The master thesis deals with national accounts, particularly with symmetric input-output tables and utilisation for research of investments change impact. The main aim is to show national accounts exploitation for economical modelling and a manual for modelling of concrete impact. This thesis concentrates on the topic of calculation of static model with application on real data of Czech Republic. The base of calculation is technical coefficients analyse.

The increasing demand for mineral-based resources that face supply risks calls for managing the supply chains for these resources at the regional level. Cobalt is a widely used cathode material in lithium-ion batteries, which form the major portion of batteries used for renewable energy storage - a necessary technology for electrifying mobility and overcoming the challenge of intermittency, thus making renewable energy more reliable and energy generation more sustainable. This necessitates understanding cobalt's supply risks and for the Untied States, identifying sources of cobalt available for future use via recycling or mining. These needs are addressed in this work using single and multiregional input-output (MRIO) analysis in combination with graph theory. An MRIO-based approach is developed to obtain the trade network of cobalt and offer a more expedient way to identify potential critical material sources embodied in commodities made domestically. Commodities containing cobalt were disaggregated from two input-output (IO) models and the trade structure of cobalt at the national and state level was observed and compared. The significance of identified key sectors is measured according to several criteria and differences in sectors highlighted in the national versus subnational networks suggests that analysis at the two regional aggregation levels provides alternative insights. Results from mining the IO networks for cobalt highlight the geographical distribution of its use and industries to further investigate as potential sources for secondary feedstock.

More and more local governments (municipalities and county councils) include the indirect climate impacts of consumption in their environmental work. Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) is an established tool for inventorying both direct and indirect impacts of a product or service, but when the climate impact of an entire organization's consumption of products and services is of interest, the inventory of data can easily become excessive. Through the years, various methods for enabling life cycle inventory on the organizational level have been developed. Hybrid-LCA is one of them where the term "hybrid" comes from that the method combines a so-called bottom up with a top down approach of the data inventory. The practical application of hybrid-LCA and the usefulness of the assessment results for local governments are not self-evident. This study aims to investigate the practical application of hybrid-LCA as a tool for inventorying climate impact for municipalities’ and county councils’ consumption. The purpose includes identifying the challenges associated with the practical procedure when conducting a hybrid-LCA and evaluating the inventory results’ usefulness in municipalities and county councils’ climate work. The results of the study are based on semi-structured interviews, a case study in which hybrid LCA is applied and a workshop where the case study is evaluated. The results show that the hybrid-LCA enables both a holistic approach to the climate impact and a level of detail for selected areas, making it possible to prioritize areas and identify measures to reduce the climate impact from consumption. The main challenges that arise in the practical procedure of the hybrid-LCA are associated with inventory and verification of foreground data and matching purchases of product groups to standardized classifications. To simplify the execution, increase transparency and facilitate monitoring, local governments are recommended to investigate the possibility of coordinating purchasing system and labeling product groups, in accordance with standardized classifications. It is also recommended to request information about a products weight and material content from suppliers. The uncertainties associated with the outcome of a hybrid-LCA are and remain large, therefore it is important that the results are communicated in terms of potential environmental impacts.

