Background: A significant portion of lactating women in less developed countries have vitamin A (VA) deficiency. Lactation has substantial effects on a mother’s metabolism and VA is known to be needed in multiple biological processes, including growth, vision, immunity, and reproduction. Objective: The objective of this pilot study was to utilize metabolomics profiling to conduct a broad, exploratory assessment of differences in plasma metabolites associated with low VA status versus adequacy in lactating women. Methods: Plasma samples from lactating women who participated in a survey in Samar, Philippines, were selected from a cross-sectional study based on plasma retinol concentrations indicating low (VA-; n=5) or adequate (VA+; n=5) VA status (plasma retinol <0.7 or >1.05 µmol/L). The plasma results collected from six metabolomics assays (oxylipins, endocannabinoids, bile acids, primary metabolomics, aminomics, and lipidomics) were compared by group, using liquid chromatography mass spectrometry. Results: Twenty-eight metabolites were significantly different in the VA- versus VA+ status, with 24 being lipid mediators (p<0.05). The lipid mediators demonstrated lower concentrations of the arachidonic acid- and eicosapentaenoic acid-derived oxylipins, as well as lysophospholipids and sphingolipids, in the VA- group (p<0.05). Chemical similarity enrichment analysis identified HETEs, HEPEs, and DiHETEs as significantly different oxylipin clusters (p<0.0001, false discovery rate (FDR) p<0.0001), as well as sphingomyelins, saturated lysophosphatidylcholines, phosphatidylcholines, and phosphatidylethanolamines (p<0.001, FDR p<0.01). Conclusions: The multi-assay nutritional metabolomics profiling of low VA status compared with adequacy in lactating women demonstrated reduced lipid mediator concentrations. Future studies with stronger study designs and a large and more diverse population are needed to validate these preliminary results.

Classically, endogenous fatty acid ethanolamides and their derivatives that bind to the cannabinoid receptors and trigger a signalling pathway are referred to as endocannabinoids. Although derivatives of arachidonic acid, including arachidonylethanolamine or anandamide, are the known endogenous ligands for cannabinoid receptors, other fatty acid ethanolamides or N-acylethanolamines (NAE) that vary in carbon chain length and saturation occur ubiquitously in eukaryotic organisms and play an important role in their physiology and development. The metabolic pathway for NAEs is highly conserved among eukaryotes and well characterised in mammalian systems. Although NAE pathway is only partly elucidated in plants, significant progress has been made in the past 20 years in understanding the implications of the metabolism of saturated and unsaturated endocannabinoid-like molecules in plant development and growth. The latest advancements in the field of plant endocannabinoid research are reviewed. Key Concepts Endocannabinoids are endogenous ligands of cannabinoid receptors in mammalian systems. Endocannabinoids belong to a class of small bioactive lipid molecules that are derivatives of fatty acids including their ethanolamides, referred to as N-acylethanolamines. N-Acylethanolamines are ubiquitous and their metabolic pathway is highly conserved among eukaryotes. In higher plants, only 12–18C N-acylethanolamines have been identified and their metabolic pathway is partly elucidated. The endocannabinoid-like lipids play an important role in seed germination, seedling development, flowering and cellular organisation. In plants, N-acylethanolamines also participate in mediating responses to biotic and abiotic stress.

