Cette recherche explore le rapport d'influence des produits (équipements de randonnée) et de l'environnement (aménagement) dans l'expérience des loisirs en plein air de personnes en situation de handicap dans les parcs publics à Québec. En Amérique du Nord, de nombreux chercheurs contribuent à documenter la réalité des personnes en situation de handicap. Néanmoins, leurs travaux respectifs l'abordent sous un angle qui diffère de la discipline du design. L'objectif principal est donc de comprendre l'expérience de la randonnée des personnes en situation de handicap à Québec par la matérialité, afin d'y saisir leur relation avec les équipements de randonnée ainsi que le rôle de l'aménagement des sentiers de randonnée. Ainsi, il est possible d'approfondir les connaissances en mettant en lumière le rôle capacitant des objets dans un contexte qui offre plus d'autonomie aux personnes que l'action sur l'aménagement. La méthodologie employée est celle d'une recherche qualitative en design avec emphase sur des méthodes d'enquêtes matérielles et d'entretiens qualitatifs semi-dirigés. L'analyse des données est orientée principalement vers l'intervention par le design. Cette recherche met en évidence le fait que la multiplicité des équipements utilisés dans l'activité de randonnée sont « choisis » et/ou « subis » par les personnes, influençant l'expérience de ces dernières. Ainsi, les équipements peuvent être considérés comme des objets capacitants. Par ailleurs, l'expérience de randonnée peut être décomposée en « type » en fonction de l'équipement, mais aussi par des facteurs externes (aménagement, services, etc.) qui ont une influence sur le rôle capacitant des objets. La compréhension de cette réalité offre des possibilités d'améliorer la conception de ces équipements, donnant une nouvelle vision de la notion de randonnée accessible et inclusive dans le contexte de parcs urbains. / This research explores the relationship between products (hiking equipment) and the environment (layout) in the outdoor leisure experience of people with disabilities in public parks in Quebec City. In North America, many researchers contribute to documenting the reality of people with disabilities. Nevertheless, their respective work approaches it from an angle that differs from the discipline of design. The main objective is therefore to understand the hiking experience of people with disabilities in Quebec through materiality, to grasp their relationship with hiking equipment and the role of hiking trail design. In this way, it is possible to deepen knowledge by highlighting the enabling role of objects in a context that offers more autonomy to people than action on the layout. The methodology employed is that of qualitative design research, with emphasis on material survey methods and semi-directed qualitative interviews. Data analysis is oriented primarily towards design intervention. This research highlights the fact that the multiplicity of equipment used in the hiking activity is "chosen" and/or "undergone" by people, influencing their experience. In this way, equipment can be seen as an enabling object. Furthermore, the hiking experience can be decomposed into "types" depending on the equipment, but also on external factors (layout, services, etc.) that influence the enabling role of objects. Understanding this reality offers possibilities for improving the design of such equipment, giving a new vision of the notion of accessible and inclusive hiking in the context of urban parks.

Cette thèse vise à proposer un programme global d’interprétation qui intègre les patrimoines naturel et culturel, matériel et immatériel, en s’inspirant des principes internationaux d’interprétation venant de pratiques diverses (parcs nationaux, musées, lieux historiques) et de leur application à la totalité d’un site patrimonial, dans un contexte de pays du Sud. Elle présente le cas du Parc National Historique : Citadelle, Sans-Souci, Ramiers (PNH-CSSR) le plus important des sites patrimoniaux et touristiques d’Haïti car il comprend des monuments considérés comme symboles de l’identité historique nationale. Inscrit depuis 1982 sur la liste du patrimoine mondial de l’UNESCO, ce parc ne disposait pas encore de programme d’interprétation. Ainsi, l’étude vient combler cette lacune en proposant un outil complet d’interprétation qui tient compte des potentialités du site tout en montrant comment il peut contribuer à sa mise en valeur optimale. Utilisant une approche pluridisciplinaire, la recherche repose sur des observations participantes et des entrevues semi directives ainsi qu’un corpus composé de documents historiques et ethnographiques. Le programme de mise en valeur mobilise des représentations théâtrales et musicales, des expositions muséales virtuelle et réelle, des brochures, des panneaux d’interprétation et de signalisation ainsi que des guides locaux formés sur le site. Il met l’accent sur la participation locale à travers des activités d’animation, la transmission des valeurs du site, des produits d’interprétation, et des services culturels essentiels destinés à soutenir le développement du tourisme durable sur le site. Liant la pratique à la théorie, la thèse comprend une phase d’expérimentation sur le site du programme d’interprétation proposé. L’évaluation de l’application du programme d’interprétation a montré que celui-ci est adapté aux besoins actuels et futurs du parc, aux objectifs formulés par l’État haïtien pour le développement touristique de la région et du site, aux attentes des résidents et des