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The giant panda (Ailuropoda melanoleuca) is an endangered species and many efforts are being made to ensure its survival, including numerous research studies. However, there has been little investigation of spatial memory in the giant panda. Spatial memory is an important mechanism for survival in the wild, allowing an animal to find and remember the location of food, mates, den sites and avoid predators. Memory assessment in non-human species typically involves the use of recognition, as opposed to recall tasks. The current study tested spatial memory recall in 1.1 giant pandas using a delayed response memory task. The design required a delayed response to a previously lighted location, with varying lengths of delay between the observation phase and the test phase. The male subject reached criterion at 2-, 3-, 4-, 5-, 6-, and 10-second delays. The female subject reached criterion at 2-, 3-, 4-, 5-, 6-, 10-, and 15-second delays. The results support the hypothesis that giant pandas have working memory recall ability for spatial location.

The present study examined the relationship between early rearing experience and reproductive competence in captive adult giant pandas (Ailuropoda melanoleuca) and spectacled bears (Tremarctos ornatus). Life history information of 52 giant pandas and 34 spectacled bears were obtained from the International Studbook and by interviewing staff at institutions housing the subjects. The early rearing experience variables included duration of mother rearing, social access within 1-yr period following maternal separation, and birth origin. Correlation, Chi-square, and logistic regression analyses were used to analyze the data. Contrary to findings from studies with other animals, the results generally suggest that early rearing experience is not related to adult reproductive success in giant pandas and spectacled bears. Alternative explanation and limitation of the study were discussed; suggestions were made for future study.

<p>In the European research projects SIAM and 100GET, building blocks for 100Gbit Ethernet optical link have been implemented. Data are sent from a computer, modulated, converted to analog, mixed onto the RF-band, sent through an optical link, down-mixed, converted back to digital, demodulated and sent to a receiving computer. Signal Processing Devices Sweden AB is contributing to this project by their implementation PANDA. This thesis has been to study, as a proof of concept, and implement a prototype of PANDA as the component converting from digital to analog signal, the DAC, in 65nm SOI CMOS technology.</p><p>The idea of the system is to use the concept of time interleaving, where two or more components interact by performing the same operations on a different set of data, ideally scaling the performance linearly with the amount of components used.</p><p>This report presents design, implementation and verification at simulation level. It includes interfacing with off-chip components in low voltage specifications, clock generation, filtering and current-steered switches.</p>

In the European research projects SIAM and 100GET, building blocks for 100Gbit Ethernet optical link have been implemented. Data are sent from a computer, modulated, converted to analog, mixed onto the RF-band, sent through an optical link, down-mixed, converted back to digital, demodulated and sent to a receiving computer. Signal Processing Devices Sweden AB is contributing to this project by their implementation PANDA. This thesis has been to study, as a proof of concept, and implement a prototype of PANDA as the component converting from digital to analog signal, the DAC, in 65nm SOI CMOS technology. The idea of the system is to use the concept of time interleaving, where two or more components interact by performing the same operations on a different set of data, ideally scaling the performance linearly with the amount of components used. This report presents design, implementation and verification at simulation level. It includes interfacing with off-chip components in low voltage specifications, clock generation, filtering and current-steered switches.

