Between 1847 and 1903, spanning the first three episcopates of the newly-created Diocese of Manchester, 228 churches were built, or significantly extended, in the largest by far of its five deaneries, the Deanery of Manchester. Exploration of diocesan, Mancunian, and parochial archival and other sources revealed that sixty-one of those 228 building-projects – over a quarter – had each been funded by a single donor or single family. The fifty 'singular' donors (eight financing more than one project) represented a wide swathe of the middle and upper echelons of society, comprising six MPs; thirty-one industrialists, including twenty-two (predominantly textile-) mill-owners, three engineers, and two colliery- and canal-owners; and thirteen non-industrialists, including five bankers, two landed gentry and three clerics. The scale of this aspect of industrial city philanthropy, and its lack of study are striking. Singular funding by donors of specific buildings provides a fresh angle from which to approach the reasons for philanthropy at an individual level. In each case, what role did self-interest play; what role such impulses as Established-Church-allegiance, evangelism, paternalism, territorialism, and dynasticism? Could a master driving-force, composed of a combination of some or all of those and other possible impulses, have been a donor's desire for worth: self-worth; worth in the eyes of contemporary society; and worth for remembrance in posterity? Were donors essentially creating churches in their own image? The Introduction covers identification of the churches and the ecclesiastical, industrial and historical context of their building and of nineteenth-century Mancunian philanthropy. Chapter One, exploring the donors' biographies, includes, as potential drivers in church-creation, timing of public preferment – providing scant support for its previously identified role in other charitable giving – and alternative donor-self-image-related impulses. Chapter Two considers, as a measure of donor-church-identity, possible linkage of donor to church through dedication, proximity, iconography, memorials, armorials, dedicated space, and burial arrangements. Chapter Three uses choice of architect, their north-western oeuvre, and the balance of architects' and donors' roles, to further assess reflection of donor-self-image in the church. Finally, Chapter Four scrutinises each donor-church-architect nexus for signs of churchmanship; a quality – where present in strength and definable as donor-led – considered strongly indicative of donor-self-image. Donor, church, architect, and churchmanship – key components of the donated church and to assessing in each their interconnections – disclose great diversity. Donor-self-image was indeed present, in its various aspects, in most if not all the churches. Its presence ranged from almost negligible or inconclusive to what amounts to its passionate expression. Archive Note: Research for this project resulted in far more material of relevance to its substance than could be included in the text. The University of Manchester has kindly consented to hold this material, comprising textual and photographic data, as an archive freely accessible on request.

There is growing concern in South Africa, especially amongst the rural landless population, regarding the pace and direction of land reform. Some communities have, for five years, been waiting for a decision from government on their land claim, which understandably creates anger, impatience and despair. Some farmers and current land owners have also expressed concern about the slow pace at which the land restitution claims are being processed, saying it hurts the way they conduct business. White farmers claim that the delay in the finalization of the claims against their farms made it impossible for them to spend money on improving their farms, for fear of not being compensated. Land claims have stalled investment in farming, which threatens agricultural production. Farmers also claimed that banks were refusing to give loans to those under claims. There exists a challenge with respect to the perception of land valuation/prices of agricultural properties and, at the same time, there has been dissatisfaction from the point of view of the Land Claims Commissioner that White farmers are demanding more than the true value of land. To date, there has not been any study to indicate a before-and-after situation of land claims, with post transfer service not properly documented. This research report describes the process of rural land claims in the Limpopo Province of South Africa through a case study of Makotopong Communal Property Association (C.P.A) as outlined in the Land Reform Act. The case study focuses on developmental activities and access to agricultural services such as extension and identification of post-settlement services available to the community. An unstructured questionnaire was used to obtain qualitative data from the committee members of the Makotopong CPA, Community members, RLCC project officers and project officers from Nkuzi Development Trust; a Non-governmental organisation assisting land reform beneficiaries. The main findings of the research depict an inherent uniqueness of rural land claims compared to urban claims. This inherent uniqueness of rural claims contributes towards the slow pace of delivery of the restitution process. The period from lodgement to restoration of land rights is slow, thus leading to the deterioration of land because of the uncertain future of the previous owners. The post-settlement services which amongst others include capacity building, integrated project development, integration of various government departments’, institutional arrangements and skills transfer is seldom in place when the land is eventually settled upon. / Dissertation (MInst Agrar)--University of Pretoria, 2009. / Agricultural Economics, Extension and Rural Development / unrestricted