visiteurs présents ou potentiels. Ce travail de recherche constitue une contribution pionnière à l’avancement des connaissances dans le domaine de l’interprétation du patrimoine, particulièrement en Haïti. Ce programme d’interprétation original voudrait servir de modèle pour l’ensemble des parcs nationaux du pays, voire même pour d’autres parcs nationaux dans le monde. / The purpose of this essay is to propose a global program of interpretation, which integrates the different kinds of heritage, natural and cultural, tangible and intangible. It takes its inspiration from the international principles of interpretation arising out of various practices (followed, for example, by national parks, museums, historic sites) and their application to the overall values of a park, understood as a heritage site in the context of a developing country. The case study presented is that of the National Historic Park: Citadelle, Sans-Souci, Ramiers (PNH-CSSR), Haiti’s most significant heritage and tourist site, which includes monuments considered as symbols of the national historic identity. On the UNESCO world heritage list since 1982, this park has, as yet, no program of interpretation. As a result, the study sets out to fill this gap by proposing a complete interpretative program that takes into account all the potential of PNH-CSSR, while showing how this tool can help accentuate its best qualities. Using a multidisciplinary approach, the study is based on participant observations and semi-directive interviews along with a corpus made up of historical and ethnographic documents. The interpretation process puts into use a host of resources, such as theatrical performances, musical presentations, museum exhibitions both virtual and real, brochures, interpretive panels and signage, and local guides trained on site. In this way, emphasis is laid on local participation through group activities, the communication of the site’s values and interpretive products along with essential cultural services for the development on the site of sustainable tourism. Joining practice to theory, this essay includes an experimental phase on the site of the proposed interpretive program. Assessing the application of this program has shown it to be adapted to both the current and future needs of the park, to the goals set by the Haitian State for touristic development in the region and at the site, to the expectations of residents and of visitors, those at present and those to come. This research constitutes a pioneering endeavour to assist in the advancement of knowledge in the field of heritage interpretation, especially in Haiti. This original interpretive program seeks to serve as a model for that country’s national parks as a whole and, further, for national parks worldwide.

Advanced computational tools are applied to simulate a nuclear power plant (NPP) control rod assembly ejection (CRE) accident. The impact of these reactivity-initiated accidents (RIAs) on core reactivity behavior, 3D power distribution and stochastic reactivity estimation are evaluated. The three tools used are: the thermal-hydraulic (TH) RELAP5 (R5) code, the neutronic (NK) PARCS (P3D) code, and the coupled version P3D/R5, with specially developed linkage using the environment code MATLAB. This study considers three different-size cores: NPP1 (2772 MWt); NPP2 (530 MWt); and NPP3 (1061 MWt). The three cores have the same general design and control rod assembly (CRA) positions, and the ejected CRA has similar worth and at the same rod ejection pace. The CRE is assessed under both hot zero power (HZP) and hot full power (HFP) conditions. The analyses indicate that RIA modeling and simulation should be carried out through a systematic coding and configuration approaches, otherwise the results will not capture the true transient behavior of the core under analysis. The simulation of one code depends on the appropriate configuration of parameters generated by the other code and on the correct determination of the TH/NK mapping weight factors for the various mesh regions in each of the models. From the design point of view, the standalone codes predict milder magnitude of power and reactivity increase compared to the coupled P3D/R5 simulation. The magnitudes of reduced peak power and reactivity become larger as the core size shrinks. The HFP simulation shows that the three NPPs have the same transient peak value, but the post-transient steady power is lower for a smaller core. The HZP analysis indicates that the transient peak is lower for the smaller core, but the post-transient power occurs at the same level. The three-dimensional (3D) power distributions are different among the HFP and HZP cases, but do not depend on the size of the core. The results indicate: i) HFP: core power increases in the area surrounding the ejected rod/bank assembly, and this increase becomes lower as the NPPs shrinks however, the power is well-distributed after the transient; and ii) HZP: the area surrounding the CRA stays hotter, but the 3D peak assembly factor becomes lower, during and after the transients, as the NPPs shrinks. These features confirm that the smaller cores yield a safer response to a given inserted reactivity compared to larger cores. A stochastic extended Kalman filter (EKF) algorithm is implemented to estimate the reactivity based on the reactor power profile, after the addition of random noise. The inverse point kinetics (IPK) deterministic method is also implemented and the results of the application of EKF and IPK are compared to the