Submitted by Sandra Pereira (srpereira@ufrrj.br) on 2017-04-19T12:11:58Z No. of bitstreams: 1 2015 - Fernanda Cristina da Silva Ribeiro.pdf: 1089887 bytes, checksum: 48527c43fbbca15377e461dc0ba00752 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-04-19T12:11:58Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 2015 - Fernanda Cristina da Silva Ribeiro.pdf: 1089887 bytes, checksum: 48527c43fbbca15377e461dc0ba00752 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-07-31 / Coordena??o de Aperfei?oamento de Pessoal de N?vel Superior - CAPES / Drug use is not a recent human behaviour. Since early history, there are indicators of substance use allied to therapeutic ends, recreational, spiritual and even feeding purposes, as in alcoholic drinks, for instance. An issue that lies in this route is: How drug use affects teenagers today? Which aspects ? subjective, historical and socio-economic ? are implied in the current adolescent drug use (specifically, in the present study, alcohol use)? Basic conjecture in this research is that alcohol is related to glamour in present society and this can be found in adolescent speech. In order to deepen this matter investigation, we bring as our main objective to verify if abusive alcohol use is related to glamour in present society under adolescent point of view. Our specific objectives were: i) Investigate what adolescents tell concerning abusive alcohol use during adolescence, pervading personal and contextual issues; ii) Verify how canonical speech found in media on alcohol use (specially on popular music and on TV ads) presentifies itself in adolescent speech. To do so, a qualitative, descriptive research was carried on, having as instrument a semi-structured interview done with two teenagers ? a male and a female. Both respondents were aged eighteen and attended their last year at high school in a small town in Rio de Janeiro State. Interviews were recorded in video, integrally transcribed, and speeches were analyzed. Found data were sorted into two categories: adolescent speech on abusive alcohol use ? in which the way adolescents describe relation between adolescence and alcohol was approached ?; and canonic influence over adolescent speech ? in which there was an attempt to approach the matter of socio-cultural influence over adolescent identity constitution. Found results confirmed initial conjecture: alcohol glamorization speech, conveyed by media, overestimation of exaggerate alcohol consumption and consequent status promoted by this behavior are present in adolescent speech. However, adolescents do not assume this speech as originated from media or cultural influence, and relate it solely to peer pressure, spotting friends and older young people influence. We came to the conclusion that speech displayed on media and hegemonic culture exercises their symbolic power over in such way that its influence is not always noticed on people?s everyday discourse and behaviour. It is suggested, thus, utterly necessary the promotion of more space to dialogue and idea exchange on the theme (since it is on speech that ruptures take place and criticism is developed), once alcohol abuse overvaluation is understood as incentive to risky behaviour, not only concerning adolescents, but also taking into consideration a global public health matter. In this instance, it is peremptory multiple social spheres mobilization towards more incisive regulation of media and its multiple agents. / O uso de drogas n?o ? um comportamento recente do ser humano. Desde o in?cio de sua hist?ria, h? ind?cios de utiliza??o de subst?ncias encontradas na natureza para fins terap?uticos, recreativos, espirituais e at? aliment?cios, como no caso das bebidas alco?licas. Uma quest?o que se configura nesse percurso ?: Como o tema repercute no adolescente na atualidade? Que aspectos subjetivos, assim como socioculturais, hist?ricos e pol?tico-econ?micos, est?o envolvidos no uso que os jovens fazem atualmente das drogas (especificamente, neste estudo, do ?lcool)? A conjectura b?sica desta pesquisa ? que o ?lcool relaciona-se ao glamour na sociedade atual e isso pode ser encontrado na narrativa do adolescente. Para aprofundar o estudo dessa quest?o, este trabalho traz como objetivo geral verificar se o uso abusivo do ?lcool relaciona-se ao glamour na sociedade atual sob o ponto de vista do adolescente. Os objetivos espec?ficos s?o: i) Investigar o que o adolescente narra a respeito do uso abusivo do ?lcool na adolesc?ncia, perpassando quest?es pessoais e contextuais, ii)Verificar como o discurso can?nico encontrado