I det här arbetet eftersökte Scania IM en metod för att beräkna maskiners påverkan på output för en produktionslina vid driftstörningar. Metoden skulle kunna appliceras på en produktionslina med ett serie-parallellt flöde och arbetet utgick från en utvald lina där man bearbetar cylinderhuvuden. Vid framtagandet av beräkningsmetoden skapades det som i arbetet kallas för påverkansfaktor som tar fram vilken påverkan ett bortfall av en maskin i flödet har på flaskhalsutrustningen, som i sin tur står för den yttersta begränsningen för systemet. På seriella stationer erhålls en påverkansfaktor på 100 % men på stationer med parallell utrustning så finns det en kvarvarande kapacitet vid driftstopp av enstaka maskiner vilket är beroende av hur många maskiner samt vilken utnyttjandegrad de hade i ursprungsläget. Vid framtagandet av beräkningsmetoden togs inspiration från tidigare arbeten inom detta område men anpassades eller förenklades för att möta behoven från underhållsavdelningen. En utveckling av metoden gjordes även för att kunna analysera historiska data där information omproducerad variant saknas och då används ett viktat genomsnitt för påverkansfaktorn. Påverkansfaktorn bortser från buffertars påverkan på systemet men hur de ska inkorporeras undersöktes och därav togs ett förslag fram där kritisk driftstoppstid (critical downtime) används tillsammans med påverkansfaktorn för att ta hänsyn till såväl buffertar som parallell utrustning. Ett verktyg skapades för Scania IM för att underlätta användandet av framtagna beräkningsmetoder. Det som kvarstår efter avslutat arbete är att över tid testa de framtagna metoderna för att undersöka hur väl de överensstämmer med verkligt produktionsutfall. Detta kunde ej genomföras under gällande situation då produktionen ej var i drift enligt normalläge under tidsperioden för arbetet. / For this thesis, Scania IM sought a method for calculating the impact of machine downtime on the output of a production line. The method was created to be applied on a production line with a seriesparallel flow and was constructed based on a selected line where cylinder heads are machined. To achieve this a variable called impact factor was created that produces the effect an individual machines downtime has on the bottleneck equipment for the production line, which in turn accounts for the utmost limitation of the system. At serial stations, an impact factor of 100% is obtained, but at stations with parallel equipment, there is a remaining capacity if at least one machine is functioning. The amount on remaining capacity is dependent on how many of the parallel machines that are malfunctioning and the degree of utilization they had in the original state. In developing the calculation method, inspiration was taken from previous work regarding similar subjects, but it was either adapted or simplified to meet the needs of the maintenance department for the production line. A further development of the method was also made to be able to analyze historical data where information on the produced variant of cylinder heads is missing which led to the use of a weighted average for the impact factor. The impact factor ignores the effects of buffers on the system output, but how they are to be incorporated was investigated and a proposal was therefore made where critical downtime is used together with the impact factor to take into account both buffers and parallel equipment. A tool was created for Scania IM where they can perform these calculations. What remains after completion of the thesis is to test the developed methods over time to examine how well they correspond to actual production data. This could not be done during the time of this thesis due to the current situation when production was not operating according to normal conditions.

Multi-User Multi-Input Multi-Output (MU-MIMO) systems are considered to be the sustainable technologies of the current and future of the upcoming wireless and mobile networks generations. The perspectives of these technologies under several scenarios is the focus of the present thesis. The initial system model covers the MU-MIMO, especially in the massive form that is considered to be the promising ideas and pillars of the 5G network. It is observed that the optimal number of users should be served in the time-frequency resource even though the maximum limitation of the MU-MIMO is governed by the total receiving antennas (K) is less than or equal to the base station antennas (M). The system capacity of the massive MIMO (mMIMO) under perfect channel state information (CSI) of uncorrelated channel is investigated and studied. Two types of precoders were applied, one is directly based on channel inversion, and the other uses the Eigen decomposition that is derived subject to the signal to a leakage maximization problem. The two precoders show a degree of equivalency under certain assumptions for the number of antennas at the user end. The convex optimization of multi-antenna networks to achieve the design model of optimum beamformer (BF) based on the uniform linear array (ULA) is studied. The ULA is selected for its simplicity to analyse many scenarios and its importance to match the future network applied millimetre wave (mmWave) spectrum. The maximum beams generated by the ULA are explored in terms of several physical system parameters. The duality between the MU-MIMO and ULA and how they are related based on beamformer operation are detailed and discussed. Finally, two approaches for overloaded systems are presented when the availability of massive array that is not guaranteed due to physical restrictions since the existence of a large number of devices will result in breaking the dimension rule (i.e., K ≤ M). As a solution, a low complexity users selection algorithm is proposed. The channel considered is uncorrelated with full and perfect knowledge at the BS. In particular, these two channel conditions may not be available in all scenarios. The CSI may be imperfect, and even the instantaneous form does not exist. A hybrid precoder between the mixed CSI (includes imperfect and statistical) and rate splitting approach is proposed to deal with an overloaded system under a low number of BS antennas. / Ministry of Higher Education and Scientific Research of Iraq