P3D/R5 simulation. The following sophisticated strategies made the EKF algorithm robust and accurate: the system is modeled by a set of continuous time nonlinear stochastic differential equations; the code uses a time step directly based on the power measured and applies that to the model for online discretization and linearization; filter tuning goes automatically up from the first time step; and the state noise covariance matrix is updated online at each time step. It was found that the IPK reactivity has higher noise content compared to the EKF reactivity for all cases. Thus, the EKF presents superior and more accurate results. Furthermore, under a small reactivity insertion, the IPK reactivity varies widely from positive to negative values: this variation is not observed within the EKF. A sensitivity analysis for three distinct standard deviation (SD) noise measurements suggests that EKF is superior to IPK method, independent of the noise load magnitude. As the noise content increases, the error between the IPK and P3D/R5 reactivity also increases. A sensitivity analysis for five distinct carry-over effects of different random noise loads indicates that the random addition of different noise loads to the reactor power does not change the overall performance of both algorithms. / Este trabalho aplica métodos computacionais avançados para simular a ejeção de barras de controle (CRE) em uma planta térmica nuclear (NPP). São avaliados o impacto da ocorrência de acidentes iniciados por reatividade (RIAs) na reatividade total, na distribuição da potência em três dimensões (3D) e na determinação da reatividade. As ferramentas utilizadas são: o código termo-hidráulico (TH) RELAP5 (R5), o código neutrônico (NK) PARCS (P3D), a versão acoplada P3D/R5, e o ambiente computacional MATLAB. Este estudo considera três reatores nucleares de diferentes tamanhos: NPP1 (2772 MWT); NPP2 (530 MWt); e NPP3 (1061 MWt). Os três núcleos possuem projeto similar e idêntica posição dos grupos das barras de controle (CRA), além do mesmo valor de reatividade diferencial das CRA ejetadas e idêntica velocidade de ejeção. A ocorrência da CRE é avaliada sob condições de hot zero power (HZP) e de hot full power (HFP). As análises indicam que a modelagem e a simulação de RIAs devem ser realizadas sistematicamente, caso contrário os resultados não irão refletir o comportamento em regime transitório do núcleo. A simulação de um modelo em um código depende da apropriada configuração de parâmetros gerados pelo outro código e da determinação adequada do mapeamento TH/NK para as várias malhas dos modelos. Do ponto de vista de projeto, a utilização de códigos independentes resulta em cálculos de potência e reatividade conservadores em comparação com os resultados utilizando-se P3D/R5. Os picos de potência e de reatividade são menores à medida que o núcleo encolhe. A simulação em condições de HFP resulta em valores de pico de potência similares durante transitório para as três NPPs, mas a potência de pós-transitórios é menor para o menor núcleo. A análise em condições de HZP também indica que o valor máximo durante o transitório é menor para o menor núcleo, mas o pós-transitórios ocorre aos mesmos níveis de potência das demais NPPS. A distribuição de potência em 3D também apresenta resultados distintos para condições de HFP e HZP, mas tais resultados são independentes do tamanho do núcleo: i) HFP: há um aumento da potência do núcleo em torno da CRE, mas tal comportamento diminui para núcleos menores - no entanto, a potência é bem distribuída após o transitório; e ii) HZP: há aumento de potência na área do CRE, mas o pico de potência em 3D é menor durante e depois dos transitórios para núcleos menores. Tais características indicam que os núcleos menores respondem de forma mais segura quando da inserção de reatividade em comparação a reatores de maiores dimensões. O método estocástico de filtragem de Kalman estendido (EKF) foi codificado para estimar a reatividade com base no perfil de potência da NPP, após a adição de ruído aleatório. O método determinístico da cinética pontual inversa (IPK) também foi implementado e os resultados da aplicação dos algoritmos do EKF e IPK foram comparados com os resultados da simulação do P3D/R5. As seguintes estratégias, implementadas neste trabalho, possibilitaram a aplicação robusta e precisa do EKF: o sistema foi modelado por um conjunto de equações diferenciais não-lineares estocásticas de tempo contínuo; o algoritmo obtém o passo de tempo diretamente da potência medida e aplica-o ao modelo para a discretização e linearização online; o ajuste do filtro ocorre automaticamente a partir do primeiro passo de tempo; e a matriz de covariância do ruído no estado é atualizada online. Verificou-se que a reatividade calculada pelo método IPK possui maior nível de ruído quando comparada ao EKF para todos os casos estudados. Portanto, o EKF apresenta resultados superiores e mais precisos. Além disso, sob uma pequena inserção de reatividade, a reatividade calculada pelo método IPK varia consideravelmente de valores positivos para negativos: esta variação não é observada com o EKF. Uma análise de sensibilidade para três desvios padrão (SD) sugere que o algoritmo EKF é superior ao método IPK, independente da magnitude do ruído. Com o aumento da magnitude do ruído, o erro entre as reatividades calculadas pelo IPK e pelo P3D/R5 aumenta. A análise de sensibilidade para cinco ruídos aleatórios indica que a adição de ruído na potência do reator não altera o desempenho global de ambos os algoritmos.

