In this thesis some different modulation schemes for xDSL-techniques are compared. The investigated techniques are ADSL, G.lite, ADSL2, HDSL, SHDSL and VDSL. The modulation methods used are DMT, CAP and different versions of PAM. Several broadband techniques also use Trellis Coded Modulation (TCM) to increase the coding gain of the transmission. For each one of the different modulation methods the signal-to-noise ratio is calculated for generating a bit error rate probability of 10-7. This is the error rate that is demanded for several of the investigated standards. Comparison is also made of the transmission capacity of the channel and how sensitive the technique is for interference in a part of the frequency band. To compare the different modulation techniques, simulations of the modulations were made. The simulations were made with MatLab and Simulink. Unfortunately Simulink only supports one- and two-dimensional TCM. Therefore no good simulations of ADSL and ADSL2 with TCM were made, because those techniques use four-dimensional TCM.

Les estuaires, de par leur position stratégique à l'interface entre les eaux continentales et les eaux marines jouent un rôle écologique de première importance et sont le siège de nombreuses activités humaines. L’estuaire de Seine est caractéristique des grands estuaires anthropisés. Le management à long terme de ces écosystèmes soumis à des pressions croissantes réside notamment en une meilleure connaissance de la dynamique spatiale et temporelle des réseaux trophiques estuariens. Le phytoplancton et le microphytobenthos sont les principaux contributeurs de la production primaire (PP) dans ces écosystèmes et sont à la base des réseaux trophiques. Ces compartiments sont souvent réduits à la teneur en chlorophylle du milieu et leur productivité n’a jamais été mesurée à l’échelle de l’estuaire de Seine. L’objectif de ces travaux a été d’estimer la PP de ces compartiments le long du gradient halin. Afin d’accéder à des mesures à une haute résolution spatiale, des mesures de fluorescence modulée (PAM) à haute fréquence ont été couplées à des mesures d’incorporation de carbone (13C) à basse fréquence. Les mesures de production primaire ont été mises en perspective avec la dynamique des paramètres physico-chimiques du milieu et la structure communautés phytoplanctoniques déterminés par différentes techniques (microscopie, cytométrie, biologie moléculaire). La dynamique du carbone excrété sous forme de TEP (Transparent Exopolymeric Particules) et EPS (Exopolymeric substances) a également été étudiée pour chacun des compartiments. Au-delà des méthodologies innovantes mises en place qui montre l’intérêt des mesures à haute fréquence dans ces écosystèmes très dynamiques, ce travail apporte une nouvelle vision de la dynamique du phytoplancton et de la richesse spécifique du microbiome estuarien et apporte une estimation fiable de la production primaire. / The estuaries play an important ecological role and are the site of many human activities because of their strategic position at the interface between continental and marine waters. Seine estuary is characteristic of large anthropized estuaries. Long-term management requires better knowledge of the spatial and temporal dynamics of the estuarine food webs. Phytoplankton and microphytobenthos are the main contributor of primary production (PP) in these ecosystems and are at the basis of trophic food webs. These compartments are often reduced to the chlorophyll concentration and their productivity has never been measured along the Seine estuary. The objective of this study was to estimate the PP of these compartments along the salinity gradient. In order to access to measurements at high spatial resolution, high-frequency measurements of modulated fluorescence (PAM) were coupled to low-frequency carbon (13C) incorporation measurements. The primary production measurements have been put into perspective with the dynamics of the physical and chemical parameters and the structure of phytoplankton communities determined by different techniques (microscopy, cytometry, molecular biology). The dynamics of carbon excreted as TEP (Transparent Exopolymeric Particles) and EPS (Exopolymeric substances) were also studied for each compartment. Beyond the innovative methodologies which demonstrate the interest of high-frequency measurements in these highly dynamic ecosystems, this work provides a new insight into the phytoplankton dynamics and the specific richness of the estuarine microbiome and provides a reliable estimate of primary production.

