Purpose: The purpose of this research is to induce a deeper and wider understanding of theimplications and the consequences of IoT and how it can affect wholesalers’ and retailers’opportunities to increase the value for their end customer.Design/Methodology/Approach: History and challenges of IoT as well as of the food retailindustry were studied, combined with interviews covering areas such as present challenges andtechnological adoption with 18 professionals from incumbent retailers, wholesalers, disrupters,industry and technical experts. Answers from interviews summarised, categorized and mappedtowards theories on technological transformation and synthesised into future estimations.Findings: The findings regard how IoT can increase the end customer value in the future valuechain of the food retail industry and key limitations and opportunities for its future developmentwithin the sector. The results concern areas such as online shopping and distribution,immigration and travelling, sustainability, stores and offers, technological adoption, internal ITstrategy, sharing of personal and corporate data, standardisation and traceability, customerexpectations and finally change in the customer offer.Practical implications: The study's practical value is related to its utility in explaining andpossibly forecasting the development of IoT applications within different sectors, allowingmanagers to capture value arising from technological changes.Originality/Value: This study offers a model to clarify and explain the impacts and challengesof the IoT within the food retail sector and is generalisable to other sectors and technologies.Paper type: Master thesis

The global supply chain is fundamentally changing to become more complex as the world gets more connected. This causes high pressure on the supply chain to become resilient to a surrounding environment with more risks that affect financial aspects. In order to better understand what measurements and actions that need to be in place when strategizing on inbound supply chain theoretical frameworks needs to be built. To further understand how different risk factors are interlinked within the supply chain, it was decided to make use semi-structured interviews and the methodology called Total Interpretive Structural Modeling (TISM). The method chosen in this work is in accordance with the TISM methodology and is performed as follows: First, an extensive literature and interview process is carried out to identify important risks and how they drive cost. Secondly, utilizing experts knowledge by comparing logical statements against each other to create a hierarchical relationship between risks and cost drivers within the incoming supply chain. Third, Cross-Impact Analysis was utilized to better understand dependency and power and every variable. Finally, a self-explanatory model was developed based on the theoretical relationship between variables. At the same time, a qualitative study was executed. Based on semi-structured interviews with experts in the reas of Logistics & Supply Chain Management. The methodology for analyzing these semi-structured interviews is conducted in accordance with theories on the interpretation of qualitative data: transcribe, encode and index each interview to gain an understanding of the importance of data obtained. This qualitative study is conducted as a check to ensure that the result from the interpretation structure model (TISM) is consistent with reality. All done from a general and conceptual level applicable to the inbound supply chain of a manufacturing organization. The thesis found, by the use of above methodology, that there were 11 different risk factors that directly or indirectly relate to a financial cost driven in the supply chain. The hierarchy of these factors was established through TISM and cross-referenced with the expert opinions within the field of Supply Chain Management and logistics through semistructured interviews. Findings from the thesis conclude that important aspects of an inbound supply chain are (i) the importance of having a conceptual view of the market, strategy and organizational goal; (ii) implement an accurate accounting for materials and products to support transparency; (iii) logistics network and inventory is fairly unimportant in the whole picture; (iv) supplier relations needs to be kept up to standard, even in a seller’s market. / Den globala försörjningskedjan är under förändring mot att bli mer komplex allt eftersom att världen blir allt mer sammankopplad. Detta medför svårigheter då en komplexare omgivning ger med sig fler risker vilket påverkar de finansiella aspekterna i kedjan. För att bättre förstå vilka åtaganden och åtgärder som behövs för att nå en optimal kedja behövs teoretiska ramverk. För att uppnå detta valdes i detta arbete ett tillvägagångssätt och metod benämnt Total Interpretive Structural Modeling (TISM). Tillvägagångssättet är därför i enlighet med TISMmetoden och utförs enligt följande (1) en omfattande litteratur- och intervjuprocess genomförs för att identifiera viktiga risk element i en inåtgående försörjningskedja; (2) användandet av experters kunskap och logiska uttalanden för att skapa ett hierarkiskt förhållande mellan riskelement; (3) Cross-Impact Analysis, för att bättre förstå beroende och drivkraft hos varje riskelement.; (4) slutligen utvecklades en självförklarande modell baserad på den teoretiska relationen mellan de olika riskvariablerna. Parallellt med detta utfördes en kvalitativ studie baserad på halvstrukturerade intervjuer med experter inom Logistik & Supply Chain Management. Metoden för att analysera dessa bygger på teorier om kvalitativa data och dess tolkning: transkribera, kodifiera och indexera varje intervju för att få förståelse av vikten av erhållna data. Den kvalitativa studie utfördes som ett kontrollerande åtagande för att säkerställa att resultatet från TISM metoden var förenligt med verkligheten. Allt arbete gjordes från en generell och konceptuell nivå för att se om kunskapen kunde vara applicerbart på case-företaget. Det här med avseende att optimera tillverkande organisationers inkommande försörjningsflöden. Uppsatsen hittade, med hjälp av ovanstående tillvägagångssätt, att det fanns 11 olika riskfaktorer som direkt eller indirekt hänför sig till en ekonomisk kostnad i försörjningskedjan. Hierarkin för dessa faktorer fastställdes genom TISM och validerades genom expert intervjuer inom ämnet. Resultat från uppsatsen visar att viktiga aspekter för en optimal försörjningskedja var (i) vikten av att ha en konceptuell syn på marknaden, strategin och organisationsmålet; (ii) ha ett kontrollsystem för material och produktspecifika data, för att öka transparensen; (iii) från ett helhetsperspektiv är logistiknätet och lagernivån relativt oväsentlig; (iv) leverantörsrelationer är viktiga att underhålla, även inom säljarens marknad.