Advanced computational tools are applied to simulate a nuclear power plant (NPP) control rod assembly ejection (CRE) accident. The impact of these reactivity-initiated accidents (RIAs) on core reactivity behavior, 3D power distribution and stochastic reactivity estimation are evaluated. The three tools used are: the thermal-hydraulic (TH) RELAP5 (R5) code, the neutronic (NK) PARCS (P3D) code, and the coupled version P3D/R5, with specially developed linkage using the environment code MATLAB. This study considers three different-size cores: NPP1 (2772 MWt); NPP2 (530 MWt); and NPP3 (1061 MWt). The three cores have the same general design and control rod assembly (CRA) positions, and the ejected CRA has similar worth and at the same rod ejection pace. The CRE is assessed under both hot zero power (HZP) and hot full power (HFP) conditions. The analyses indicate that RIA modeling and simulation should be carried out through a systematic coding and configuration approaches, otherwise the results will not capture the true transient behavior of the core under analysis. The simulation of one code depends on the appropriate configuration of parameters generated by the other code and on the correct determination of the TH/NK mapping weight factors for the various mesh regions in each of the models. From the design point of view, the standalone codes predict milder magnitude of power and reactivity increase compared to the coupled P3D/R5 simulation. The magnitudes of reduced peak power and reactivity become larger as the core size shrinks. The HFP simulation shows that the three NPPs have the same transient peak value, but the post-transient steady power is lower for a smaller core. The HZP analysis indicates that the transient peak is lower for the smaller core, but the post-transient power occurs at the same level. The three-dimensional (3D) power distributions are different among the HFP and HZP cases, but do not depend on the size of the core. The results indicate: i) HFP: core power increases in the area surrounding the ejected rod/bank assembly, and this increase becomes lower as the NPPs shrinks however, the power is well-distributed after the transient; and ii) HZP: the area surrounding the CRA stays hotter, but the 3D peak assembly factor becomes lower, during and after the transients, as the NPPs shrinks. These features confirm that the smaller cores yield a safer response to a given inserted reactivity compared to larger cores. A stochastic extended Kalman filter (EKF) algorithm is implemented to estimate the reactivity based on the reactor power profile, after the addition of random noise. The inverse point kinetics (IPK) deterministic method is also implemented and the results of the application of EKF and IPK are compared to the P3D/R5 simulation. The following sophisticated strategies made the EKF algorithm robust and accurate: the system is modeled by a set of continuous time nonlinear stochastic differential equations; the code uses a time step directly based on the power measured and applies that to the model for online discretization and linearization; filter tuning goes automatically up from the first time step; and the state noise covariance matrix is updated online at each time step. It was found that the IPK reactivity has higher noise content compared to the EKF reactivity for all cases. Thus, the EKF presents superior and more accurate results. Furthermore, under a small reactivity insertion, the IPK reactivity varies widely from positive to negative values: this variation is not observed within the EKF. A sensitivity analysis for three distinct standard deviation (SD) noise measurements suggests that EKF is superior to IPK method, independent of the noise load magnitude. As the noise content increases, the error between the IPK and P3D/R5 reactivity also increases. A sensitivity analysis for five distinct carry-over effects of different random noise loads indicates that the random addition of different noise loads to the reactor power does not change the overall performance of both algorithms. / Este trabalho aplica métodos computacionais avançados para simular a ejeção de barras de controle (CRE) em uma planta térmica nuclear (NPP). São avaliados o impacto da ocorrência de acidentes iniciados por reatividade (RIAs) na reatividade total, na distribuição da potência em três dimensões (3D) e na determinação da reatividade. As ferramentas utilizadas são: o código termo-hidráulico (TH) RELAP5 (R5), o código neutrônico (NK) PARCS (P3D), a versão acoplada P3D/R5, e o ambiente computacional MATLAB. Este estudo considera três reatores nucleares de diferentes tamanhos: NPP1 (2772 MWT); NPP2 (530 MWt); e NPP3 (1061 MWt). Os três núcleos possuem projeto similar e idêntica posição dos grupos das barras de controle (CRA), além do mesmo valor de reatividade diferencial das CRA ejetadas e idêntica velocidade de ejeção. A ocorrência da CRE é avaliada sob condições de hot zero power (HZP) e de hot full power (HFP). As análises indicam que a modelagem e a simulação de RIAs devem ser realizadas sistematicamente, caso contrário os resultados não irão refletir o comportamento em regime transitório do núcleo. A simulação de um modelo em um código depende da apropriada configuração de parâmetros gerados pelo outro código e da determinação adequada do mapeamento TH/NK para as várias malhas dos modelos. Do ponto de vista de projeto, a utilização de códigos independentes resulta em cálculos de potência e reatividade conservadores em comparação com os resultados utilizando-se P3D/R5. Os picos de potência e de reatividade são menores à medida que o núcleo encolhe. A simulação em condições de HFP resulta em valores de pico de potência similares durante transitório para as três NPPs, mas a potência de pós-transitórios é menor para o menor núcleo. A análise em