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Showing 141 to 147 of 147 (0.028 seconds)Spelling suggestions: "subject:"121���¹"" "subject:"221���¹""
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Inducing Cellular Senescence in CancerRestall, Ian J. 22 January 2013 (has links)
Cellular senescence is a permanent cell cycle arrest that is induced as a response to cellular stress. Replicative senescence is a well-described mechanism that limits the replicative capacity of cells and must be overcome by cancer cells. Oncogene-induced senescence (OIS) is a form of premature senescence and a potent tumor suppressor mechanism. OIS is induced in normal cells as a result of deregulated oncogene or tumor suppressor gene expression. An exciting area of research is the identification of novel targets that induce senescence in cancer cells as a therapeutic approach. In this study, a novel mechanism is described where the inhibition of Hsp90 in small cell lung cancer (SCLC) cells induced premature senescence rather than cell death. The senescence induced following Hsp90 inhibition was p21-dependent and the loss of p21 allowed SCLC cells to bypass the induction of senescence. Additionally, we identified a novel mechanism where the depletion of PKCι induced senescence in glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) cells. PKCι depletion-induced senescence did not activate the DNA-damage response pathway and was p21-dependent. Further perturbations of mitosis, using an aurora kinase inhibitor, increased the number of senescent cells when combined with PKCι depletion. This suggests that PKCι depletion-induced senescence involves defects in mitotic progression. Senescent glioblastoma cells at a basal level of senescence in culture, induced by p21 overexpression, and induced after PKCι depletion had aberrant centrosomes. Mitotic slippage is an early exit from mitosis without cell division that occurs when the spindle assembly checkpoint (SAC) is not satisfied. Senescent glioblastoma cells had multiple markers of mitotic slippage. Therefore, PKCι depletion-induced senescence involves mitotic slippage and results in aberrant centrosomes. A U87MG cell line with a doxycycline-inducible shRNA targeting PKCι was developed to deplete PKCι in established xenografts. PKCι was depleted in established glioblastoma xenografts in mice and resulted in decreased cell proliferation, delayed tumor growth and improved survival. This study has demonstrated that both Hsp90 and PKCι are novel targets to induce senescence in cancer cells as a potential therapeutic approach.
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| 142 |
Inducing Cellular Senescence in CancerRestall, Ian J. 22 January 2013 (has links)
Cellular senescence is a permanent cell cycle arrest that is induced as a response to cellular stress. Replicative senescence is a well-described mechanism that limits the replicative capacity of cells and must be overcome by cancer cells. Oncogene-induced senescence (OIS) is a form of premature senescence and a potent tumor suppressor mechanism. OIS is induced in normal cells as a result of deregulated oncogene or tumor suppressor gene expression. An exciting area of research is the identification of novel targets that induce senescence in cancer cells as a therapeutic approach. In this study, a novel mechanism is described where the inhibition of Hsp90 in small cell lung cancer (SCLC) cells induced premature senescence rather than cell death. The senescence induced following Hsp90 inhibition was p21-dependent and the loss of p21 allowed SCLC cells to bypass the induction of senescence. Additionally, we identified a novel mechanism where the depletion of PKCι induced senescence in glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) cells. PKCι depletion-induced senescence did not activate the DNA-damage response pathway and was p21-dependent. Further perturbations of mitosis, using an aurora kinase inhibitor, increased the number of senescent cells when combined with PKCι depletion. This suggests that PKCι depletion-induced senescence involves defects in mitotic progression. Senescent glioblastoma cells at a basal level of senescence in culture, induced by p21 overexpression, and induced after PKCι depletion had aberrant centrosomes. Mitotic slippage is an early exit from mitosis without cell division that occurs when the spindle assembly checkpoint (SAC) is not satisfied. Senescent glioblastoma cells had multiple markers of mitotic slippage. Therefore, PKCι depletion-induced senescence involves mitotic slippage and results in aberrant centrosomes. A U87MG cell line with a doxycycline-inducible shRNA targeting PKCι was developed to deplete PKCι in established xenografts. PKCι was depleted in established glioblastoma xenografts in mice and resulted in decreased cell proliferation, delayed tumor growth and improved survival. This study has demonstrated that both Hsp90 and PKCι are novel targets to induce senescence in cancer cells as a potential therapeutic approach.
