<p>In our daily life we are surrounded by different kind of risks and we constantly strive for better methods to quantify and in the prolongation manage these risks. Every activity involves some risks and there are some kinds of risks and some level of risks that we are unwilling to accept. We all like to live a life that is free from risks, but that is impossible.</p><p>The word risk has a lot of different interpretations. In this thesis we shall let risk stand for the combination of random or uncertain events with negative consequences for human health, life and welfare and for the environment together with some measures of the likelihood of such events. We believe this is the prevailing concept or understanding of risk; as the probability of an event followed by some negative consequences or activities of that event.</p><p>In risk analysis one tries to recognize the nature of various risks and to assess the magnitude of the risks. In the risk analysis it is very important to know what system to consider and this is not self evident in many cases. The situation is clearly different for planning and/or building a system compared with running the same system in a real time state. The system that is going to be the subject to the risk analysis must be clearly defined and the limitations and the boundaries of the system must be set. It is very important to ensure that all persons involved in a risk analysis have a common understanding of the system being considered, including relevant operations.</p><p>During the past decades many studies have been carried out on risk related topics and the society has showed a significant interest in the field of risk analysis. Risk analysis is the interdisciplinary field of science that combines results and knowledge of probability theory, mathematical statistics, engineering, medicine, philosophy, psychology, economics and other applied disciplines.</p><p>In this thesis we will give some examples of different risk analyses carried out basically within two areas. The first part of the thesis (paper 1- paper V) describes different risk analyses carried out in the area of transportation. This is an area with large differences between the different modes of transportation in respect to, for example number of users, number of accidents, magnitude of the accidents and accessible data. The latter part of the thesis (paper VI and paper VII) describes two risk analyses carried out in the field of medicine. Medicine is a science, which has used methods from the area of risk analysis for a long time. The different papers will be used to discuss risk analysis as a tool in decision-making.</p> / QC 20100616

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Arbetet har skrivits på uppdrag av Exploateringskontoret i Stockholm och innefattar sexbyggnadsentreprenörer som alla bygger i området Hammarby Sjöstad där studiengenomförts. Tillsammans bygger de totalt 1126 stycken lägenheter, samt fem styckenbutiker, sex lokaler och ett dagis. Utöver detta tillkommer även två garage vars avfall ärinräknat i statistiken.Arbetet har gått ut på att undersöka hur mycket byggavfall som bildas per nyproduceradlägenhet, varför det skapas samt när i byggskedet detta sker. Kostnaderna för detta skaäven beräknas och hänsyn ska tas till inköpskostnader av det material som blir till avfallsamt avfallsentreprenörernas efterhanteringsersättning. Grunden till frågeställningen ovanbottnar i indikationer som getts från diverse byggnadsentreprenörer som menat att detbildas cirka två ton avfall per nyproducerad lägenhet.Syftet är att detta ska ge underlag för att på sikt skapa bättre rutiner för projektering ochproduktion av byggnader som möjliggör en reducering av byggavfallet, samt även för attbidra till en större medvetenhet kring avfallssorteringen hos byggarbetare ochbyggnadsentreprenörer. Rapporten bygger på personliga intervjuer, telefonintervjuer ochavfallsstatistik från de medverkande byggnadsentreprenörerna. Grova antagandenbaserade på åsikter från personer med insyn i branschen har i flera fall fått göras.Resultatet baseras på ett genomsnitt av samtliga byggnadsentreprenörers avfallsstatistikoch visar på att det bildas cirka tre och ett halvt ton avfall per nyproducerad lägenhet. Detmesta av avfallet börjar uppstå strax efter halvvägs in i byggskedet och består mestadelsav avfallsfraktionerna Osorterat och Brännbart.Uppgiften att ta reda på orsaken till avfallets uppkomst visade sig vara oss övermäktigeftersom de tidsresurser vi haft tillgodo inte har varit tillräckliga. Istället skapades ettavfallsdiagram med de ingående avfallsfraktionerna uppdelade. Detta diagram löperparallellt med en framtagen generell tidsplan för byggskedet. Det går därför att utläsa vari byggskedet arbetet befinner sig när en viss typ av avfall bildas. För att få mer detaljeradesvar är denna rapport en bra grund till vidare studier i bland annat denna fråga. / hammarby sjöstad