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No. of bitstreams: 2 Tese INGRITT CAROLINE MOREIRA.pdf: 2137024 bytes, checksum: 63efdff4c7afd9eeb4db6d7a1a0af110 (MD5) Carta Comprovante Versão Final Tese Ingritt.jpg: 150492 bytes, checksum: 9562c1ad3497c4bc78d70963e45afa55 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018-08-24 / Outra / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq) / Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP) / This research focuses on the oxylipins with eighteen carbons, compound derived of polyunsaturated fatty acids, produced by twenty-two species of freshwater algae, one cyanobacteria and three species of plants, with emphasis on green microalgae from the Chlorophyta and Charophyta phylum, and also species of the Selenastraceae family (Chlorophyta, Chlorophyceae, Sphaeropleales). The aim was detected, identified and quantified oxylipins derived from linoleic and linolenic acids produced by microorganisms using High-Performance Liquid Chromatography coupled tandem Mass Spectrometry technique. It was used microalgae from the Culture Collection of Freshwater Microalgae (CCMA-UFSCar), species already classified by classic and / or molecular taxonomy, as well as the species of plants for comparative purposes. For the experiments, the material came from the end of stationary phase. Once the compounds were identified by these techniques, it was tested the possibility of using profiles as diacritical characteristics in a chemotaxonomic approach for formation of hierarchical clusters. The pharmacological potential of these compounds was discussed since they present antibiotic and anti-inflammatory activities. Other possible commercial applications were approached since microalgae revealed their potential value as natural sources of hydroxy fatty acids. No oxylipin was exclusively observed to determinated organism that could represents as species indicator. This condition limits the use of oxylipins derived from C18 PUFAs in the taxonomy of the Selenastraceae family, but even so, these compounds provide complementary information for organisms that may be useful in their identification. There was universality regarding the presence of oxylipins analysed in all the taxonomic groups studied. The strains belonging to Chlorophyta division showed the highest total concentrations of oxylipins. Charophyta algae have a concentration of oxylipins dozens of times lower than Chlorophyta, and similar to concentrations found in plants, which may be related to the evolutionary proximity among plants and Charophyta. / Esta pesquisa tem como foco oxilipinas com dezoito carbonos, substâncias derivadas de ácidos graxos poli-insaturados, produzidas por vinte e duas cepas de algas de água doce, uma cianobactéria e três espécies de plantas, com ênfase em microalgas verdes das divisões Chlorophyta e Charophyta, e também em espécies da família Selenastraceae (Chlorophyta, Chlorophyceae, Sphaeropleales). O objetivo principal foi detectar, identificar e quantificar as oxilipinas derivadas de ácidos linoléico e linolênico produzidas por esses organismos utilizando-se de técnicas de cromatografia líquida acoplada à espectrometria de massas. Utilizou-se cepas de microalgas da coleção de culturas do Laboratório de Ficologia da UFSCar, espécies já classificadas através da taxonomia clássica e/ou molecular, como também espécies de plantas para fins comparativos. Para os experimentos, a biomassa algal foi proveniente do final da fase estacionária. Uma vez identificados estes compostos pelas técnicas acima, testou-se a possibilidade de se utilizar estes perfis como características diacríticas em uma abordagem quimiotaxonômica para a formação de clusters hierárquicos. Também foi discutido o potencial farmacológico destes compostos por apresentarem atividades antibióticas e anti-inflamatórias. Outras possíveis aplicações comerciais também foram abordadas uma vez que as microalgas revelaram seu potencial valor como reservas naturais de hidroxi-ácidos. Não foi observada qualquer oxilipina exclusiva para determinado organismo que pudesse servir como um indicador de espécie. Esta condição limita a utilização de oxilipinas derivadas de PUFAs C18 na taxonomia da família Selenastraceae. Porém, mesmo assim, a quantidade e proporções das oxilipinas nos diversos perfis permitem que estes compostos forneçam informações complementares sobre os organismos que podem ser uteis na sua identificação. Houve universalidade quanto à presença das oxilipinas analisadas em todos os grupos taxonômicos estudados. As cepas pertencentes à divisão Chlorophyta apresentaram as maiores concentrações totais de oxilipinas. As algas Charophyta apresentaram concentrações de oxilipinas dezenas de vezes menor que Chlorophyta e semelhantes às concentrações encontradas em plantas, fato que pode estar relacionado à proximidade evolutiva entre plantas e Charophyta. / CNPQ: 141267/2014-3 / FAPESP: 2011/50054-4

