O século XVIII foi um período de grandes mudanças na estrutura social e econômica vigente. Como conseqüência, a forma de organização do espaço de moradia também se alterou. Houve uma reordenação do espaço doméstico com a criação de lugares privados dentro e fora da casa e a valorização dos jardins ao redor das grandes propriedades rurais inglesas. A ascensão da nova classe média e um crescente interesse pela introspecção e privacidade propiciaram a formação destes espaços reservados ao isolamento. A partir do surgimento do romance na primeira metade do século XVIII, o espaço doméstico viu-se valorizado e descrito com mais atenção na narrativa literária. Este cuidado em retratar a vida doméstica na literatura surgiu a partir do desejo de representar a vida dos homens comuns de modo mais autêntico. Em Pamela, romance do escritor inglês Samuel Richardson publicado pela primeira vez na Inglaterra em 1740, observamos esta ênfase no espaço interior do recolhimento e da introspecção. A relação que se estabelece entre as personagens e o espaço dentro do romance é vital para a construção do enredo. / Great social and economic changes were brought about in the eighteenth-century causing, among other alterations, the rearrangement of the living spaces in the houses. This reorganization of the domestic space was responsible for the creation of private spaces inside and outside the great English country houses together with an improvement in the surrounding gardens. At that time the new middle classes were gaining more and more political and economic power and developing a taste for privacy, which required the creation of specific places inside and outside the houses for the enjoyment of the pleasures of isolation and introspection. With the rise of the novel in the first half of the eighteenth century, this domestic space was also valued, pictured and described with more attention in literature. This increasing interest in the domestic life is associated with a wish to portray the everyday lives of ordinary men with greater authenticity. In Pamela, a novel by Samuel Richardson published for the first time in England in 1740, this emphasis in the private space of isolation and introspection is clearly depicted. The deep correlation between space and characters in the novel is vital for the development of the plot.

O século XVIII foi um período de grandes mudanças na estrutura social e econômica vigente. Como conseqüência, a forma de organização do espaço de moradia também se alterou. Houve uma reordenação do espaço doméstico com a criação de lugares privados dentro e fora da casa e a valorização dos jardins ao redor das grandes propriedades rurais inglesas. A ascensão da nova classe média e um crescente interesse pela introspecção e privacidade propiciaram a formação destes espaços reservados ao isolamento. A partir do surgimento do romance na primeira metade do século XVIII, o espaço doméstico viu-se valorizado e descrito com mais atenção na narrativa literária. Este cuidado em retratar a vida doméstica na literatura surgiu a partir do desejo de representar a vida dos homens comuns de modo mais autêntico. Em Pamela, romance do escritor inglês Samuel Richardson publicado pela primeira vez na Inglaterra em 1740, observamos esta ênfase no espaço interior do recolhimento e da introspecção. A relação que se estabelece entre as personagens e o espaço dentro do romance é vital para a construção do enredo. / Great social and economic changes were brought about in the eighteenth-century causing, among other alterations, the rearrangement of the living spaces in the houses. This reorganization of the domestic space was responsible for the creation of private spaces inside and outside the great English country houses together with an improvement in the surrounding gardens. At that time the new middle classes were gaining more and more political and economic power and developing a taste for privacy, which required the creation of specific places inside and outside the houses for the enjoyment of the pleasures of isolation and introspection. With the rise of the novel in the first half of the eighteenth century, this domestic space was also valued, pictured and described with more attention in literature. This increasing interest in the domestic life is associated with a wish to portray the everyday lives of ordinary men with greater authenticity. In Pamela, a novel by Samuel Richardson published for the first time in England in 1740, this emphasis in the private space of isolation and introspection is clearly depicted. The deep correlation between space and characters in the novel is vital for the development of the plot.

The edition of Pamela a person reads will affect his or her perception of Pamela's ascent into aristocratic society. Richardson's revisions to the fourteenth edition of Pamela, published posthumously in 1801, change Pamela's character from the 1740 first edition in such a way as to make her social climb more believable to readers outside the novel and to "readers" inside the novel. Pamela alters her language, her actions, and her role in the household by the end of the first edition; in the fourteenth edition, however, she changes in little more than her title. Pamela might begin as a novel that threatens the fabric of class hierarchies, but it ends-both within the plot and externally throughout its many editions-as a novel that stabilizes and strengthens social norms.