The development of a system for optical tracking of frozen hydrogen microsphere targets (pellets) was done. It is intended for the upcoming hadron physics experiment PANDA at FAIR, Darmstadt, Germany. Knowledge of the interaction position, obtained with this system, will improve background rejection, precision of particle track reconstruction and will also help distinguish between primary and secondary vertices. Investigations of pellet detection conditions and pellet stream parameters were performed at Uppsala Pellet Test Station located at The Svedberg Laboratory. Various illumination and detection conditions were checked and optimized. The gained knowledge has been used to develop Monte Carlo procedures simulating experiments with pellets. Then simulations of pellet tracking were carried out including the constraints from the PANDA setup. The performance of the tracking was checked for various pellet stream and pellet detection conditions. Two procedures of pellet track reconstruction were developed – a fast procedure and a high efficiency procedure. The studies were done for one tracking section (just below pellet generator) and for two sections (the second just above pellet dump) and showed that the resolution of the tracking system can be better than 100 μm (sigma) in each direction and that the interaction point will be reconstructed for 70-95% of hadronic events, for suitable pellet stream and detection conditions. Usage of pellet tracking information in the hadronic data analysis was discussed, concerning the data taking, particle track reconstruction together with the PANDA micro vertex detector, hadronic event classification and treatment of the various classes. Test measurements with the WASA setup at FZJ, Jülich, Germany were done to check how the information about the number of pellets in the accelerator beam region can be used in the hadronic data analysis. Instantaneous rates of WASA "elastic" triggers were used for classification of hadronic events as coming from pellets or from a background. The study clearly showed that one can distinguish between the two event classes. The study gave experience in using two different systems synchronized with each other – the experiment's DAQ and another system that works with a much longer time scale – similar to the pellet tracking system. / Ett system för optisk spårning av frysta mikrosfärer av väte (pelletar) har utvecklats för användning i det kommande hadronfysikexperimentet PANDA vid FAIR, Darmstadt i Tyskland. Kunskapen om positionen för växelverkan som fås med hjälp av detta system kommer att förbättra möjligheten att diskriminera mot bakgrund, att öka precisionen i partikelspårsrekonstruktionen och kommer också att hjälpa till att skilja mellan primära och sekundära växelverkanspunkter. Undersökningar av pelletdetektionsmöjligheter och pelletströmmens egenskaper har gjorts vid Uppsala Pellet Test Station vid The Svedberglaboratoriet. Olika belysnings och detektionsvillkor har testats och optimerats. Den erhållna kunskapen har använts för att utveckla en Monte-Carlo procedur för att kunna simulera de olika experimenten med pelletar. Därefter genomfördes simuleringar av förväntade pelletspårningsprestanda för PANDA uppställningen. Prestanda och upplösning av spårningen kontrollerades för olika pelletsström och detektionsförhållanden. Två procedurer för spårrekonstruktion utvecklades för studien – en snabbare och en med högsta möjliga effektivitet. Den kommer att kunna användas i dataanalysen när fullskalig pelletspårning används ihop med ett partikeldetektorsystem. Studien gjordes för två fall, dels för en spårningssektion (placerad just under pelletgeneratorn) och dels med ytterligare en sektion (placerad just ovanför pelletdumpen). Studien visade att positionsupplösningen som förväntas från spårningssystemet är bättre än 100 μm (sigma) i varje riktning och att växelverkanspunkten kan rekonstrueras för 