Ibourahema COULIBALY (2010). Contribution à létude de la résistance au séchage des bactéries lactiques (thèse de doctorat en français) ; Université de Liège, Gembloux Agro-Bio Tech, (Belgique), 260 p., 22 tableaux, 39 figures. Résumé Lutilisation de souches lactiques, à léchelle industrielle, nécessite une sélection sur base des propriétés technologiques, physiologiques et biochimiques, ainsi que la mise en oeuvre de procédés biotechnologiques bien maîtrisés pour leur production et leur conservation. A cet effet, le séchage est une étape importante. Sous forme sèche, le produit est plus facilement manipulable. Cependant au cours du séchage, les microorganismes subissent un stress thermique et/ou osmotique qui se traduit par une perte de viabilité pendant le stockage. Lutilisation dagents protecteurs au cours du stockage a permis dobtenir une bonne viabilité. En effet, les bactéries sont soumises pendant la lyophilisation et au cours du stockage à une mortalité liée en grande partie à loxydation des acides gras membranaires. Lanalyse de ces acides au cours des différents procédés de fabrication et de stockage permet de noter la présence des hydroperoxydes. Cette oxydation est engendrée par laction de loxygène sur les acides gras polyinsaturés principalement lacide linoléique (C18:2) et linolénique (C18:3) ce qui engendre la formation des hydroperoxydes : acide hydroperoxyoctadecadienoique (HPOD) et acide hydroperoxyoctadecatrienoique (HPOT) méthylés ou non en position 13- et 9-. Une analyse des composés secondaires émanant des poudres de bactéries lactiques indique la présence de composés volatils. Parmi ceux-ci, apparaissent des molécules volatiles (principalement des aldéhydes), qui modifient la flaveur dorigine des corps gras. Les études menées au niveau des constituants phospholipidiques de la membrane montrent un lien entre le degré doxydation et la mortalité cellulaire au cours du stockage. Les différents phospholipides déterminés au nombre de sept (7) subissent tous cette oxydation à des degrés divers. Lutilisation dantioxydant au cours du stockage permet dinhiber les phénomènes de peroxydation des lipides et permet également de maintenir la valeur nutritionnelle (teneur en AGPI, réduction des dérivés peroxydés nocifs) du produit. Ibourahema COULIBALY (2010). Contribution to the study of resistance of lactic acid bacteria subject to drying. (Dissertation in French) ; University of Liège, Gembloux Agro- Bio Tech , (Belgium), p. 260 p., 22 tables, 39 figures. Summary The use of lactic strains in industrial scale requires selection on the basis of technological, physiological and biochemical properties, as the implementation of biotechnological processes under control for their production and conservation. At this effect drying process is an important step. In dry form, the product is more easily manipulated. However during the drying process, microorganisms undergo heat stress and/or osmotic resulting in a loss of viability during storage. The use of protective agents during storage has resulted in a good viability. In fact, the bacteria are subjected during lyophilization and during storage to a mortality largely oxidation the membrane fatty acids. The analysis of these acids during the process helps to note the presence of hydroperoxydes which are the cause of this mortality. This oxidation is caused by the action of oxygen on polyunsaturated acids linoleic acid (C18:2) and linolenic (C18:3) mostly, causing the formation of hydroperoxydes: hydroperoxyoctadecadienoic acid (HPOD) and hydroperoxyoctadeca-trienoic acid (HPOT) at position 13 - and 9 - methyl or not. An analysis of secondary compounds from the powders indicates the presence of birds. These products appear volatile compounds (mainly aldehydes), hydrocarbons, alcohols, acids etc., which altered the original flavour of fat. Studies in phospholipids constituents of the membrane show a link between the degree of oxidation and cell death during storage. The various phospholipids determined, seven (7) are all undergo this oxidation to various degrees. The use of antioxidants during storage can inhibit the process of lipid peroxydation and helps also to maintain the nutritional value (PUFA content, reduction of harmful peroxide-derived) product.

Sous l'effet du stress oxydatif, la production des espèces réactives de l'oxygène (ERO) est accrue. Les ERO peuvent réagir avec différentes molécules biologiques dont les acides gras polyinsaturés libres ou provenant des lipides membranaires engendrant la formation d'hydroperoxydes d'acides gras. Dans le chloroplaste, ces molécules sont sujettes à de nombreuses modifications enzymatiques ou chimiques aboutissant à la formation d'oxylipines. Les oxylipines participent à la signalisation cellulaire (précurseurs de la voie du jasmonate par exemple), à la défense de la plante (activité antimicrobienne par exemple). Certaines de ces molécules très réactives et toxiques doivent être métabolisées en des produits moins réactifs, par des réactions d'oxydoréduction par exemple.La