Harmful algae blooms (HABs) have caused millions dollars in annual losses to the aquaculture industry, inhibited beach recreation, and have threatened marine and human health. HABs and red tides can develop suddenly and their frequency, geographic range, and intensity have increased over the past decade. A possible source for spreading and seeding new areas expanding the geographic range of HABs is ballast water. The process of ballast water discharge has been identified as a primary vector for the translocation of non-indigenous species (NIS) and invasive species. National and international efforts are currently underway to address the impact of NIS and invasive species. Policy is being developed detailing stringent rules to kill, remove, or otherwise inactive organisms in ballast water prior to or upon discharge. Currently, vendors are developing technologies to treat ballast water and U.S. and international facilities are testing these technologies to verify their efficacy. Ultraviolet (UV) radiation is commonly employed in ballast water treatment technologies. Previous studies have shown that UV light is effective for disinfecting drinking water, but the response of non-pathogenic and marine organisms is largely unknown. The purpose of this research was to measure the viability of the durable red-tide forming dinoflagellate, Lingulodinium polyedra following UV treatment. Two methods were used to measure the viability signal; manual epifluorescence microscopy with correlated viability stains and Pulse Amplitude Modulated (PAM) fluorometry to measure the physiological state of the organism following UV treatment. The number of cysts was also enumerated. The results showed that there was a significant decrease in the number of living L. polyedra cells following a UV treatment of more than 100 mWs cm-2. The results also have showed a significant increase in the number of L. polyedra cysts following UV treatment as low as 50 mWs cm-2.

Photo-oxidative stress is one of the key factors that can induce bleaching in reef organisms. With the decline of coral reefs and recurrent bleaching events, many studies have focused on understanding the mechanism behind this phenomenon. Two of the hypotheses that explain how the photosynthetic performance of the symbiont is affected and influences bleaching are: (1) disruption of the photosynthetic pathway by direct damage to the photosystem II (PSII), and (2) by inhibition of the Calvin-Benson cycle. In this dissertation I examine different aspects of photosynthetic performance in symbiont-bearing reef organisms and how this is influenced by symbiont loss and changes in photic stress as a result of different levels of irradiance modulated by time of the year (e.g., season) and depth; and take a closer look into primary productivity by symbionts with controlled laboratory experiments. Field experiments during 2012–2013 at Tennessee Reef, FL, assessed the photosynthetic performance of PSII in the diatom-bearing foraminifer, Amphistegina gibbosa, and the anthozoans: Palythoa cariabeorum, Siderastrea siderea, and Montastraea cavernosa. Data collected for the bleaching trends of A. gibbosa revealed that bleaching rates are higher in the summer months than in winter. Photochemical efficiencies of PSII in A. gibbosa, as measured with PAM fluorometry on the day of collection, were more variable in the shallow site (6 m) than in the deeper site (18 m). Also, photochemical efficiencies at the shallow site were lower during the summer months than during winter months. At the 18 m site, photochemical efficiencies did not exhibit a clear seasonal trend. Depth also had an effect on the measured photochemical efficiencies of the anthozoans. Photochemical efficiencies were lower and more variable in colonies at 6 m compared to colonies from 18 m. Although previous studies have reported seasonal effects on the photochemical efficiency of some coral colonies, that trend was not apparent in this study. Photoacclimation and productivity were assessed for A. gibbosa using rapid light curves (RLC) and photosynthesis vs. irradiance curves (P-E). Maximum relative electron transport rate (rETRmax) as described by RLCs was significantly different between A. gibbosa without visual signs of bleaching and those with severe bleaching. Individuals with partial bleaching had a rETRmax that was intermediate between the other two categories. The P-E curves showed a similar trend. In this case individuals that were non- or partly bleached had significantly higher photosynthesis maxima than those with severe bleaching. The onsets of photosynthesis and saturation irradiance were not significantly different among the categories of bleaching analyzed. Results from this dissertation suggest that A. gibbosa has the capability to detect and digest damaged symbionts, that the symbionts even in the deeper chambers react in a similar way to irradiance, but that in severe cases of bleaching the symbionts may not produce enough energy to sustain the requirements of the host, even in non-stressful conditions.