Urbanization has reduced the population in rural areas while the urban population has increased in Sweden. As a consequence, also the number of distance forest owners increases continuously and today they own one third of Sweden's privately-owned forests. The purpose of this study was to describe the forest owner cooperative Norrskog’s distance forest owners, their perception of Norrskog's current services and their demand for services in the future. Data was collected through a web-based and a postal questionnaire. The results showed that the average age of Norrskog's distance forest owners was 63 years, a large proportion lived in metropolitan areas and a majority had more than 500 km to their forest property. Most of them owned their forest property together with relatives, 67 % were quite or very satisfied with their forest management, although most of them thought they had little knowledge of forest management. According to forest ownership, management of the family's land was valued the highest along with the feeling of ownership. Maximum yield and growth were valued the lowest. It was found that the forest owners in general were satisfied with the services offered by Norrskog. Thinning and precommercial cleaning got the highest average rating values and forest management plan and property valuation got the lowest. Among services for the future, - documentation of implemented silvicultural measures in the forestry plan was the most popular. Among Norrskog's distance forest owners many generational changes will likely occur soon. The new owners may be more interested in new ways of communication and services and therefore Norrskog should broaden its service portfolio to ease distance forest ownership.

Integrated project delivery (IPD) method has recently emerged as an alternative to traditional delivery methods. It has the potential to overcome inefficiencies of traditional delivery methods by enhancing collaboration among project participants. Information and communication technology (ICT) facilitates IPD by effective management, processing and communication of information within and among organizations. While the benefits of IPD, and the role of ICT in realizing them, have been generally acknowledged, the US public construction sector is very slow in adopting IPD. The reasons are - lack of experience and inadequate understanding of IPD in public owner as confirmed by the results of the questionnaire survey conducted under this research study. The public construction sector should be aware of the value of IPD and should know the essentials for effective implementation of IPD principles - especially, they should be cognizant of the opportunities offered by advancements in ICT to realize this. In order to address the need an IPD Readiness Assessment Model (IPD-RAM) was developed in this research study. The model was designed with a goal to determine IPD readiness of a public owner organization considering selected IPD principles, and ICT levels, at which project functions were carried out. Subsequent analysis led to identification of possible improvements in ICTs that have the potential to increase IPD readiness scores. Termed as the gap identification, this process was used to formulate improvement strategies. The model had been applied to six Florida International University (FIU) construction projects (case studies). The results showed that the IPD readiness of the organization was considerably low and several project functions can be improved by using higher and/or advanced level ICT tools and methods. Feedbacks from a focus group comprised of FIU officials and an independent group of experts had been received at various stages of this research and had been utilized during development and implementation of the model. Focus group input was also helpful for validation of the model and its results. It was hoped that the model developed would be useful to construction owner organizations in order to assess their IPD readiness and to identify appropriate ICT improvement strategies.

This thesis researches the land reform in the Czechoslovak Republic in the years 1918 -- 1923. The sence of this thesis was to find out how the land owners lived in the years 1918 - 1923 and how the land reform influenced them. The thesis also researches if the land owners involved themselves in politics and if the politicians influenced the land reform to their interest. The next point of the thesis describes activities of The Union Of Czechoslovak Land Owners - some problems that its' members had to solve. The second part of the thesis contains two cases of executing of the land reform. It is concerned of two large landed estates - Dobříš, owned by Colloredo Mannsfeld and Netolice-Libějice, owned by Schwarzenberg. In these cases the writer researches who was influenced by the land reform on these estates. The conclusion is that the employees of these estates were the most affected by the land reform. The land owners were not so much harmed, because they had other estates in other countries and many other pieces of land. But intervention to their ownership was big. The land reform in the Czechoslovak Republic in the years 1918 - 1923 harmed the people in whose favour was the reform made - small farmers and employees on the large landed estates.