A user interface should be intuitive to allow efficient and safe execution of tasks. Helicopter 14 (HKP 14) has operator consoles with an analog user interface, called Programmable Keys (PK), to control a Mission Management System (MMS). The idea of replacing the PK with touch technology has arisen. To understand operators’ working environment, this case study was conducted with inspiration from ethnography. The PK have been studied by reading system manuals and familiarizing with the MMS in Saab’s test rigs and in HKP 14. This study aims to investigate the opportunities and challenges with implementing a touch screen to replace the current PK. Interviews have been conducted with operators and one technician working with HKP 14. To highlight additional perspectives on usage of touch technology, interviews with employees at FMV and Saab were carried out. This study found both benefits and drawbacks with implementing a touch screen in the helicopter. The most common concern was that touch screens lack tactile feedback. This study exemplifies how physical support can be achieved on a touch screen and how a Graphical User Interface (GUI) can be designed with regards to this. / Se filen

In today’s increasingly dynamic business setting innovation is known for being of importance and accomplishing a competitive advantage. The research on innovation has acknowledged the role of knowledge being the foundation of competitive advantage. Many companies imply that knowledge sharing is the reason for the competitive edge. In today’s business world it is gradually turning to become a knowledge environment. This paper addresses the impact of knowledge creation on crowdsourcing in terms of innovation. The objective of this study is to understand the importance of crowdsourcing and knowledge creation within innovation management. Innovation is the outcome from implementing structural knowledge. In this study we will seek to understand and recognize how crowdsourcing can be utilized to enhance the formation of structural knowledge. In our findings we acknowledge that crowdsourcing has a constructive influence on innovation. Knowledge sharing also has an effect on the level of innovation in organizations. The methodology will mainly be based on an interpretivist approach from our literary review. Our research findings from all the literature will primarily be of a qualitative approach. There is also a case study covered in this thesis describing using knowledge management with crowdsourcing as a way to promote innovation.

No description available.

<p>Examensarbetet är utfört vid Institutionen för teknik och naturvetenskap (ITN) vid Tekniska fakulteten, Linköpings universitet</p>

Autonomous driver assistance systems are standard in vehicles. These systems help the driver to prevent an accident by automatically applying brakes on the vehicle. They assist the driver and help to prevent injuries and casualties caused by traffic accidents yearly.  This report shows data about how a vehicles Autonomous Emergency Braking (AEB) system reacts to a road surface with lower friction, for example in winter conditions. To help with the test was a steering robot (SR60 Orbit) and a pedal robot (CBAR 500) used to make the accuracy higher. The target that was used during tests was a Global Vehicle target (GVT). The tests were performed at ArcticFalls proving ground outside Älvsbyn on both asphalt and snow.  The tests show a noticeable difference between the distance it takes the car to stop on asphalt and snow. It emerges from the tests that systems like AEB can’t handle low friction, which is a huge risk for an accident. To prevent the risk of a collision is systems that can measure friction a priority.

Autonomous braking systems are becoming more common in modern cars. Autonomous EmergencyBraking (AEB) can help a driver avoid collision by automatically applying the brakes and stop thevehicle before an accident occurs. This can help save lives and reduce the risk of injuries in traffic.Previous work shows that AEB only works well on asphalt. On more slippery surfaces like snow theAEB has a hard time preventing a collision. This report will process the possibility to make an AEB thatwill reduce the risk of collision and injuries by adapting the braking distance for different surfaces. Aroad condition sensor was used to determine the different surfaces and the estimate of the tire toroad friction. This is an optical sensor that is used to categorize surfaces such as dry/wet asphalt,snow, and ice. In order to achieve good repeatability an SR60 Orbit steering robot combined with aCBAR 500 pedal robot was used. For comparison to the car’s AEB a GVT (Global Vehicle Target) wasused as a target.The results from the test show that a surface adapted AEB can make a difference. The adapted AEBstarted braking earlier than the car’s AEB and prevented collisions on snow, whilst the regular AEB had collisions with the GVT on snow.