ceQORH (chloroplast envelope Quinone OxydoReductase Homolog) et IEP32 (Inner Envelope Protein 32) d'Arabidopsis thaliana sont des oxydoréductases chloroplastiques impliquées dans la détoxification de la plante. Elles sont transportées au travers de l'enveloppe du chloroplaste sans clivage de leur peptide de transit par une voie d'import alternative à la voie TOC/TIC (Translocon at the Outer envelope membrane of Chloroplasts et Translocon at the Inner envelope membrane of Chloroplasts). Ces particularités ont fait de la ceQORH et d'IEP32 des enzymes intéressantes à étudier.IEP32 a été purifiée et cristallisée. Les structures de la ceQORH sous forme apo, liée au NADPH et liée au NADP+ et à des inhibiteurs ont été déterminées en utilisant la cristallographie aux rayons X. Leur analyse a permis de mettre en évidence que la ceQORH existe sous différents états oligomériques dans les conditions expérimentales utilisées. Ces observations ont été confirmées par des expériences d'ultracentrifugation analytique. La ceQORH est une enzyme monomérique qui lie le NADPH par l'intermédiaire de son domaine de Rossmann . Le site catalytique, large et hydrophobe, permet à la ceQORH d'accommoder et de réduire un grand nombre de substrat dont le motif commun est la présence d'une fonction alcène en α, β d'un groupement carbonyle. Les constantes d'efficacité et d'affinité étant meilleures pour les γ-kétols que pour les quinones, nous proposons que la ceQORH soit renommée « γ-kétol réductase ».Mots clefs : chloroplaste - Medium chain dehydrogenase/reductase - γ-kétol réductase - oxylipines - oligomérisation - inhibition - cristallographie aux rayons X - ultracentrifugation analytique / Under the influence of the oxidative stress, the production of the Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) is increased. These compounds can react with various biological molecules like free polyunsaturated fatty acids or derived from lipids producting hydroperoxides of fatty acids. In chloroplast, these molecules are subject to numerous enzymatic or chemical modifications resulting in oxylipins. Oxylipins participate in cell signaling (precursors of the way of the jasmonate for example), or in the defense of the plant (antimicrobial activity). However some of them are very reactive and toxic so they are metabolized in less reactive molecules by oxidoreduction reactions.The ceQORH (chloroplast envelope Quinone OxydoReductase Homolog) and IEP32 (Inner Envelope Protein 32) of Arabidopsis thaliana are chloroplast oxidoreductases involved in the plant detoxification. They are transported through the envelope of the chloroplast without cleavage of their transit peptide by an alternative import pathway of TOC/TIC (Translocon at the Outer envelope membrane of Chloroplasts and Translocon at the Inner envelope membrane of Chloroplasts). In order to better understand their roles, we studied their enzymatic properties and structures.IEP32 was purified and crystallized. The structures apo-ceQORH and bound to the NADPH/ NADP + with inhibitors were determined using X-ray crystallography. The analysis allowed us to show that ceQORH exists under different oligomerization states what was confirmed by results of analytical ultracentrifugation. The NADPH binding to the Rossmann fold induces the monomerization. The catalytic site is large and hydrophobic allowing to ceQORH to reduce many α, β-unsaturated carbonyls of various chain lengths. CeQORH was shown to reduce with high efficiency the reactive double bond of γ-ketols that's why we propose to rename ceQORH by “γ- ketol reductase”.Keywords: chloroplast – Medium chain dehydrogenase/reductase – γ-ketol reductase – oxylipins – oligomerization state – inhibition – X-ray crystallography – analytical ultracentrifugation

Im Rahmen der vorliegenden Dissertation wurden Enzyme des Oxylipinstoffwechsels in P. patens funktionell und strukturell charakterisiert. Dafür wurden die bifunktionelle PpLOX1 und zwei AOCs (PpAOC1 und PpAOC2) ausgewählt. Mittels verschiedener biochemischer, bioinformatischer und biophysikalischer Methoden wurden diese Enzyme bezüglich Funktion, Aktivität und Struktur charakterisiert. Desweiteren wurden nach erfolgreicher Kristallisation von PpAOC1 und PpAOC2 die hochaufgelösten Röntgenkristallstrukturen beider Enzyme im Grundzustand sowie im Komplex mit Substratanalogen gelöst. Für PpAOC2 wurden dabei zwei verschiedene Bindemodi des Liganden beobachtet. Der Einfluß der Aminosäurereste Arg-345, Arg-638 und Tyr-851 auf den Reaktionsmechanismus von PpLOX1 wurde durch zielgerichtete Mutagenese und nachfolgende Analyse der Produktbildung durch die erhaltenen Varianten untersucht. Es wurden keine signifikanten Unterschiede bei der Umsetzung verschiedener Fettsäuren durch das Ausgangsenzym oder die Varianten R345L bzw. R638L gefunden. Dagegen zeigte die Doppelvariante R345L/R638L eine stark verringerte Menge an gebildeten Produkten. Demnach scheint zumindest das Vorliegen einer dieser beiden positiv geladenen Reste