Les opérations chirurgicales pour le traitement des défauts de soutènement d'organes dans les pays industrialisés sont des actes de plus en plus fréquents, et requièrent l'implantation de plus d'un million de prothèses par an. Même si l'usage des prothèses de soutènement a permis de diminuer les complications postopératoires, les taux de réinterventions restent très élevés. Ces travaux présentent différentes stratégies permettant d'apporter de nouvelles propriétés à des treillis en polypropylène, afin d'améliorer leur résistance à l'infection et de permettre leur suivi postopératoire en IRM. Des treillis anti-infectieux sont développés en enrobant les filaments de treillis d'un réservoir de polymère dégradable et biocompatible contenant des agents anti-infectieux, par une technique de pulvérisation à l'aide d'un aérographe. L'association ofloxacine – rifampicine incorporée présente une excellente activité antibactérienne in vitro, et la cinétique de libération prolongée des agents actifs permet d'inhiber la contamination des treillis pendant au moins 72 heures. Les techniques de stérilisation par rayonnement Gamma n'impactent ni la stabilité des agents actifs, ni l'efficacité antibactérienne des treillis anti-infectieux.Afin de permettre une visualisation en IRM des treillis implantés, des polymères ont été synthétisés par greffage d'agent de contraste (DTPA-Gd) sur de la poly(ε-caprolactone) (dégradable) et du poly(acrylate de méthyle) (biostable). Après enrobage des prothèses par ces polymères, le rehaussement du signal induit par la présence du gadolinium permet de visualiser les prothèses à la fois in vitro et in vivo sur différents types d'appareils d'IRM. La stabilité de l'agent de contraste est suffisante pour pouvoir visualiser les treillis pendant plusieurs mois, quelle que soit la technique de stérilisation utilisée. / Soft tissue reinforcement surgical operations in industrial countries are common and require annually at least one million of prostheses for treating this problem. Even if meshes used for organ prolapse surgical procedures allow decreasing postoperatory complications, reinterventions ratio is still relevant. This work present several strategies to bring new properties to polypropylene meshes in order to improve their resistance to infection and enable their postoperative MRI follow-up. Anti-infective meshes are developed by coating the filaments of the meshes with an antibiotics drug reservoir based on degradable and biocompatible polymers, using an airbrush system. Dual ofloxacin-rifampicin antibiotics incorporation on these coated meshes shows an excellent antibacterial activity in vitro and sustained release of the drugs can inhibit meshes contamination for at least 72 hours. Sterilization procedures using Gamma-ray irradiation impact neither the drugs stability nor the anti-infective meshes activity. In order to visualize by Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) meshes after implantation, a contrast agent (DTPA-Gd) is covalently grafted onto the polymeric backbone of poly(ε-caprolactone) (degradable) or poly(methyl acrylate) (biostable). Meshes were coated with these new polymers and MR signal enhancement induced by the presence of gadolinium allows the visualization of the meshes in vitro and in vivo with several MR equipments. Coated meshes are visible during several months, whatever the sterilization procedures, showing the stability of the contrast agent.