Background: By establishing the business model of a firm or a venture, it is possible to understand the rationale of the way the value is created, delivered to the customers, and how this value is consumed. Here it relies on the importance of clearly defining the different business models for all the partners involved, including the use of metrics to measure how they intend to create and deliver value to the various customers. An unexplored area in the business model/metrics relationship is how to measure business models related to a technology shift. An example of a technology shift is the current transformation of the transportation sector. The electrification of the transport sector is going fast, and battery-electric and fuel-cell electric vehicles are being brought to the market.  Objectives: The value that we intend to deliver by the end of this thesis for the managerial literature is to establish clear metrics for a business model related to a specific technology shift, the Electric Road System (ERS).  Methodology: We have used an abductive approach for this thesis. It is expected that this approach would draw a plausible relationship between the available metrics and the business models and also helps to create metrics for any business model dealing with a technology shift.  Results: In this thesis, we have achieved the identification of stakeholders for the ERS, designed four business models related to the most important stakeholders, and selected/created twenty-nine metrics for the ERS that were validated with specialists in business models, metrics for business models, and ERS. By delivering all these results, we have established a first step towards establishing metrics that can be used in business models related to a technology shift.

En rekryteringsprocess kan vara ett krävande arbete för den rekryterande chefen därde sökande kan behöva jämföras med avseende på flera aspekter. Att göra detta holistisktkan vara svårt och viktiga detaljer kan missas. Att använda sig av ett teoretisktramverk kan därför underlätta detta arbete. Kvittningsmetoden är en beslutsanalytiskmetod som kan vara effektiv vid jämförelser av alternativ med många aspekter.Syftet med studien är att undersöka om kvittningsmetoden kan vara ett verktyg förrekryterande chefer i en rekryteringssituation. För att undersöka detta intervjuadessex chefer med personalansvar. Efter en inledande pilotintervju gjordes vissa ändringari upplägget och ytterligare en pilotintervju genomfördes. Inför den första intervjunfick respondenterna ta del av ett fiktivt case med en lista på tio kandidater avvilka fem skulle väljas ut för att gå vidare till intervju. Varje kandidat beskrevs utifrånett antal aspekter vars relevans togs upp i situationsbeskrivningen. Några dagarefter detta intervjuades cheferna gällande sina val varpå en text som beskriver kvittningsmetoden,samt en konsekvensmatris med rankingtabell skickades över till respondenternaför att de skulle kunna förbereda sig inför intervjuomgång två. Därefterbokades en ny intervju in där de skulle tillämpa kvittningsmetoden på samma fiktivasituation. Resultatet visade att samtliga chefer bytte ut en till tre kandidater ijämförelsen mellan valen vid tillämpningen av de egna angreppssätten och vid tilllämpningenav kvittningsmetoden. Cheferna uttryckte intresse för att använda sig avmetoden som ett verktyg vid framtida rekryteringar då den möjliggjorde en godöverblick av kandidaterna och med detta bidrog till att minimera risken för att detaljermissas. Cheferna upplevde samtidigt att metoden inledningsvis var svår att användaoch några menade på att de hade svårigheter med värderingen vid kvittningarna.Studien indikerar att kvittningsmetoden skulle kunna vara ett användbart verktygi en rekryteringsprocess förutsatt tillräckligt med övning och att den tillämpas pårätt sätt i rätt skede av processen. / A recruitment process can be demanding work for the hiring manager where the applicantsmay have to be compared with regard to several aspects. Doing this holisticallycan be difficult and important details can be missed. Using a theoretical frameworkcan therefore facilitate this work. The even-swap method is a decision analyticmethod that can be effective when comparing alternatives with many aspects. Thepurpose of the study is to investigate whether the even-swap method can be a toolfor recruiting managers in a recruitment situation. To investigate this, six managerswith personnel responsibility were interviewed. After an initial pilot interview,some changes were made to the interview planning and another pilot interview wasconducted. Before the first interview, the respondents had to take part in a fictitiouscase with a list of ten candidates, five of whom would be selected to proceed to interview.Each candidate was described based on a number of aspects whose relevancewas mentioned up in the situation description. A few days after this, the managerswere interviewed regarding their choices, whereupon a text describing theeven-swap method, as well as a consequence matrix with a ranking table, was sentover to the respondents so that they could prepare for interview round two. A newinterview was then scheduled where they would apply the even-swap method to thesame fictitious situation. The result showed that all managers changed one to threecandidates in the comparison between the choices when applying their own methodsof approach and when applying the even-swap method. The managers expressed aninterest in using the method as a tool in future recruitments as it enabled a goodoverview of the candidates and thereby contributed to minimizing the risk of detailsbeing missed. At the same time, the managers felt that the method was initially difficultto use, and some indicated that they had difficulties with the valuation regardingthe swaps. The study indicates that the even-swap method could be a useful tool in arecruitment process provided there is enough practice and that it is applied in theright way at the right stage of the process.