This paper describes the building of a parallel converter for a high-speed serial bus. The high-speed serial port of the Macintosh personal computer is used to implement the bus, while an MC68000 Educational Computer Board is used to perform the serial-to-parallel conversion. The device's performance is evaluated, and possible methods for improving its performance are discussed.

ITC/USA 2006 Conference Proceedings / The Forty-Second Annual International Telemetering Conference and Technical Exhibition / October 23-26, 2006 / Town and Country Resort & Convention Center, San Diego, California / This paper addresses the air-to-ground communication problem, where multiple transmit antennas are used on the aircraft to combat multi-path interference. The channel is assumed to have a line-of-sight component and a single ground reflection. Multiple input multiple output (MIMO) techniques can be used in this situation, to increase the reliability and data rate. In this paper we discuss how the MIMO channel capacity changes, with the aircraft antenna configuration, altitude, velocity, range, and a number of other parameters. For comparison, the MIMO results are compared to systems which have single antennas at the transmitter, at the receiver, or at both ends.

ITC/USA 2009 Conference Proceedings / The Forty-Fifth Annual International Telemetering Conference and Technical Exhibition / October 26-29, 2009 / Riviera Hotel & Convention Center, Las Vegas, Nevada / Space-time Coding (STC) for Multiple-Input Multiple-Output (MIMO) wireless communication systems is an effective technique for providing robust wireless link performance in telemetry systems. This paper investigates the degradation in system performance when synchronization errors between the transmitter and receiver are present. Specifically, expressions that quantify the increase in symbol-error-rate as a function of symbol synchronization error are derived for a two-transmit and single receive antenna MISO system using binary frequency shift keying waveforms. These results are then extended to the MIMO case. The analytic results are verified with simulation results that show close agreement between the theoretical expressions and Monte Carlo simulation runs.

ITC/USA 2010 Conference Proceedings / The Forty-Sixth Annual International Telemetering Conference and Technical Exhibition / October 25-28, 2010 / Town and Country Resort & Convention Center, San Diego, California / Multiple-Input Multiple-Output (MIMO) systems have at least two transmitting antennas, each generating unique signals. However some applications may require three, four, or more transmitting devices to achieve the desired system performance. This paper describes the design of a scalable MIMO transmitter, based on field programmable gate array (FPGA) technology. Each module contains a FPGA, and associated digital-to-analog converters, I/Q modulators, and RF amplifiers needed to power one of the MIMO transmitters. The system was designed to handle up to a 10 Mbps data rate, and transmit signals in the unlicensed 2.4 GHz ISM band.

ITC/USA 2008 Conference Proceedings / The Forty-Fourth Annual International Telemetering Conference and Technical Exhibition / October 27-30, 2008 / Town and Country Resort & Convention Center, San Diego, California / This paper describes the use of orthogonal space-time block codes to overcome the performance and complexity difficulties associated with the use of Shaped Offset QPSK (SOQPSK) modulation, a ternary continuous phase modulation (CPM), in multiple-input multiple-output telemetry systems. The orthogonal space-time block code is applied to SOQPSK waveforms in the same way it would be applied to symbols. The procedure allows the receiver to orthogonalize the link. The main benefits of this orthogonalization are the easy realization of the transmit diversity for the offset-featured SQOSPK, and the removal of the noise correlation at the input to the space-time decoder and the elimination of I/Q interference when space time orthogonalization is applied to the symbol level.