<p>Congestion charging is a now accepted means of influencing traffic to behave in a more socio-economic optimal way, like e.g. in the Stockholm project. Already early work, in the 1920’s, showed that road use can be inefficient due externalities, i.e. that users don’t experience their own (negative) effect on other users: an extra car on a traffic link causes delays for other cars, but the driver himself does not experience this cost.In the 1950’s it was further shown - for a congested road network with homogeneous users – that if each user is charged a toll equal to the total value of time loss incurred on other users of the network, then -if we have fixed travel demand - this will induce an equilibrium that is system optimal in the sense that the total cost of network usage is minimal (assuming that all users have fixed and identical time values).  But toll charges need to be levied in monetary units, and different travelers have different values of time. Therefore, to account for the effects of tolls, and to be able to compute equilibria, one needs to introduce different user classes, differing in their time values.</p><p>In this thesis, consisting of four papers, we study congestion pricing of road networks with users differing only in their time values. In particular, we analyze marginal social cost (MSC) pricing, a tolling scheme that charges each user a penalty corresponding to the value of the delays inflicted on other users, as well as its implementation through fixed tolls.</p><p>Paper III contains the main theoretical work of the thesis. In that paper we show that the variational inequalities characterizing the equilibria in question can be stated in symmetric or non-symmetric forms. The symmetric forms correspond to optimization problems, convex in the fixed-toll case and non-convex in the MSC case, which hence may have multiple equilibria. The objective of the latter problem is the total value of travel time, which thus is minimized at the global optima of that problem. Implementing close-to-optimal MSC tolls as fixed tolls leads to equilibria with possibly non-unique class specific flows, but with identical close-to-optimal values of the total value of travel time. Finally we give an adaptation, to the MSC setting, of the Frank-Wolfe algorithm, which is further applied to some test cases, including Stockholm.</p><p>Paper I is an early application using Frank-Wolfe, after having realized the possibility to symmetrize the problem.</p><p>Paper II gives a convexification of non-convex equilibrium problem for MSC tolls. We have used these convexifications to compute lower bounds when computing equilibria.</p><p>Paper IV is a short note commenting some flaws in two papers by Dial on MSC tolls.</p>

<p>The purpose is to understand the planning process for residential buildings and toinvestigate the consequences of the choices made in the process. The project will alsoprovide broader knowledge in the design and development under the current law andpractice.The goal is to present a proposal on how a city near the site where water can bedesigned from a sustainable perspective. How can a residential neighborhood be anenvironmentally sound and sustainable region? New systems and techniques havebeen presented previously in terms of sustainable environments and these are intendedof being used in the project Quarter Water-mirror.The project has been implemented on the computer program ArchiCAD in whichdrawings and visualizations have been carried out. These drawings are included asannexes to the report.For information, calculations and drawings, laws for physical planning and Swedishstandard have been followed.Residential buildings have been designed on a site, which is 2, 5 hectares. This area isexploited to a large extent, have generous space and environmentally friendlyachievements. The sustainable development of the area is supposed to contribute tolong-term management. To create an attractive and interesting environment, a channelhas been incorporated into the field.In the planning has availability, guest/ private parking, infrastructure and in the land,the farm formations, water and solar studies taken into account where the Planningand Building Act has been a starting point.Apartments have been presented with regard to the functioning, transparency andlight. When these factors were crucial in the case of a well-resolved data.The investigations made that refined solutions, including waste disposal, diversion ofwater, etc. existed. These methods will not necessarily be used in Quarter Watermirrorbecause nothing is elucidated. However, these solutions are good practice togive the area a sustainable environment.</p>

<p>Sammanfattning</p><p>Radon i flerbostadshus är ämnet för detta examensarbete. Bostadsrättsföreningen Tallmon äger två flerbostadshus i Skogsbo, Avesta. I dessa två flerbostadshus har radonmätningar gjorts under den senaste mätperioden. Dessa mätresultat tillsammans med tidigare kända mätresultat har sammanställts i en tabell. Där går att avläsa att i 18 av totalt 26 uppmätta lägenheter har radonhalten någon gång varit över det gällande riktvärdet för radonhalt i bostäder.</p><p>Det har även gjorts ett mindre antal kontinuerliga korttidsmätningar med hänsyn på radon. Detta dels för att få en bild av hur radonhalten ser ut på sommarhalvåret och dels se hur radonhalten varierar under ett dygn. För att finna den stora källan till radon i luften gjordes även mätningar av ventilationsflödet och gammamätning. Gammamätning visar om det finns blåbetong i något byggmaterial. Resultatet av samtliga korttidsmätningar var att radonhalten varierade under samtliga mätperioder. Vissa lägenheter hade väldigt höga halter av radon när istället andra lägenheter hade lägre radonhalter. Det alla hade gemensamt var att de hade haft fönster öppna under mätperioderna, vilket sänker radonhalten i luften. Lågt luftflöde var en annan gemensam faktor som alla lägenheter hade. Liksom att inomhustemperaturen låg högt. Blåbetong finns i båda fastigheterna och då i ytterväggarna.</p><p>Mätresultaten inom detta examensarbete bekräftar tidigare resultat som innebär att man i många lägenheter har radonhalter över gällande riktvärde 200 Bq/m³. Radonhalterna tenderar inte alls att avta med höjden över mark, vilket antyder att blåbetongen kan vara den huvudsakliga källan i detta fall.</p>

<p>In some roundabouts, just relying on the "right of way" regulations results in long queues forming along the approaches. This usually happens when a roundabout suffers from unbalanced flow patterns (one or two of the approaches convey much heavier traffic compared to the others). There is an idea that signalization of roundabouts can be useful as a countermeasure for such a problem, especially during peak hours. In that case, signal operation can come in many forms, including full-time control, part-time control, or metering. One problem that seems to be facing engineers when signalizing roundabouts is lacking a general set of patterns or guidelines to choose an appropriate form of signalization and apply it efficiently in different situations. There is also a need for a comprehensive review over the available literature concerning signalization of roundabouts. In this thesis, a review of literature regarding signalization of roundabouts is carried out. Moreover, a roundabout in Stavanger with unbalanced traffic flows is studied in order to find an appropriate signalization scenario which can improve the traffic situation. The network is modeled and simulated in AIMSUN.</p>