condições de HZP também indica que o valor máximo durante o transitório é menor para o menor núcleo, mas o pós-transitórios ocorre aos mesmos níveis de potência das demais NPPS. A distribuição de potência em 3D também apresenta resultados distintos para condições de HFP e HZP, mas tais resultados são independentes do tamanho do núcleo: i) HFP: há um aumento da potência do núcleo em torno da CRE, mas tal comportamento diminui para núcleos menores - no entanto, a potência é bem distribuída após o transitório; e ii) HZP: há aumento de potência na área do CRE, mas o pico de potência em 3D é menor durante e depois dos transitórios para núcleos menores. Tais características indicam que os núcleos menores respondem de forma mais segura quando da inserção de reatividade em comparação a reatores de maiores dimensões. O método estocástico de filtragem de Kalman estendido (EKF) foi codificado para estimar a reatividade com base no perfil de potência da NPP, após a adição de ruído aleatório. O método determinístico da cinética pontual inversa (IPK) também foi implementado e os resultados da aplicação dos algoritmos do EKF e IPK foram comparados com os resultados da simulação do P3D/R5. As seguintes estratégias, implementadas neste trabalho, possibilitaram a aplicação robusta e precisa do EKF: o sistema foi modelado por um conjunto de equações diferenciais não-lineares estocásticas de tempo contínuo; o algoritmo obtém o passo de tempo diretamente da potência medida e aplica-o ao modelo para a discretização e linearização online; o ajuste do filtro ocorre automaticamente a partir do primeiro passo de tempo; e a matriz de covariância do ruído no estado é atualizada online. Verificou-se que a reatividade calculada pelo método IPK possui maior nível de ruído quando comparada ao EKF para todos os casos estudados. Portanto, o EKF apresenta resultados superiores e mais precisos. Além disso, sob uma pequena inserção de reatividade, a reatividade calculada pelo método IPK varia consideravelmente de valores positivos para negativos: esta variação não é observada com o EKF. Uma análise de sensibilidade para três desvios padrão (SD) sugere que o algoritmo EKF é superior ao método IPK, independente da magnitude do ruído. Com o aumento da magnitude do ruído, o erro entre as reatividades calculadas pelo IPK e pelo P3D/R5 aumenta. A análise de sensibilidade para cinco ruídos aleatórios indica que a adição de ruído na potência do reator não altera o desempenho global de ambos os algoritmos.

Basé sur un terrain ethnographique réalisé en 2019 dans le district de Sa Pa (province de Lào Cai, Vietnam), ce mémoire porte sur les relations complexes entre les populations locales et l'État communiste à l'intérieur d'une aire protégée d'intérêt international, le Parc national Hoàng Liên Sơn. J'y approfondis une perspective socio-anthropologique de l'environnement à partir de l'expérience de deux groupes ethniques minoritaires répandus dans les hautes terres du Massif Sud-Est Asiatique, la famille linguistique Miao-Yao ou Hmong-mien. Jusqu'à récemment, les montagnards de Sa Pa devaient surtout composer avec les politiques de préservation culturelle sélective menées par les représentants de l'ethnie majoritaire Kinh (Việt), de même qu'avec des incitatifs de développement axés sur l'augmentation de la productivité rurale, l'accroissement de l'offre touristique (inter)nationale et l'expansion des infrastructures commerciales en zones urbaines. Toutefois, afin de répondre à la pression grandissante des groupes d'acteurs transnationaux face à la crise environnementale ces trente dernières années, la République Socialiste du Vietnam (RSV) s'est tournée vers la conservation ciblée de son territoire naturel, avec pour objectifs de fond la modernisation sociale et économique des régions périphériques. L'important réseau de réserves et de parcs dont Hoàng Liên Sơn fait figure de proue n'échappe pas à cette réalité, et représente l'offensive moderne du Vietnam pour garantir le contrôle de ses terres. Les institutions régionales, sous l'égide du système centralisé par palier du Parti Communiste, engagent désormais des politiques néolibérales basées sur l'intervention d'organisations non-gouvernementales et la gestion par des entreprises privées. Cette situation a une série d'impacts sur les populations locales, aux deux tiers composées de minorités ethniques Hmong, Yao, Giáy et Tày évoluant communément en milieu rural et agricole. Le système oppressif du Parc national contraint les montagnards à revoir leurs stratégies de subsistances et négocier leur position au sein de l'ensemble géopolitique. Fondée sur le point de vue émique des groupes lignagés Hmong et Yao – doublement marginalisés par leurs pratiques socio-économiques et leur distance historique avec l'État – cette recherche rassemble des données sur le système conservationniste vietnamien et les imaginaires environnementaux qui l'entourent afin d'en relever les contradictions et d'en apporter une critique anthropologique constructive. L'analyse donne place à des réponses multiples de part et d'autre, entre confiance, méfiance, résistance et espoir. / Based on ethnographic fieldwork carried out in 2019 in the district of Sa Pa (Lào Cai province, Vietnam), this thesis focuses on the complex relations between the local populations and the communist state within a protected area of international interest, the Hoàng Liên Sơn National Park. I deepen a socio-anthropological perspective of the environment from the experience of two widespread ethnic minority groups of the South-East Asian Massif highlands, the Miao-Yao or Hmong-mien language family. Until recently, the Sa Pa montagnards had mainly to deal with selective cultural preservation policies led by representatives of the majority Kinh (Việt) ethnic group, as well as with development incentives