na m?dia a respeito do uso de ?lcool (principalmente propagandas televisivas e m?sica popular) se presentifica na narrativa do adolescente. Para tanto, foi realizada uma pesquisa descritiva, qualitativa, utilizando uma entrevista semi-estruturada dirigida a dois adolescentes, de ambos os sexos. Os sujeitos escolhidos tinham como caracter?stica comum ter dezoito anos completos e cursar o terceiro ano do ensino m?dio em uma cidade do interior do RJ. As entrevistas foram gravadas em v?deo, transcritas integralmente, e foi realizada uma an?lise narrativa desse texto. Os dados encontrados foram divididos em duas categorias: narrativas adolescentes a respeito do uso abusivo do ?lcool ? na qual foi abordada a maneira que os adolescentes descrevem a rela??o entre adolesc?ncia e ?lcool ?, e influ?ncia can?nica na narrativa adolescente ? na qual buscou-se abordar a quest?o da influ?ncia do contexto s?cio cultural na constitui??o identit?ria do adolescente. Os resultados encontrados apontaram para a confirma??o da conjectura inicial: o discurso da glamouriza??o do abuso de ?lcool, dispon?vel nas m?dias, da hipervaloriza??o do exagero no consumo e do status promovido por esse comportamento ? presentificado na narrativa dos adolescentes. Entretanto, os mesmos n?o reconhecem a influ?ncia desse discurso como sendo de origem midi?tica ou cultural e a relacionam a um comportamento exclusivo dos grupos de pares, endere?ando a influ?ncia ? amigos e adolescentes mais velhos. Conclu?mos que os discursos dispostos nas m?dias e na cultura hegem?nica operam seu poder simb?lico na canocidade cotidiana de forma tal que sua influ?ncia nem sempre ? percebida nas falas e comportamentos repetidos diariamente. E considera-se preciso que se promovam mais espa?os para os di?logos e narrativas sobre a tem?tica, pois ? na narrativa que as rupturas acontecem, e desenvolve-se a criticidade. Uma vez que a valoriza??o do abuso de ?lcool ? compreendida como incentivo a comportamentos de risco, n?o apenas na adolesc?ncia, mas que implica numa quest?o de sa?de p?blica global. Nesse sentido, faz-se premente a mobiliza??o das m?ltiplas esferas sociais em prol de uma regulamenta??o mais incisiva da m?dia e seus diversos ve?culos

Syfte och frågeställningar: Syftet med studien var att i) undersöka validiteten i befolkningens skattning av stillasittande (SED) respektive måttlig till kraftig fysisk aktivitet (MVPA) samt ii) beskriva eventuella skillnader mellan de som under-, över- respektive korrekt skattar sitt beteende. Följande frågeställningar utformades: 1) Förekommer diskrepans mellan deltagarnas subjektiva skattning av SED och MVPA jämfört med objektivt mätt fysisk aktivitet med accelerometer? 2) Skiljer sig de deltagare som under-, över- respektive korrekt skattar sitt beteende avseende kön, socioekonomisk status, BMI, konditionsvärde respektive självskattad hälsa? Metod: Studien använder data från the Swedish CArdioPulmonary bioImage Study (SCAPIS) pilotstudie där deltagarna besvarade ett frågeformulär samt bar en accelerometer i sju på varandra följande dagar (N = 652). I denna studie har fyra frågor använts ur SCAPIS deltagarenkät för att mäta deltagarnas subjektiva nivå av fysiska aktivitet. Diskrepans av SED respektive MVPA räknades fram som subjektivt skattad tid (enkätfrågorna) minus accelerometerns registrerade tid. Data beskrivs deskriptivt där populationen har kategoriserats i kvintiler utefter medianskillnaden mellan subjektivt skattad och objektivt mätt tid. Resultat: Medianvärdet för diskrepans av SED och MVPA var -180,2 min/dag (under-) respektive 18,6 min/dag (överskattning). Avseende diskrepans av SED föreligger signifikanta skillnader mellan kvintilerna för diskrepans av SED (p = 0,000), accelerometermätt tid i SED (p = 0,000) samt totalt antal registrerade minuter (p = 0,000). Inga signifikanta skillnader ses för kön (p = 0,744), socioekonomisk status (p = 0,986), BMI (p = 0,806), konditionsvärde (p = 0,727) eller självskattad hälsa (p = 0,385). Avseende diskrepans av MVPA föreligger signifikanta skillnader för diskrepans av MVPA (p = 0,000), accelerometer-mätt tid i både SED (p = 0,000) och MVPA (p = 0,000), antal registrerade minuter totalt (p = 0,001), socioekonomisk status (p = 0,001) samt självskattad hälsa (p = 0,009). Slutsats: Resultaten visar att det är en stor diskrepans mellan hur svenska medelålders män och kvinnor skattar SED respektive MVPA om man jämför med objektivt accelerometermätt tid. Det verkar dock inte finnas en viss kategori människor som under- eller överskattar SED mer än andra avseende de undersökta variablerna. Beträffande