the use of diapers at some time of hospitalization (OR=6.74; IC95% 0.496- 91.834). Specifically for females, the variables associated with UI were: age (OR=1.03; IC95% 1.017-1056); Diabetes Mellitus (OR=2.59; IC95% 1.039-6.489); asthma (OR=4.92; IC95% 1,460-16,588) and number of deliveries (OR=1.27; IC95% 1.064-1.522). The factors that showed association with IC were: years of study (OR=0,91; IC95% 0,856-0,985) and being in use of laxatives (OR=8,08; IC95% 3,387-19,282). Conclusion: The prevalence values found in the present study as well as the associated factors were similar to the findings of National and International epidemiological studies conducted with the general population. But they were quite different from those of the scarce existing International literature for hospitalized adults and elderly people. Longitudinal studies are necessary to confirm the relationships found between the studied variables, contributing to a more accurate diagnosis of the causality of these conditions and, therefore, the establishment of more effective measures of prevention and treatment of incontinence and IC in the hospital setting.

Introdução: A ocorrência das diferentes incontinências e da constipação intestinal (CI), de forma isolada ou concomitante, não é pouco frequente no ambiente hospitalar. Esses problemas de saúde ainda são pouco investigados e os estudos com pacientes hospitalizados são escassos. Conhecer sua prevalência e fatores associados em pacientes hospitalizados é necessário para promover a sensibilização dos profissionais de saúde sobre a importância dessas necessidades passíveis de intervenções durante o período da internação. Objetivo: Identificar e analisar a prevalência das incontinências urinária (IU) e fecal (IF), de forma isolada e combinada, e da CI e as variáveis sociodemográficas e clínicas associadas às suas ocorrências em pacientes hospitalizados. Métodos: Trata-se de um estudo epidemiológico, observacional, transversal, analítico e descritivo, onde a amostra do estudo foi composta de 345 pacientes adultos e idosos hospitalizados no Hospital Universitário da USP. Os dados foram coletados por meio de entrevista, exame físico e registros de prontuários, utilizando-se os seguintes instrumentos: questionário de dados Sociodemograficos e Clínicos, Características das Perdas Urinárias, International Consultation on Incontinence Questionnaire - ICIQ-SF, Hábito Intestinal na População Geral e o Índice de Incontinência Anal IIA. A prevalência dos eventos estudados foi levantada quatro vezes (prevalência-ponto), em um único dia, nos meses de março, abril, maio e junho, sempre no mesmo dia do mês, de forma a atender o tamanho amostral para a análise dos fatores associados. Os dados foram analisados utilizando-se os testes qui-quadrado e Fisher para as variáveis categóricas, os testes t-student e Mann-Whitney para as variáveis numéricas, além de regressão logística (forward stepwise) para a identificação de fatores associados. Resultados: Obtiveram-se as seguintes prevalências: 22,9% para IU (28% para mulheres e 16,1% para homens); 7,9% para IF (9,4% para mulheres e 6% para homens); 4,7% para incontinência combinada (IC) (7,3% para mulheres e 1,4% para homens) e 14,9% para CI (15% para mulheres e 14,7% para homens). Dentre as incontinências, conseguiu-se detectar fatores associados somente para a IU: sexo feminino (OR=3,89; IC95% 1,899-7,991); idade (OR=1,03; IC95% 1,019-1,054); asma (OR=3,66; IC95% 1,302-10,290); estar em uso de laxantes (OR=3,26; IC95% 1,085-9,811); o uso de fralda no momento da avaliação (OR=2,75; IC95% 1,096-6,908); o uso de fralda em casa (OR=10,29; IC95% 1,839-57,606) e o uso de fralda em algum momento da internação (OR=6,74; IC95% 0,496-91,834). Especificamente para o sexo feminino, as variáveis associadas à IU foram: idade (OR=1,03; IC95% 1,017-1056); Diabetes Mellitus (OR=2,59; IC95% 1,039-6,489); asma (OR=4,92; IC95% 1,460-16,588) e número de partos (OR=1,27; IC95% 1,064-1,522). Os fatores que apresentaram associação com a CI foram: anos de estudo (OR=0,91; IC95% 0,856-0,985) e estar em uso de laxantes (OR=8,08; IC95% 3,387-19,282). Conclusão: Os valores de