focused on rural and agricultural productivity, increased (inter)national tourism and the growth of commercial infrastructure in urban areas. However, in order to respond to the growing pressure from transnational stakeholders facing the environmental crisis over the past thirty years, the Socialist Republic of Vietnam engaged a major shift towards the targeted conservation of its natural territory, holding with background objectives of social and economic modernization for peripheral regions. The large network of reserves and parks of which Hoàng Liên Sơn is the figurehead is no exception to this reality and represents Vietnam's modern offensive to get a hand on its lands. Regional institutions, under the aegis of the Communist Party's centralized tiered system, now engage in neoliberal policies based on the intervention of non-governmental organizations and management by private businesses. This situation has a series of impacts on the local populations, two thirds of which are made up of Hmong, Yao, Giáy and Tày ethnic minorities, commonly living in rural and mountainous areas. The oppressive system of the National Park forces the montagnards to review their livelihood strategies and negotiate their position within the geopolitical ensemble. Based on the emic point of view of the Hmong and Yao lineage groups - doubly marginalized by their socio-economic practices and their historical distance from the state - this research brings together data on the Vietnamese conservationist system and the environmental imaginaries that surrounds Hoàng Liên Sơn in order to point out contradictions and bring constructive anthropological criticism upon it. The analysis gives way to multiple responses on both sides, between trust, mistrust, resistance and hope.

Assembling original documents, historical material, completed or unrealized projects and the evolution of governmental and professional structures, this dissertation explores the development and construction of urban expressways in American cities, from their conception at the dawn of the 20th-century, to the end of the 1960’s. Beyond the force of its physical imprint, and its impact on the operative restructuring of the city, the arrival of the urban expressway led to profound doubts about the value and the meaning of the urban, about the legitimacy or professional relevance of urbanism—the discipline that ostensibly had the expertise to deal with the city—and an institutional and political structure supported by what were in theory democratic ideals, but which were, in many cases, closely tied to private interests. Much has been written about the reasons behind the construction of the system of expressways and the need for great technical ability in order to complete this system. More still has been written about the consequences of this system, frequently linked to a string of negative adjectives when discussing their impact on the urban fabric. And not a few have written about the intricate political web behind this infrastructure. Nevertheless, relatively little has been written about urban expressways and the invisible network of questions, episodes, causes and consequences that shaped the decisions that would later be translated into a radical change of the American city.Theory versus method, disciplinary impotence versus professional competence, institutional orphanhood versus executive institutionalization would be, both successively and simultaneously, battlegrounds for a debate unleashed through a series of specific outgrowths of what is, or what may perhaps once have been, a mere piece of infrastructure.This dissertation will explore these questions, understanding the urban expressway in the American city to be only the tip of the iceberg of a profound change in the history of what we still refer to, generically, as the urban / Conjugando archivos originales, material histórico, proyectos ejecutados o nunca realizados y la evolución de estructuras profesionales y gubernamentales, esta tesis explora las autopistas urbanas en las ciudades de Estados Unidos desde su germen a comienzos de la primera mitad de siglo XX hasta finales de la década del ‘60. El advenimiento de las autopistas urbanas produjo, más allá de su impresión física y su impacto en la reestructuración operativa de las ciudades, profundos cuestionamientos sobre el valor y significado de lo urbano, la legitimidad o relevancia profesional sobre la disciplina que pretendía ser su especialista, el urbanismo, y una estructura institucional y política siempre sostenida sobre supuestos ideales democráticos pero perversamente atado a intereses privados. Mucho se ha sido escrito sobre las razones para la construcción del sistema de autopistas como infraestructuras y el desarrollo de una rigurosa pericia técnica para su ejecución, más aún sobre sus consecuencias, casi siempre adjetivadas como nefastas, en los entornos urbanos, y no pocos han escrito sobre la intrincada red política detrás de ellas. Sin embargo, poco se ha escrito sobre las autopistas urbanas en forma específica y la invisible trama de cuestiones, episodios, causas y consecuencias que dieron forma a decisiones que se traducirían luego en el más drástico cambio de la ciudad en Estados Unidos.Teoría versus método, impotencia disciplinar versus competencia profesional, orfandad institucional versus institucionalización ejecutiva serán por turnos, y simultáneamente, campos de batalla para un debate desencadenado a través de unas ramificaciones específicas de lo que en apariencia es, o era si alguna vez lo fue, simplemente una pieza de infraestructura.Esta tesis indagará en estas cuestiones, entendiendo las autopistas urbanas en las ciudades de Estados Unidos sólo como la punta del iceberg de un cambio rotundo en el curso de la historia, de la que aún genéricamente llamamos, urbana.