A business owner describes as an individual that identifies new business opportunities and turn them into new business activities. The establishment phase is where the business owner starts the business and see if the business idea works. The business owner also identifies the market and produces products and services during this phase. The establishment phase involves a high risk because it arises unexpected activities that the business owner needs to handle, to be able to survive the phase. Personal attitudes, control and social norms affect an individual's driving force to start a business. A business owner often starts a business to be able to control their own time and also to be able to implement business ideas. Female business owners are often considered leaving their employment because the lack of job satisfaction and therefore choose to start a new business. Something that often affects female business owners experience during the establishment phase is networks, family situations and attitudes from both yourself and society. The purpose of this study is to generate an understanding of how the establishment phase perceives by female business owners in Sweden. This study had used a qualitative method with an inductive approach. Female business owners have been interviewed through unstructured interviews. The material that had been collected during the interviews, resulted in stories by female business owners. Criteria to choose respondents have been created to make sure that the study only includes relevant information for the purpose and research question. It was required that the respondents were a female business owner in Sweden. It was also required that they have survived the establishment phase and founder of the business in which they operate. The business owners’ stories, resulted in information that it is important to be energetic and actionable as a business owner and also believe in the business idea. The establishment phase involves a high risk, but the respondents think that it is important to dare to take a risk to be able to reach success. The respondents also think that a good self-esteem and a good self-awareness are two important characteristics to become a successful business owner. The respondents did perceive experiences during the establishment phase, similar but also different. One of the business owners described the establishment phase divided into two different periods. The first period of the establishment phase was perceived as fun and exciting. The second period consisted of doubts about the own ability and also a worse self-esteem. The respondents did also explain financial uncertainty as an experienced because of that the business income is not certain during the establishment phase. Networking was a positive experience because it has been giving the business owners good relationships, new ideas and also a marketing tool. It has also resulted in new potential employees, business partners and customers. The female business owners described that the feeling of security has made the establishment phase easier and therefore they describe this feeling as important. Keywords: female business owners, experiences, the establishment phase and Sweden. / En företagare beskrivs som en individ, som identifierar nya affärsmöjligheter och därefter utvecklar dessa till nya affärsdrivande verksamheter. Etableringsfasen är den fas där företagaren sätter igång verksamheten och prövar affärsidéen. Under denna fas skapas även produkter och tjänster samt att marknader identifieras. Etableringsfasen förknippas ofta med hög risk, då det uppkommer oväntade händelser som företagaren behöver hantera, för att kunna överleva etableringsfasen. Personliga attityder, kontroll och samhälleliga normer påverkar en individs drivkraft till att starta en verksamhet. En företagare startar ofta en verksamhet för att kunna styra sin tid mer, men också för att kunna förverkliga företagsidéer. Kvinnliga företagare anses ofta lämna deras anställningar på grund av bristande arbetstillfredsställelse och väljer därför att etablera en ny verksamhet. Nätverk, familjesituationer samt egna och omgivningens attityder, är ofta något som påverkar kvinnliga företagares upplevelser under etableringsfasen. Denna studie syftar till att generera förståelse för hur etableringsfasen upplevs av kvinnliga företagare i Sverige. Utifrån en kvalitativ metod och en induktiv ansats, har kvinnliga företagare intervjuats via ostrukturerade intervjuer. Materialet som samlades in under intervjuerna har varit utgångspunkten för denna studie och resulterat i kvinnliga företagares berättelser. För att kunna säkerställa att studien erhåller relevant material för att besvara studiens forskningsfråga och syfte, har urvalskriterier skapats. Det krävdes att respondenterna skulle vara kvinnliga företagare i Sverige samt överlevt etableringsfasen och grundat verksamheten som de är verksamma i. Via företagarnas berättelser framkom det att respondenterna ansåg att det är viktigt att ha ett driv, vara handlingskraftig samt tro på sin affärsidéidé. Etableringsfasen är en riskfylld fas, men respondenterna anser ändå att det är viktigt att våga ta en risk för att lyckas. En god självkänsla och en god självkännedom, anser respondenterna som två viktiga egenskaper för att kunna bli en framgångsrik företagare. Respondenterna delade uppfattning om många upplevelser under etableringsfasen, men det fanns också upplevelser som skiljer sig mellan respondenterna. En av de kvinnliga företagarna beskrev att etableringsfasen var uppdelad i två olika perioder. Den första perioden av etableringsfasen upplevdes rolig och spännande. Upplevelserna under den andra perioden utav etableringsfasen ansågs bestå utav mer tvivel på den egna förmågan samt en sämre självkänsla. Respondenterna delgav också upplevelser såsom finansiell osäkerhet, då företagets intäkter i etableringsfasen inte var helt säkrade. Nätverkande var en positiv upplevelse under etableringsfasen, eftersom det bidrog till goda relationer, nya idéer samt ett marknadsföringsverktyg. Nätverkandet bidrog också till relationsskapande med nya potentiella anställda, affärspartners och kunder. De kvinnliga företagarna beskriver att känslan av trygghet har underlättat etableringsfasen och det är en känsla som de beskriver har varit viktig. Nyckelord: ​kvinnliga företagare, upplevelser, etableringsfasen och Sverige.

This thesis focuses on the analysis of a small housing cooperative and owners associations. First part is about housing cooperatives , there are described the general aspects of their founding, management and display of selected financial operations. Subsequently, these aspects are compared with the owners associations and the differences between them are illustrated . The practical part is focused on the analysis of specific housing cooperative.