<p>Savremene svetske tendencije upućuju na sve &scaron;iru primenu<br />ekstrakata lekovitog i aromatičnog bilja, kako u prehrambenim<br />proizvodima&ndash; funkcionalna hrana, tako i u proizvodima<br />farmaceutske i kozmetičke industrije. Ekstrakti biljnog<br />materijala, dobijeni primenom ugljendioksida pod pritiskom,<br />sadrže termički nepromenjene aktivne komponente, te se<br />poslednjih godina sve vi&scaron;e primenjuju u farmaceutskoj i<br />prehrambenoj industriji.<br />Cilj ove doktorske disertacije je da se ispita mogućnost<br />inkorporiranja ekstrakta nevena (<em>Calendula officinalis</em> L.), kao<br />farmakolo&scaron;ki aktivne materije, u mikrokapsule sa ciljem za&scaron;tite<br />od spolja&scaron;njih uticaja, produžetka njegovog delovanja i<br />pro&scaron;irenja mogućnosti primene.<br />Za dobijanje ekstrakata nevena primenjeni su postupci<br />ekstrakcije ugljendioksidom u tečnom i superkritičnom stanju.<br />Definisani su uslovi pri kojima je moguće dobiti ekstrakat sa<br />visokim sadržajem etarskog ulja, nosiocem gastro-intestinalnog<br />delovanja (200 bar, 40^oC). Totalni ekstrakt dobijen pod ovim<br />uslovima ekstrakcije je odabran za dobijanje mikrokapsula.<br />Ispitivana je mogućnosti primene polimer&ndash;PAM interakcije<br />nejonskih derivata celuloze- hidroksipropilmetil celuloze<br />(HPMC) i anjonske PAM- natrijum dodecilsulfata (SDS), za<br />formiranje omotača mikrokapsula. Primenom konduktometrijske<br />i viskozimetrijske metode, određene su karakteristične<br />koncentracije pri kojima HPMC&ndash;SDS interakcija započinje i<br />zavr&scaron;ava se. Definisan je uticaj osobina molekula HPMC<br />(molekulska masa, stepen supstitucije, vrsta supstituenta) i<br />temperature na &scaron;irinu intervala interakcije i obja&scaron;njeni<br />mehanizmi njihovog povezivanja, sa osvrtom na strukturu i<br />osobine formiranih HPMC/SDS komleksa. Reolo&scaron;kim<br />ispitivanjima pri različitim uslovima definisane su promene u<br />pona&scaron;anju sistema u zavisnosti od HPMC&ndash;SDS interakcije.<br />Ispitivan je uticaj interakcije na osobine 20% emulzija<br />suncokretovog ulja u vodi određivanjem njihovih reolo&scaron;kih<br />osobina, veličina i raspodela veličina kapi i praćenjem<br />stabilnosti. Utvrđeno je da se u oblasti najizraženije HPMC&ndash;SDS interakcije, odnosno kada se na granici faza ulje-voda<br />nalazi umrežen HPMC/SDS kompleks, dobijaju emulzije<br />najveće stabilnosti, sa njajmanjim srednjim prečnikom kapi.<br />Su&scaron;enjem emulzija, primenom spray drying postupka,<br />dobijene su mikrokapsule uljnog sadržaja, stabilizovane<br />kompleksom HPMC/SDS. Najbolje karakteristike mikrokapsula<br />(mehanička otpornost, morfolo&scaron;ke karakteristike, sposobnost<br />redispergovanja, veličina i raspodela veličina čestica i količina<br />inkapsuliranog ulja), dobijene u oblasti najizraženije interakcije.<br />Dodatak odabranog CO₂ ekstrakta nevena u uljnu fazu<br />emulzija ne menja značajno njihove osobine, kao ni osobine iz<br />njih dobijenih mikrokapsula.<br />Ispitivanja sprovedena u ovoj doktorskoj disertaciji<br />pokazala su da se osobine kompleksa polimer/PAM mogu<br />iskoristiti za mikrokapsulaciju ulja kao nosača farmakolo&scaron;ki<br />aktivnih materija.</p> / <p>Contemporary global trends in food- functional food,<br />pharmaceutical and cosmetic industry as well have been<br />focused on a wider medical plants extracts application during<br />the recent decade. Plant extracts obtained by means of carbon<br />dioxide under high pressure contained all unchanged active<br />compounds from plant, so that they have became more<br />popular for application in food and pharmaceuticals recently.<br />The aim of this thesis was to investigate the possibility to<br />incorporate marigold extract (<em>Calendula officinalis</em> L.), as a<br />pharmacologicaly active compound, into microcapsules in<br />order to protect them from surrounding medium, improve<br />their activity and enlarge application.<br />Marigold extracts were obtained by means of carbon<br />dioxide- CO2 under subcritical and supercritical conditions.<br />Extraction conditions under which obtained extract has high<br />content of essential oil, responsible for gastrointestinal<br />activity, were determined (200bar and 40^oC). Total extract<br />obtained under such conditions, was chosen for microcapsule<br />preparation. Application possibility of polymer&ndash;surfactant<br />interaction between non-ionic cellulose derivativehydroxypropylmethyl<br />cellulose (HPMC) and anionic<br />surfactant- sodium dodecylsulfate (SDS) to microcapsule<br />wall formation was investigated. Characteristic<br />concentrations at which interaction starts and ends were<br />determined by means of conductometric and viscometric<br />measurements. The influence of HPMC molecular<br />characteristics (molecular weight, degree of substitution and<br />substituents kind) and temperature on interaction were<br />determined and, considering the structure and characteristics<br />of HPMC/SDS complexes, binding mechanism was<br />explained. The changes in HPMC-SDS system caused by<br />their interaction were defined by rheological investigations<br />that took place under various conditions.<br />The influence of interaction on the properties of 20%<br />sunflower oil/water emulsion was investigated by rheology<br />measurement, particle size and particle size distribution<br />determination and stability testing. It was provided that<br />emulsions prepared in the region of pronounced HPMC&ndash;SDS<br />interaction, where HPMC/SDS complex is adsorbed at the</p><p>o/w interface, have highest stability and smallest particle<br />mean diameter.<br />Microcapsules were obtained by spray drying of<br />emulsions stabilized with HPMC/SDS complex. The best<br />characteristics (mechanical resistance, morphological<br />characteristics, redispersing ability, particle size and particle<br />size distribution and amount of encapsulated oil) have<br />microcapsules obtained in the region of most pronounced<br />interaction.<br />Addition of marigold CO₂ extract in to the oil phase of<br />emulsions has no significant influence neither on their, nor on<br />corresponding microcapsules characteristics<br />Investigations conducted in this thesis showed that<br />characteristics of polymer/surfactant complexes can be used<br />in microencapsulation of oil as carrier of pharmacologically<br />active compounds</p>