Thesis (M.A.)--University of Hong Kong, 2002. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 90-93).

Thesis (M.A.)--University of Hong Kong, 2002. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 90-93). Also available in print.

QC 20100420

PAMELA is a satellite-borne cosmic ray experiment. Its primary scientific objective is to study the antiproton and positron components of the cosmic radiation. This will be done with unprecedented statistics over a wide energy range (~10MeV to ~100GeV). The PAMELA experiment consists of a permanent magnetic spectrometer, an electromagnetic calorimeter, a Time-of-Fight system, a neutron detector and a shower tail catcher. An anticoincidence (AC) system surrounds the spectrometer to detect particles which do not pass cleanly through the acceptance of the spectrometer. PAMELA will be mounted on a Russian Earth-observation satellite, and the launch is scheduled for 2006. The anticoincidence system for PAMELA has been developed by KTH, and consists of plastic scintillator detectors with photomultiplier tube read-out. Extensive testing has been performed during the development phase. Results are presented for environmental tests, tests with cosmic-rays and particle beams. The design of the digital part of the AC electronics has been realised on an FPGA (Field Programmable Gate Array) and a DSP (Digital Signal Processor). It records signals from the 16 AC photomultipliers and from various sensors for over-current and temperature. It also provides functionality for setting the photomultiplier discrimination thresholds, system testing, issuing alarms and communication with the PAMELA main data acquisition system. The design philosophy and functionality needs to be reliable and suitable for use in a space environment. To evaluate the performance of the AC detectors, a test utilizing cosmic-rays has been performed. The primary aim of the test was to calibrate the individual channels to gain knowledge of suitable discriminator levels for flight. A secondary aim was to estimate the AC detector efficiency. A lower limit of (99.89±0.04)% was obtained. An in-orbit simulation study was performed using protons to estimate trigger rates and investigate the AC system performance in a second level trigger. The average orbital trigger rate was estimated to be (8.4±0.6)Hz, consisting of (2.0±0.2)Hz good triggers and (6.4±0.5)Hz background. Inclusion of the AC system in the trigger condition to reduce background (for the purpose of data handling capacity) leads to losses of good triggers due to backscattering from the calorimeter (90% loss for 300GeV electrons and 25% for 100GeV protons). A method, using the calorimeter, for identifying backscattering events was investigated and found to reduce the loss of good events to below 1% (300GeV electrons) and 5% (100GeV protons), while maintaining a background reduction of 70%. of 70%. / QC 20101019

Detta är en undersökning med syftet att ta reda på vad en groupie är, vad det är som driver unga kvinnor att bli groupies samt hur det har sett ut från 1960-talet fram till idag. Detta då groupies fått dåligt rykte som några som enbart är ute efter att ha sex med rockstjärnor.Jag har utifrån intervjuer och litteraturstudier av biografier samlat in empiri från Lexa Vonn, Nikki McWatters och Pamela des Barres till undersökningen. Detta material har jag sen kopplat ihop med teorier om fans och fanskap för att komma fram till en slutsats. Resultatet visar att groupies drivs av kärlek till musiken och rockkulturen samt att de känner en samhörighet med musikerna de beundrar. Deras egen definition av vad en groupie är stämmer väldigt bra överrens med Sandvoss definition av fans. Även om samhället har förändrats mycket sedan 1960-talet så ser informanternas tankar och synsätten rätt lika ut under de olika tidsperioderna. De skrikande beatlemaniafansens beteende lever vidare i de groupies som kom på 1960-talet och fortsätter i generationer framåt.