70-95% av de hadroniska händelserna, för lämpliga pelletströms- och detektionsvillkor. Användningen av pelletspårningsinformationen i analysen av hadroniska händelsedata diskuterades m.a.p. datainsamling, m.a.p. partikelspårsrekonstruktion ihop med PANDA's mikrovertexdetektor och m.a.p. klassificering av händelser. Det gjordes testmätningar med WASA-uppställningen vid FZJ, Jülich i Tyskland för att se hur informationen om antalet pelletar i acceleratorstrålområdet kan användas i experimentets dataanalys. Den momentana frekvensen av elastiska spridningshändelser användes för en grov klassificering av händelsers ursprung såsom varande antingen från en pellet eller från någon källa till bakgrund. Studien visade klart att man kan skilja de båda klasserna åt. Studien gav också erfarenhet av hur man kan använda två synkroniserade datasystem – experimentets datainsamlingssystem och ett annat system som arbetar med en mycket längre tidsskala – liknande pelletspårningssystemets. / Wykonane zostały prace nad rozwojem systemu pozwalającego na optyczne śledzenie zamarzniętych wodorowych mikrokulek (pelletów). System przeznaczony jest do zastosowania w planowanym eksperymencie z dziedziny fizyki hadronowej, PANDA (FAIR, Darmstadt, Niemcy). Wiedza o położeniu punktu interakcji, uzyskana dzięki temu systemowi, poprawi redukcję tła, precyzję rekonstrukcji torów cząstek, a także pomoże w rozróżnianiu pierwotnych i wtórnych wierzchołków interakcji. Na Uppsalskiej Stacji Pelletowej (Uppsala Pellet Test Station) umieszczonej w Laboratorium The Svedberga, przeprowadzone zostały badania warunków detekcji pelletów i parametrów strumienia pelletowego. Różne warunki oświetlenia oraz detekcji pelletów zostały sprawdzone i zoptymalizowane. Uzyskana wiedza została użyta do stworzenia procedur Monte Carlo symulujących eksperymenty z pelletami. W następnym kroku przeprowadzone zostały symulacje śledzenia pelletów biorące pod uwagę więzy narzucone przez konstrukcję systemu PANDA. Wydajność systemu sprawdzona została dla różnych warunków strumienia pelletowego i detekcji pelletów. Stworzone zostały dwie procedury rekonstrukcji torów pelletowych -- procedura szybka i procedura wysokoefektywna. Badania przeprowadzone zostały dla jednej sekcji śledzącej (bezpośrednio poniżej generatora pelletów) oraz dla dwóch sekcji (druga bezpośrednio nad miejscem zbierania pelletów) i pokazały, że rozdzielczość systemu śledzenia może być lepsza niż 100 μm (sigma) w każdym z kierunków oraz że punkt interakcji będzie zrekonstruowany dla 70-95\% zdarzeń hadronowych, dla odpowiednich warunków strumienia pelletów i warunków detekcji. Użycie informacji ze śledzenia pelletów w analizie danych hadronowych zostało przedyskutowane uwzględniając proces zbierania danych, rekonstrukcję torów cząstek we współpracy z mikrodetektorem wierzchołków systemu PANDA, klasyfikację zdarzeń hadronowych oraz sposób traktowania różnych klas zdarzeń. Pomiary testowe z użyciem detektora WASA (FZJ, Jülich, Niemcy) zostały dokonane w celu sprawdzenia jak informacja o liczbie pelletów w obszarze wiązki może zostać użyta w analizie danych hadronowych. Chwilowe częstotliwości "elastycznych" triggerów systemu WASA zostały użyte w celu klasyfikacji zdarzeń hadronowych jako pochodzących z interakcji wiązka-pellet lub wiązka-tło. Badania wykazały iż możliwe jest rozróżnienie między tymi dwoma klasami zdarzeń. Uzyskano również doświadczenie w używaniu dwóch różnych systemów zsynchronizowanych ze sobą – eksperymentalnego systemu zbierania danych oraz innego systemu, działającego w znacznie dłuższej skali czasowej – podobnie do systemu śledzenia pelletów.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--Psychology, Georgia Institute of Technology, 2006. / Terry Maple, Committee Chair ; M. Jackson Marr, Committee Member ; Rebecca Snyder, Committee Member ; Marc Weissburg, Committee Member ; Paul Corballis, Committee Member ; Roger Bakeman, Committee Member.