El objetivo de la investigación es el estudio de los rasgos que caracterizan la estructura territorial de Bogotá y los 17 municipios de su área de influencia inmediata, y el análisis de los cambios ocurridos durante el transcurso de la última década. Así mismo, se busca mensurar la magnitud de los impactos que esta nueva estructura haya provocado sobre las dinámicas urbanas de los entornos en transformación. Se utilizó el método funcional del valor de interacción para la identificación de los sistemas urbanos locales; el método de umbrales de referencia para la delimitación del centro económico de la ciudad; métodos paramétricos para la identificación de candidatos y subcentros de empleo desde una perspectiva morfológica; indicadores de caracterización territorial para el estudio de los subcentros; y el análisis de regresión lineal para el estudio de la relación entre el cambio de uso y los valores inmobiliarios impulsados por las transformaciones sobre la estructura urbana. Se utilizaron principalmente las dos encuestas de movilidad aplicadas en la ciudad para los años 2005 y 2011, y las bases de datos del Catastro Distrital para los mismos periodos. Desde la perspectiva funcional, se encontró para 2011 una estructura territorial constituida por sistemas urbanos integrales (incluyendo todos los viajes efectuados diariamente al interior del área metropolitana de Bogotá), caracterizados por cumplir las condiciones de autocontención y continuidad requeridos en la periferia, y con problemas para su consolidación al interior de la ciudad central. Se encontró que los viajes con motivos distintos al laboral se realizan a distancias considerablemente más cortas que los viajes al trabajo y utilizan básicamente el modo ‘a pie’ para su traslado. Se concluye que el grueso de los viajes registrados por la encuesta de movilidad del año 2011 se hace a una escala más local que los viajes al trabajo, lo cual genera cierta cohesión territorial y por tanto facilita la aplicación del método del valor de interacción para la identificación de subsistemas metropolitanos. Desde el enfoque morfológico, se encontró un bajo nivel de policentrismo representado por un centro de doble núcleo para ambos periodos examinados y tres subcentros significativos y persistentes en el tiempo, ubicados al interior de la ciudad central. El análisis dinámico del CBD y los subcentros estadísticamente significativos muestra ligeras diferencias tanto en el primero como en la zona de transición pero mayores diferencias en la identificación de subcentros, pues mientras unos persisten, otros surgen o desaparecen en 2011 con respecto al año 2005. Los sectores que se mantienen en todo el periodo son Country Club, una zona principalmente residencial de estratos altos al norte de Bogotá, con actividad económica especializada en construcción, servicios y restaurantes y hoteles; Puente Aranda con poca actividad residencial y en cambio sí comercial, de industria y servicios financieros; y Ciudad Salitre Oriental con vivienda de estratos medios y una gran mezcla de usos dotacionales para la administración pública y grandes superficies comerciales. La denominada Zona Industrial de Bogotá surge en 2011 como explicativa del patrón de densidad laboral, desempeñando un papel decisivo no tanto en la actividad productiva, como sí en la comercial y dotacional de sus zonas aledañas. Finalmente, resaltar la existencia de dos nodos importantes en 2005 (Parque Simón Bolívar y San Rafael) que no alcanzan a consolidarse en 2011 como subcentros de empleo. Finalmente, el análisis de las dinámicas urbanas encontró un incremento importante de la actividad terciaria en detrimento del uso industrial, tanto en la totalidad de la ciudad como en los subcentros analizados; así como importantes incrementos en los avalúos, la mayoría de las veces mayores al incremento medio de la ciudad. / The aim of the investigation is the study of the features that characterize the spatial structure of Bogotá and 17 municipalities in its immediate area of influence, and the analysis of the changes over the course of the last decade. Likewise, it seeks to measure the magnitude of the impact that this new structure has brought over the urban dynamics of changing environments. Were used functional interaction value method for the identification of local urban systems; the method of reference thresholds for delimiting the economic center of the city; parametric methods for identifying candidates and subcenter employment from a morphological perspective; territorial characterization indicators for the study of the subcenters; and linear regression analysis to study the relationship between the change of use and property values driven by the changes over the urban structure. The two surveys of mobility in the city applied for the years 2005 