This thesis seeks to simulate the impact on the human foot on the car bumper. The opening section deals with requirements as to the current passive safety features aiming to mitigate the consequences of such impact. The thesis also describes the construction of a human foot impactor, its certification via both static and dynamic tests, a simulation of the cash test and its evaluation. The designed model as well as the simulation procedure have been led according to the current Euro NCAP specifications.

The project deals with analysis and optimization of the geometry of the stamped part produced by the pillow hydroforming. The blank consists of two sheets of steel DC01, which is welded by laser beam. The forming process can cause excessive thinning and cracking of the part. By evaluation of mechanical tests is created material model, which is the basis for numerical simulation created in software PAM-STAMP. The outputs are analysis which provide information about critical points, failure pressure, limiting deformations and prediction of springback. Validity of the numerical simulation is verified by comparison with the experimentally obtained data. The comparative criterions are the failure pressure and the material thickness at various locations. Based on the results of the numerical simulation, the optimization of the geometry is created. The optimization uses different values of radius at the crack point.

Tato práce se zabývá návrhem a implementací řešení pro jednotnou síťovou autentizaci pro operační systém Linux založeného na integraci systémových démonů WinBind a SSSD. Cílem je navrhnout takové řešení, které umožní autentizaci Linuxových klientů do domén spravovaných adresářovými službami Windows Active Directory a domén spravovaných adresářovými službami dostupnými na Linuxu současně. První dvě kapitoly seznámí čtenáře s autentizačními mechanizmy a technologiemi, které se pro tyto účely použivají na operačních systémech Windows a Linux. Třetí kapitola se zabývá jádrem práce a vysvětluje rozhodnutí učiněná při návrhu implementovaného řešení. Samotná implementace je pak popsána v kapitole čtyři. Poslední kapitoly popisují experimenty a testování pro vybrané případy užití s návrhy a popisem možných rozšíření do budoucna.

The thesis presents an analysis and optimization of the manufacturing process of a part using the technology of parallel hydroforming. Two circular blanks made of DC01 steel with a thickness of 1 mm serve as a semi-manufactured part. In one of the blanks, the supply of the forming medium is constructed using Flowdrill technology. Subsequently, the two blanks are laser welded together and then formed. Numerical simulation using PAM-STAMP software was used to analyse the manufacturing process. This analysis provided information on wall thinning, deformation size, critical points on the product and springback. The numerical simulation was verified on the basis of comparison with an experiment. The criterion for verification was the course of the thickness of the part. Based on the results of the simulation, an optimization is performed in the thesis. It consists in determining the minimum required pressure of the forming medium for pressing the part, particularly for different distances between the two formed sheets.