prevalência encontrados no presente estudo, assim como os fatores associados, foram similares aos achados de estudos epidemiológicos nacionais e internacionais realizados com população geral, porém distintos daqueles oriundos da escassa literatura internacional existente sobre o tema para adultos e idosos hospitalizados. Estudos longitudinais fazem-se necessários para a confirmação das relações encontradas entre as variáveis estudadas, contribuindo para o diagnóstico mais acurado da causalidade dessas condições e, portanto, o estabelecimento de medidas mais eficazes de prevenção e tratamento das incontinências e da CI no cenário hospitalar. / Introduction: The occurrence of different incontinences and intestinal constipation (IC), alone or concomitantly, is not uncommon in the hospital setting. These health problems are still poorly investigated and studies of inpatients are scarce. Knowing their prevalence and associated factors in hospitalized patients is necessary to promote the awareness of health professionals about the importance of these possible interventional needs during the period of hospitalization. Objective: To identify and to analyze the prevalence of urinary (UI) and fecal incontinence (FI), in an isolated and combined manner, and IC, and sociodemographic and clinical variables associated with their occurrences in hospitalized patients. Methods: This is an observational, cross-sectional, analytical and descriptive epidemiological study, where the study sample consisted of 345 adult and elderly patients hospitalized at University Hospital of USP. The data were collected through interviews, physical examination and medical records, using the following instruments: Sociodemographic and Clinical Data, Characteristics of Urinary Loss, International Consultation on Incontinence Questionnaire - ICIQ-SF, Intestinal Habit of the General Population and the Anal Incontinence Index - IIA. The prevalence of the events studied was raised four times (point-prevalence) in a single day in March, April, May and June, always on the same day of each month, in order to meet the sample size for the analysis of the factors associated. Data were analyzed using chi-square and Fisher tests for categorical variables, t-student and Mann-Whitney tests for numerical variables, and logistic regression for the identification of associated factors. Results: The following prevalences were obtained: 22.9% for UI (28% for women and 16.1% for men); 7.9% for FI (9.4% for women and 6% for men); 4.7% for combined incontinence (CI) (7.3% for women and 1.4% for men) and 14.9% for IC (15% for women and 14.7% for men). Among the incontinences, it was possible to detect factors associated only for UI: female gender (OR=3.89; IC95% 1,899- 7,991); age (OR=1.03; IC95% 1.019-1.054); asthma (OR=3.66; IC95% 1.302-10.290); being in use of laxatives (OR=3.26; IC95% 1.085-9.811); The use of the diaper at the time of evaluation (OR=2.75; IC95% 1.096-6.908); The use of diapers at home (OR=10.29; IC95% 1,839-57,606) and the use of diapers at some time of hospitalization (OR=6.74; IC95% 0.496- 91.834). Specifically for females, the variables associated with UI were: age (OR=1.03; IC95% 1.017-1056); Diabetes Mellitus (OR=2.59; IC95% 1.039-6.489); asthma (OR=4.92; IC95% 1,460-16,588) and number of deliveries (OR=1.27; IC95% 1.064-1.522). The factors that showed association with IC were: years of study (OR=0,91; IC95% 0,856-0,985) and being in use of laxatives (OR=8,08; IC95% 3,387-19,282). Conclusion: The prevalence values found in the present study as well as the associated factors were similar to the findings of National and International epidemiological studies conducted with the general population. But they were quite different from those of the scarce existing International literature for hospitalized adults and elderly people. Longitudinal studies are necessary to confirm the relationships found between the studied variables, contributing to a more accurate diagnosis of the causality of these conditions and, therefore, the establishment of more effective measures of prevention and treatment of incontinence and IC in the hospital setting.