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| 143 |
Identification et caractérisation de nouveaux médiateurs de l'activité biologique de la protéine suppresseur de tumeur p53Doumont, Gilles 13 September 2005 (has links)
Le suppresseur de tumeur p53 permet à la cellule de se défendre contre différentes formes de stress. Il joue un rôle de barrière s'opposant à la tumorigenèse: en effet la perte de p53 chez la souris prédispose grandement ces animaux à développer des tumeurs; de même le locus p53 est inactivé dans près de 50% des tumeurs humaines.<p>p53 constitue un facteur de transcription qui se lie à des séquences particulières de l'ADN et active l'expression des gènes adjacents. L'expression orchestrée de ces gènes conduit, directement ou indirectement et suivant le contexte cellulaire, soit à la mort de la cellule soit à l'inhibition de la division cellulaire.<p>Les mécanismes moléculaires médiant ces deux activités biologiques essentielles de p53, de même que les mécanismes influençant le choix de la réponse cellulaire, sont encore mal compris. L'importance de p53 dans ce choix reste également à démontrer.<p>Afin de contribuer à la compréhension de ces mécanismes, le modèle murin déficient pour Mdm4, un régulateur négatif de l'activité de p53, a été choisi. L'inactivation de Mdm4 chez la souris conduit en effet à l'activation ectopique de p53 in vivo et l'induction de deux types de réponse: apoptose dans le neuroépithélium et arrêt de la prolifération cellulaire dans les tissus non neuronaux. Le profil d'expression des gènes dans les tissus neuronaux et non neuronaux a donc été comparé entre embryons de souris sauvage et mdm4-/- par la technique d'hybridation de biopuces à ADN. Les résultats obtenus suggèrent que le type de réponse dépend du type cellulaire et non de p53 lui-même. En effet les profils d'expression des gènes dans les tissus neuronaux (conditions d'apoptose) et non neuronaux (conditions d'arrêt de la prolifération cellulaire) chez l'embryon de souris mdm4-/- sont comparables.<p><p>Nous nous sommes ensuite particulièrement intéressés à deux nouveaux gènes dont l'expression est augmentée dans les embryons mdm4-/-. Dans un premier temps, leur induction transcriptionnelle chez l'embryon de souris mdm4-/- a été confirmée par différentes techniques et il a été vérifié qu'ils constituaient tous deux des cibles directes de p53 induites suite à un stress génotoxique.<p>Le premier gène code Dapk1, une protéine suppresseur de tumeur pro-apoptotique présentant une activité de type sérine/thréonine kinase. Ce travail a permis d'établir que Dapk1 participait à une boucle de rétroaction du contrôle de l'activité de p53.<p>Le deuxième gène identifié code la protéine Ptprv, un récepteur transmembranaire présentant une activité de type tyrosine phosphatase. En vue d'étudier la signification physiologique de l'induction transcriptionnelle de ptprv suite à l'activation de p53, des expériences effectuées à partir de matériel biologique issu de souris déficientes pour Ptprv ont été réalisées. Ces expériences confirment le rôle essentiel de Ptprv comme médiateur de l'arrêt du cycle cellulaire en phase G1 induit par p53 suite à un stress génotoxique, à la fois in vitro et in vivo. Par contre, Ptprv ne semble pas influencer l'apoptose induite suite à l'activation de p53. Ce travail a également permis d'établir le rôle essentiel de Ptprv dans la suppression de tumeurs induites chez la souris par activation constitutive de l'oncogène Ras.<p> / Doctorat en sciences, Spécialisation biologie moléculaire / info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished
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| 144 |
Inducing Cellular Senescence in CancerRestall, Ian J. January 2013 (has links)
Cellular senescence is a permanent cell cycle arrest that is induced as a response to cellular stress. Replicative senescence is a well-described mechanism that limits the replicative capacity of cells and must be overcome by cancer cells. Oncogene-induced senescence (OIS) is a form of premature senescence and a potent tumor suppressor mechanism. OIS is induced in normal cells as a result of deregulated oncogene or tumor suppressor gene expression. An exciting area of research is the identification of novel targets that induce senescence in cancer cells as a therapeutic approach. In this study, a novel mechanism is described where the inhibition of Hsp90 in small cell lung cancer (SCLC) cells induced premature senescence rather than cell death. The senescence induced following Hsp90 inhibition was p21-dependent and the loss of p21 allowed SCLC cells to bypass the induction of senescence. Additionally, we identified a novel mechanism where the depletion of PKCι induced senescence in glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) cells. PKCι depletion-induced senescence did not activate the DNA-damage response pathway and was p21-dependent. Further perturbations of mitosis, using an aurora kinase inhibitor, increased the number of senescent cells when combined with PKCι depletion. This suggests that PKCι depletion-induced senescence involves defects in mitotic progression. Senescent glioblastoma cells at a basal level of senescence in culture, induced by p21 overexpression, and induced after PKCι depletion had aberrant centrosomes. Mitotic slippage is an early exit from mitosis without cell division that occurs when the spindle assembly checkpoint (SAC) is not satisfied. Senescent glioblastoma cells had multiple markers of mitotic slippage. Therefore, PKCι depletion-induced senescence involves mitotic slippage and results in aberrant centrosomes. A U87MG cell line with a doxycycline-inducible shRNA targeting PKCι was developed to deplete PKCι in established xenografts. PKCι was depleted in established glioblastoma xenografts in mice and resulted in decreased cell proliferation, delayed tumor growth and improved survival. This study has demonstrated that both Hsp90 and PKCι are novel targets to induce senescence in cancer cells as a potential therapeutic approach.