wichtig für die Umsetzung der Substrate zu sein. Möglicherweise wird die negativ geladene Carboxylatgruppe der jeweiligen Fettsäure durch elektrostatische Wechselwirkungen über Arg-345 oder Arg-638 gebunden. Die Variante Y851I bildete geringere Mengen von 12-ODTE, Keto-Fettsäuren und auch weniger Produkt als das Ausgangsenzym. Demnach scheint auch dieser Rest an der Katalyse beteiligt zu sein. Da aber für die Variante Y851F sogar ein erhöhter Anteil an 12-ODTE gefunden wurde, scheint der voluminöse und hydrophobe aromatische Ring, und nicht die Hydroxyl-Gruppe des Tyrosin, wichtig zu sein. Die gereinigten Enzyme PpAOC1 und PpAOC2 wurden für Aktivitätstest mit verschiedenen C20-Fettsäure-Hydroperoxiden verwendet. Beide Enzyme zeigten Aktivität gegenüber den 15-Hydroperoxiden von EPA und ETA, jedoch nicht von AA. Darüber hinaus besitzt PpAOC2, aber nicht PpAOC1, Aktivität für die 12-Hydroperoxide welche sich von AA, EPA und DGLA ableiten. Es wurden zusätzlich zu 11-OPTA bislang nicht beschriebene zyklische Verbindungen gebildet, deren chemische Struktur durch Fragmentierung mittels ESI-MS/MS aufgeklärt wurde. In den vorliegenden Studien zu PpAOC1 und PpAOC2 wurde das Glutamat an Position 18 jeweils durch Glutamin oder Aspartat ausgetauscht. Es wurde gezeigt, dass der konservierte Glutamatrest und seine negative Carboxylatgruppe in beiden Enzymen essenziell für die Katalyse ist. Dagegen wurde für die Variante R22L lediglich ein Einfluß auf die Aktivität in PpAOC2 gefunden. Im aktiven Zentrum von PpAOC1 werden zwei Wassermoleküle von vier Aminosäureresten koordiniert, während in PpAOC2 ein Wassermolekül von zwei Aminosäureresten gebunden ist. Inwiefern diese Wassermoleküle an der Katalyse beteiligt sind, konnte bisher nicht eindeutig geklärt werden.

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La défense pré-invasive ou stomatique est un mécanisme qui consiste en la fermeture des pores stomatiques présents sur les organes aériens des plantes lorsque celles-ci sont en contact avec certains agents pathogènes. Cette fermeture empêche ces derniers de pénétrer dans l’hôte et de le coloniser. Ce mécanisme s’active chez Arabidopsis inoculée par la bactérie Pseudomonas syringae pv tomato (Pst) DC3000. Des travaux préliminaires de notre groupe avaient montré que la carbonylation de protéines cibles par des espèces réactives électrophiles (EREs) représentait une étape cruciale de la signalisation cellulaire nécessaire à la mise en place de cette défense. Par des approches de marquage ciblé et de purifications couplées à des identifications par spectrométrie de masse en tandem (nanoLC-MS/MS), nous avons pu caractériser une sérine-thréonine protéine kinase qui joue un rôle déterminant dans ce mécanisme de défense. En effet, des plantes mutées sur le gène codant cette protéine ont perdu la capacité à induire la fermeture de leurs stomates et à déployer la défense stomatique vis-à-vis de la bactérie. De plus, l’introduction de la chimie click (cycloaddition alcyne-azide catalysée par le cuivre), dans nos approches de marquage, nous a permis d’identifier un ensemble de protéines très probablement carbonylées et susceptibles de jouer un rôle crucial dans ces évènements cellulaires qui contribuent à une part de l’immunité végétale. Enfin, les EREs étant capables d’induire la fermeture des stomates, nous avons cherché à savoir, dans le cadre de l’établissement d’une preuve de concept, si leur application sur des plantes permettrait la protection de ces dernières contre Pst. / Pre-invasive or stomatal defense is a mechanism which consists of closing the stomata present at surface of aerial organs of plants when they are in contact with certain pathogens. This closure prevents them from entering and colonizing the host. This mechanism is activated in Arabidopsis inoculated by the bacterium Pseudomonas syringae pv tomato (Pst) DC3000. Preliminary work by our group had shown that carbonylation of target proteins by reactive electrophile species (RES) was a crucial step of the cell signaling required to set up this defense. Through targeted tagging and purifications approaches coupled with tandem mass spectrometry identifications (nanoLC-MS/MS), we have been able to characterize a serine-threonine protein kinase that plays a crucial role in this defense mechanism. Indeed, plants mutated on the gene encoding this protein have lost their ability to trigger stomatal closure and to deploy the stomatal defense against the bacteria. In addition, the use of the click chemistry and notably, the copper-catalyzed alkyne-azide cycloaddition, in our tagging approaches has enabled us to identify a set of proteins that are most likely carbonylated and likely to play a significant role in these cell events that contribute to part of plant immunity. Finally, since RES are able to induce stomatal closure we sought to find out, in the context of establishing a proof-of-concept, whether their application to plants would enable them to be protected against the Pst.