<p>PAMELA is a satellite-borne cosmic ray experiment. Its primary scientific objective is to study the antiproton and positron components of the cosmic radiation. This will be done with unprecedented statistics over a wide energy range (~10MeV to ~100GeV). The PAMELA experiment consists of a permanent magnetic spectrometer, an electromagnetic calorimeter, a Time-of-Fight system, a neutron detector and a shower tail catcher. An anticoincidence (AC) system surrounds the spectrometer to detect particles which do not pass cleanly through the acceptance of the spectrometer. PAMELA will be mounted on a Russian Earth-observation satellite, and the launch is scheduled for 2006. The anticoincidence system for PAMELA has been developed by KTH, and consists of plastic scintillator detectors with photomultiplier tube read-out. Extensive testing has been performed during the development phase. Results are presented for environmental tests, tests with cosmic-rays and particle beams.</p><p>The design of the digital part of the AC electronics has been realised on an FPGA (Field Programmable Gate Array) and a DSP (Digital Signal Processor). It records signals from the 16 AC photomultipliers and from various sensors for over-current and temperature. It also provides functionality for setting the photomultiplier discrimination thresholds, system testing, issuing alarms and communication with the PAMELA main data acquisition system. The design philosophy and functionality needs to be reliable and suitable for use in a space environment.</p><p>To evaluate the performance of the AC detectors, a test utilizing cosmic-rays has been performed. The primary aim of the test was to calibrate the individual channels to gain knowledge of suitable discriminator levels for flight. A secondary aim was to estimate the AC detector efficiency. A lower limit of (99.89±0.04)% was obtained. An in-orbit simulation study was performed using protons to estimate trigger rates and investigate the AC system performance in a second level trigger. The average orbital trigger rate was estimated to be (8.4±0.6)Hz, consisting of (2.0±0.2)Hz good triggers and (6.4±0.5)Hz background. Inclusion of the AC system in the trigger condition to reduce background (for the purpose of data handling capacity) leads to losses of good triggers due to backscattering from the calorimeter (90% loss for 300GeV electrons and 25% for 100GeV protons). A method, using the calorimeter, for identifying backscattering events was investigated and found to reduce the loss of good events to below 1% (300GeV electrons) and 5% (100GeVn of 70%.</p>

Uppsatsen syfte är att undersöka mötet mellan feministisk religionsfilosofi och frågan om religiös mångfald. Utgångspunkten för uppsatsen är religionsfilosofiska texter av Pamela Sue Anderson och Grace Jantzen och dessa texter får här representera och ligga till grund för en feministisk religionsfilosofi. Som representant för det filosofiska samtalet om religiös mångfald använder jag mig av Mikael Stenmarks översikt över den typologi som präglar det filosofiska samtalet om religiös mångfald. Uppsatsens frågeställning lyder: Vad kan en feministisk religionsfilosofi som tar sin utgångspunkt i Grace Jantzens och Pamela Sue Andersons religionsfilosofiska texter bidra med till det filosofiska samtalet om religiös mångfald? Genom att läsa Andersons och Jantzens litteratur svarar jag för det första på hur en feministisk religionsfilosofi som tar sin utgångspunkt i Andersons och Jantzens texter skulle kunna se ut. För det andra undersöker jag hur en feministisk religionsfilosofi förhåller sig till det filosofiska samtalets typologi (exklusivism, inklusivism och pluralism) vad gäller religiös mångfald. Slutligen svarar jag på vad en feministisk religionsfilosofi kan bidra med till det filosofiska samtalet om religiös mångfald. Ett första bidrag kan innebära en medvetenhet och erfarenhet om mångfalden som finns ibland oss. Ett andra bidrag kan innebära en diskurskritik och en medvetenhet av att religionen inte går att separera från samhälleliga normer och diskurser. Ett tredje bidrag kan handla om fantasi och föreställningsförmåga som strategi. På grund av globalisering, migration och kommunikation som snabbt tar oss över jordklotet uppstår möten mellan människor med olika erfarenheter, traditioner, kulturer och religioner. Detta innebär nya utmaningar som inte bör lösas genom att dela in människor i påstått homogena grupper och försöka lösa konflikter och oenighet mellan dessa grupper. Den feministiska religionsfilosofin med dess utmaningar - att granska maktstrukturer, söka alternativa bilder och våga göra nya tolkningar av religioners funktioner och betydelser i ljuset av feministisk teori - riktar blicken mot mellanmänskliga relationer, oavsett religionstillhörighet.