The Gesellschaft für Schwerionenforschung (GSI) facility in Darmstadt, Germany, will be upgraded to accommodate a new generation of physics experiments. The future accelerator facility will be called FAIR and one of the experimentsat the site will be PANDA, which aims at performing hadron physics investigations by colliding anti-protons with protons. The licentiate thesis consistsof three sections related to PANDA. The first contains energy resolutionstudies of PbWO4 crystals, the second light yield uniformity studies of PbWO4 crystals and the third reconstruction of the lambda-bar-polarisation in the PANDA experiment. Two measurements of the energy resolution were performed at MAX-Lab in Lund, Sweden, with an array of 3x3 PbWO4 crystals using a tagged photon beam with energies between 19 and 56 MeV. For the April measurement, the crystals were cooled down to -15 degrees C and for the September measurement down to -25 degrees C. The measured relative energy resolution, <img src="http://www.diva-portal.org/cgi-bin/mimetex.cgi?%5Csigma" />/E, is decreasing from approximately 12% at 20 MeV to 7% at 55 MeV. In the standard energy resolution expression <img src="http://www.diva-portal.org/cgi-bin/mimetex.cgi?%5Csigma" />/E = a/<img src="http://www.diva-portal.org/cgi-bin/mimetex.cgi?%5Csqrt%5B%5D%7BE%7D" /> <img src="http://www.diva-portal.org/cgi-bin/mimetex.cgi?%5Coplus" /> b/E <img src="http://www.diva-portal.org/cgi-bin/mimetex.cgi?%5Coplus" /> c, the three parameters a, b and c seem to be strongly correlated and thus difficult to determine independently over this relative small energy range. The value of a was therefore fixed to that one would expect from Poisson statistics of the light collection yield (50 phe/MeV) and the results from fits were <img src="http://www.diva-portal.org/cgi-bin/mimetex.cgi?%5Csigma" />/E=0.45%/<img src="http://www.diva-portal.org/cgi-bin/mimetex.cgi?%5Csqrt%5B%5D%7BE_%7BGeV%7D%7D" /> <img src="http://www.diva-portal.org/cgi-bin/mimetex.cgi?%5Coplus" />0.18%/EGeV <img src="http://www.diva-portal.org/cgi-bin/mimetex.cgi?%5Coplus" />8.63% and <img src="http://www.diva-portal.org/cgi-bin/mimetex.cgi?%5Csigma" />/E = 0.45%/<img src="http://www.diva-portal.org/cgi-bin/mimetex.cgi?%5Csqrt%5B%5D%7BE_%7BGeV%7D%7D" /><img src="http://www.diva-portal.org/cgi-bin/mimetex.cgi?%5Coplus" />0.21%/EGeV <img src="http://www.diva-portal.org/cgi-bin/mimetex.cgi?%5Coplus" />6.12% for the April and September measurements, respectively. The data from the September measurement was also combined with previous data from MAMI for higher energies, ranging from approximately 64 to 715 MeV. The global fit over the whole range of energies gave an energy resolution expression of <img src="http://www.diva-portal.org/cgi-bin/mimetex.cgi?%5Csigma" />/E = 1.6%/<img src="http://www.diva-portal.org/cgi-bin/mimetex.cgi?%5Csqrt%5B%5D%7BE_%7BGeV%7D%7D" /> <img src="http://www.diva-portal.org/cgi-bin/mimetex.cgi?%5Coplus" />0.095%/EGeV <img src="http://www.diva-portal.org/cgi-bin/mimetex.cgi?%5Coplus" />2.1%. Light yield uniformity studies of five PbWO4 crystals, three tapered and two non-tapered ones, have also been performed. The tapered crystals delivered a light output which increased with increasing distance from the Photo Multiplier Tube (PM tube). Black tape was put on different sides of one tapered crystals, far from the PM tube to try to get a more constant uniformity prole. It was seen that the light output profile depends on the position of the tape. Generally, the steep increase in light output at large distances from the PM tube could be damped. The third part of the thesis concerns the reconstruction of the lambdabar polarisation in the reaction <img src="http://www.diva-portal.org/cgi-bin/mimetex.cgi?pbar+p%20%5Crightarrow%20lambdabar%20+%20lambda" />. Events were generated using a modied generator from the PS185 experiment at LEAR. With a 100% polarisation perpendicular to the scattering plane, a polarisation of (99±1.8)% was reconstructed. Slight non-zero polarisations along the axis determined by the outgoing hyperon as well as the axis in the scattering plane, were also reconstructed. These were (4.1±2.1)% and (2.6±2.0)% respectively. From this investigation it was shown that the detector efficiency was not homogeneous and that slow pions are difficult to reconstruct.

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