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| 145 |
Dynamika vybraných proteinů buněčné odpovědi na poškození DNA / Dynamics of selected DNA damage response proteinsBenada, Jan January 2011 (has links)
DNA damage response (DDR) represents a vital signaling network that protects genome integrity and prevents development of cancer. Therefore the study of DDR is of a crucial clinical importance and DDR proteins are promising therapeu- tic targets. Although the great advances have been made mapping out interac- tions between individual DDR proteins, better understanding of complex behav- ior of this network is still needed. One approach, which might help us in this task, is to describe the dynamics of key proteins under different conditions. The first objective of this study was to investigate whether the temporal dynamics of selected DDR proteins differ upon different genotoxic insults, particularly upon γ- irradiation and UV-C irradiation. We showed that under certain insult some DDR proteins exhibit a monotone continuous activation pulse, while the activation of others triggers a series of pulses. We observed a previously described pulsative dynamics of p53 after γ-irradiation in MCF7 cells. Interestingly, we detected a monotone increase of p53 in U2OS after γ-irradiation and similar dynamics upon UV-C irradiation. We suggest that p53 dynamics depends on the presence or ab- sence of effective negative feedback loops between the upstream p53-activating kinases and Wip1 phosphatase. In the second...
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| 146 |
Zinc oxide nanoparticles affect the expression of p53, Ras p21 and JNKs: an ex vivo/in vitro exposure study in respiratory disease patientsKumar, A., Najafzadeh, Mojgan, Jacob, B.K., Dhawan, A., Anderson, Diana January 2015 (has links)
No / Zinc oxide (ZnO) nanoparticles are the mostly used engineered metal oxide nanoparticles in consumer products. This has increased the likelihood of human exposure to this engineered nanoparticle (ENPs) through different routes. At present, the majority of the studies concerning ZnO ENPs toxicity have been conducted using in vitro and in vivo systems. In this study, for the first time we assessed the effect of ZnO ENPs on the major cellular pathways in the lymphocytes of healthy individuals as well as in susceptible patients suffering from lung cancer, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and asthma. Using the differential expression analysis, we observed a significant (P < 0.05) dose-dependent (10, 20 and 40 microg/ml for 6h) increase in the expression of tumour suppressor protein p53 (40, 60 and 110%); Ras p21 (30, 52 and 80%); c-Jun N-terminal kinases; JNKs) (28, 47 and 78%) in lung cancer patient samples treated with ZnO ENPs compared to healthy controls. A similar trend was also seen in COPD patient samples where a significant (P < 0.05) dose-dependent increase in the expression of tumour suppressor protein p53 (26, 45 and 84%), Ras p21 (21, 40 and 77%), JNKs (17, 32 and 69%) was observed after 6h of ZnO ENPs treatment at the aforesaid concentrations. However, the increase in the expression profile of tested protein was not significant in the asthma patients as compared to controls. Our results reiterate the concern about the safety of ZnO ENPs in consumer products and suggest the need for a complete risk assessment of any new ENPs before its use.
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| 147 |
SCF cdc4 regulates msn2 and msn4 dependent gene expression to counteract hog1 induced lethalityVendrell Arasa, Alexandre 16 January 2009 (has links)
L'activació sostinguda de Hog1 porta a una inhibició del creixement cel·lular. En aquest treball, hem observat que el fenotip de letalitat causat per l'activació sostinguda de Hog1 és parcialment inhibida per la mutació del complexe SCFCDC4. La inhibició de la mort causada per l'activació sostinguda de Hog1 depèn de la via d'extensió de la vida. Quan Hog1 s'activa de manera sostinguda, la mutació al complexe SCFCDC4 fa que augmenti l'expressió gènica depenent de Msn2 i Msn4 que condueix a una sobreexpressió del gen PNC1 i a una hiperactivació de la deacetilassa Sir2. La hiperactivació de Sir2 és capaç d'inhibir la mort causada per l'activació sostinguda de Hog1. També hem observat que la mort cel·lular causada per l'activació sostinguda de Hog1 és deguda a una inducció d'apoptosi. L'apoptosi induïda per Hog1 és inhibida per la mutació al complexe SCFCDC4. Per tant, la via d'extensió de la vida és capaç de prevenir l'apoptosi a través d'un mecanisme desconegut. / Sustained Hog1 activation leads to an inhibition of cell growth. In this work, we have observed that the lethal phenotype caused by sustained Hog1 activation is prevented by SCFCDC4 mutants. The prevention of Hog1-induced cell death by SCFCDC4 mutation depends on the lifespan extension pathway. Upon sustained Hog1 activation, SCFCDC4 mutation increases Msn2 and Msn4 dependent gene expression that leads to a PNC1 overexpression and a Sir2 deacetylase hyperactivation. Then, hyperactivation of Sir2 is able to prevent cell death caused by sustained Hog1 activation. We have also observed that cell death upon sustained Hog1 activation is due to an induction of apoptosis. The apoptosis induced by Hog1 is decreased by SCFCDC4 mutation. Therefore, lifespan extension pathway is able to prevent apoptosis by an unknown mechanism.
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