In 1824 a young Virginia aristocrat named Richard Thompson Archer migrated to Mississippi. Joining in the boom years of expansion in the Magnolia State in the 1830s, Archer built a vast cotton empire. He and his wife, Ann Barnes, raised a large family at Anchuca, their home plantation in Claiborne County, Mississippi. From there Richard Archer ruled a domain that included more than 500 slaves and 13,000 acres of land. On the eve of the Civil War he was one of the wealthiest men in the South. This work examines the life of Richard Archer from his origins in Amelia County, Virginia, to his death in Mississippi in 1867. It takes as its thesis the theme of Archer's life: his burdens as proprietor of a vast cotton empire and as father figure and provider for a large extended family. This theme weaves together the strands of Archer's life, including his rise to the position of great planter, his duties as husband and father, and his political beliefs and activities. Archer's story is told against the background of the history of Mississippi and of the South, from their antebellum heyday, through the Civil War, and into the early years of Reconstruction. Archer was an aristocrat but also a businessman, a paternalist but also a capitalist. He enjoyed his immense wealth and the power of his position, but he maintained a heavy sense of the responsibilities that accompanied that wealth and power. Archer pursued his business and his family interests with unyielding tenacity. To provide for the well- being and security of his large extended family and of his slaves was his life's mission. Although the Civil War destroyed much of Archer's empire and left him in a much reduced financial state, his family survived the war and Reconstruction with several of their plantations intact and with their social position preserved.

The COVID-19 pandemic has had a major impact on Swedish business owners. Based on conservation of resources theory, it was predicted that two stressors (perceived uncertainty and financial prognosis) and one resource (eudaimonic well-being) are predictors of personal and financial success of business owners during the COVID-19 pandemic. Moreover, moderation effects of eudaimonic well-being on uncertainty and financial prognosis on both success aspects were hypothesized. Data from 210 Swedish business owners were collected during May-June 2020 (Time 1), of these 67 participated a second time in February 2021 (Time 2). Using hierarchical multiple regression analyses over different time periods, results revealed that uncertainty and financial prognosis were negatively associated with personal and financial success. The hypothesized moderation effects of eudaimonic well-being were not significant. Results were relatively stable for the different time periods and longitudinal associations were found.

Even the best developed policies can and do fail, without attaining their desired outcomes. Many countries have developed small business policies directed at supporting and creating a favourable environment for cultivating small business and entrepreneurship. Policies specifically aimed at entrepreneurship are less prominent but also growing (Lundström & Stevenson, 2005:53; United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD), 2012:1). The existence of entrepreneurship policies in developing nations continues to be rare, despite the belief that entrepreneurship can spur economic growth and employment. The literature review introduced various important elements within the field of small business and entrepreneurship and, specifically, in the policy domain. The context of policy monitoring and evaluation was also addressed. Furthermore, the literature revealed clear differences between small business and entrepreneurial ventures which were not genuinely considered when small business support was initiated in South Africa with the introduction of the National Small Business Act (No. 102 of 1996) as amended. Only a small business was defined by the Department of Trade and Industry (dti) and not an entrepreneurial venture (dti, 2003:8). At present, both start-up and established businesses are operating in South Africa with the possibility of either growing into a small business or entrepreneurial venture. The main purpose of this study is to evaluate the national small business policy of South Africa and to determine its shortcomings. An entrepreneurship policy was identified as a possible alternative to address the gaps left by the small business policy. A content analysis of entrepreneurship and small business policies highlighted that the main differences between these two policies are the focus on individuals versus business ventures; pre-start-up versus post-start-up support; and a broad versus narrow definition of which institutional structures constitute the support environment. In this research, constructs drawn from the literature study were used to formulate the conceptual framework, research questions and hypotheses. Quantifiable data were obtained from three groups of respondents – namely, start-up business owners, established business owners and government officials involved in small business development and entrepreneurship. The sample consisted of 23 government officials and 340 start-up and established business owners from five metropolitan municipalities in the Gauteng, KwaZulu-Natal and Western Cape provinces of South Africa. The empirical research was undertaken between 01 November 2011 and 30 April 2012. The One-Way ANOVA Test, Kruskal-Wallis One-Way ANOVA Test, Friedman Two-Way ANOVA Test, Mann-Whitney U Test and Chi-square Test were executed to present the statistical significant differences between the three groups of respondents. The statistical tests were also executed to illustrate the statistical significant differences within the different groups as well as within different metropolitan municipalities in selected provinces. Pearson’s correlation coefficient was conducted to determine whether there was a significant relationship between the different small business policy evaluation factors and the needs factors of business owners. The findings of this empirical study prove that the small business policy does not address the needs of both start-up and established business owners which may support their development into small business and entrepreneurial ventures. Even though there is a mismatch between the supply and demand of support services, this study did not find evidence to support the need for an entrepreneurship policy in South Africa to supplement the existing small business policy. Businesses will continue to operate irrespective of an additional policy. The results of the study can be utilised by government to formulate and design adequate policies that focus on the specific needs of start-up and established business owners. The contribution of this study to the body of knowledge, and the possible limitations of the study, are discussed. Areas of future research are outlined and various recommendations are made to guide current and prospective small business and entrepreneurship policy makers regarding the choice of policy instruments, monitoring and evaluation. In conclusion, this study demonstrates the importance and value of policies to business owners and entrepreneurs that can effectively assist business venture survival, growth and success. / Thesis (DCom)--University of Pretoria, 2014. / tm2015 / Business Management / DCom / Unrestricted