diskrepans av MVPA ses dock en tendens till ökad diskrepans för de som bor i socioekonomiska högstatusområden samt att de med god självskattad hälsa överskattar mer. Studiens resultat tyder även på att mer registreringstid med accelerometern medför ökad diskrepans av SED respektive MVPA. Mer forskning kring hur olika registreringstider påverkar utfallen är därför önskvärt. / Aim: The aim of this study was to i) examine the validity of the population estimates of sedentary behaviour (SED) and moderate to vigorous physical activity (MVPA) and ii) describe possible differences between groups that are under-, over- and correctly classifying their behaviour. The following questions were designed to answer the above aim: 1. Are there discrepancies between the participants self-reported SED and MVPA compared to objective measurement by accelerometer? 2. Do the participants who under-, over- and correctly classify their behaviour differ with respect to gender, socioeconomic status, fitness factor and self-rated health? Method: This study used data from the Swedish CArdioPulmonary bioImage pilot Study  (SCAPIS) where participants answered a questionnaire and wore an accelerometer for seven subsequent days (N = 652). Four questions were used to measure the participants’ physical activity level. Discrepancy of SED and MVPA was calculated as the difference between subjectively and objectively measured time. The data is descriptively presented where misclassification has been categorized into quintiles and estimated as median differences. Results: The median time for discrepancy of SED was for the whole population -180,2 min/day (under-) and for MVPA 18,6 min/dag (overestimation). Regarding discrepancy of SED, there were significant differences between quintiles for discrepancy of SED (p = 0,000), accelerometer-registered time in SED (p = 0,000) and total number of minutes registered (p = 0,000). No significant differences existed for gender (p = 0,744), socioeconomic status (p = 0,986), BMI (p = 0,806), fitness factor (p = 0,727) or self-rated health (p = 0,385). Regarding discrepancy of MVPA there were significant differences for discrepancy of MVPA (p = 0,000), accelerometer-registered time in SED (p = 0,000) and MVPA (p = 0,000) and total number of minutes registered (p = 0,001). Significance also existed for socioeconomic status (p = 0,001) and self-rated health (p = 0,009). Conclusion: The results show that the population in this study misclassify SED and MVPA and the differences between the quintiles are large. However, there seems to be no particular category of people who misclassify SED more than others in regards to the examined variables. Concerning discrepancy of MVPA, the results suggest that the discrepancy is greater for those with high socioeconomic status and that those with good self-rated health tend to overestimate more. The results also suggest that more time registered with accelerometer entails greater discrepancy. More research examining how different recording times affect outcomes is warranted. / <p>Kursen Projektarbete.</p><p>SCAPIS-projektet</p>

Cryptographically secure random number generators usually require an outside seed to be initialized. Other solutions instead use a continuous entropy stream to ensure that the internal state of the generator always remains unpredictable. This thesis analyses four such generators with entropy inputs. Furthermore, different ways to estimate entropy is presented and a new method useful for the generator analysis is developed. The developed entropy estimator performs well in tests and is used to analyse entropy gathered from the different generators. Furthermore, all the analysed generators exhibit some seemingly unintentional behaviour, but most should still be safe for use. / Kryptografiskt säkra slumptalsgeneratorer behöver ofta initialiseras med ett oförutsägbart frö. En annan lösning är att istället konstant ge slumptalsgeneratorer entropi. Detta gör det möjligt att garantera att det interna tillståndet i generatorn hålls oförutsägbart. I den här rapporten analyseras fyra sådana generatorer som matas med entropi. Dessutom presenteras olika sätt att skatta entropi och en ny skattningsmetod utvecklas för att användas till analysen av generatorerna. Den framtagna metoden för entropiskattning lyckas bra i tester och används för att analysera entropin i de olika generatorerna. Alla analyserade generatorer uppvisar beteenden som inte verkar optimala för generatorns funktionalitet. De flesta av de analyserade generatorerna verkar dock oftast säkra att använda.