and 2011, and the Cadastral databases for the same periods were mainly used. From the functional perspective, it was found in 2011 a territorial structure consisting of Integral Urban Systems (including all trips made daily within the metropolitan area of Bogotá), characterized by fulfilling the conditions of self- containment and continuity required in the periphery, and problems for consolidation within the central city. It was found that reasons other than commuting are made considerably shorter than the travel-to-work distances and mainly used mode 'walk' to travel. It is concluded that the bulk of the trips recorded by the mobility survey in 2011 is a more local scale that travel to work, which generates some territorial cohesion and thus facilitates the application of the interaction value method for identifying metropolitan subsystems. From the morphological approach he was found for both periods under review, a low level of polycentrism represented by a dual-core center and three sub significant and persistent over time, located within the central city. The dynamic analysis of the CBD and the statistically significant subcenter shows slight differences in both the first and the transition zone but major differences in identifying subcenters, because while some remain, others arise or disappear in 2011 compared to 2005. The sectors that remain throughout the period are Country Club, a mainly residential area of higher strata in the north of Bogota, with economic activity specialized in construction, services and restaurants and hotels; Puente Aranda with low residential activity and foremost business, industry and financial services; Ciudad Salitre Oriental with middle strata housing and a great mixture of communal uses for public administration and department stores. The so-called Zona Industral of Bogotá arises in 2011 as an explanatory employment density pattern, playing a decisive role not so much in productive, as if in the commercial activity, facilities and public services of its surrounding areas. Finally, to highlight the existence of two important nodes in 2005 (Parque Simon Bolivar and San Rafael) that fail to consolidate in 2011 as a employment subcenter. Finally, urban dynamics analysis found a significant increase in the tertiary activity (commercial and private facilities uses) to the detriment of industrial use, both the entire city and subcenters analyzed; as well as significant increases in valuations, most times higher than the average increase of the whole city

That is NIGHT, LIGHT and ENVIRONMENT make and is ARCHITECTURE. Night and environment, as time and space; (artificial) light as a connecting tool. The aim of the thesis is, therefore, to give visibility and affirm that architecture also has a nightly component and that artificial light is what connects architecture with environment during the night. Environment that is physically the same but its time and perceptibility changed. To show how lightning responds to this environment and how the architect focuses on the change of use, response and presence in the city by night. The first chapter NIGHT, defines concepts around this, looks at the role that HISTORY has given to it, the evolution of the relationship between MAN and SOC IETIES to night, and ends describing the night today. Items such NIGHT, as the interval between evening and morning in relation to TIME; NIGHT as time during which there is no day1ight in relation to LIGHT. We see that this time had always been CYCLICAL, with a clear distinction day/night but always struggle to extend and maximize the daytime, change with the Industrial Revolution. When the technology of artificial electric light could bring endless days, paradoxically society rediscovers the night and in the XXI century, we could say that we are going from ENDLESS DAY to ENDLESS NIGHT. This cycle entailed an always well marked duality that impacts all HUMAN ACTIVIT IES. DUALITY has become SIMULTANEITY, from a clear DISTINCTION, CHANGE and CONTRAST; we have entered a phase of simultaneous day/night space-time. We are facing a CULTURAL change. The second chapter we discuss LIGHT, physical reality, and therefore definable scientifically but also deeply rooted in the culture that concepts such as darkness, shadow or penumbra does not fit in these definitions and we need to complete them with the help of psychology, anthropology, sociology or art. We talk about AESTHETICS and POETICS, symbols and metaphors, about SILENCE/NOISE understood as altitudes toward s the environment. In the third chapter on ENVIRONMENT, we first s peak of MAN, who with the SENSES and SENSATIONS reaches RECOGNITION, adding MEMORY, MEMORIES and IMAGINAT ION; his first contact with the environment. Man with CYCLICAL VITAL RHYTHMS that determine also CYCLICAL ACTIVITIES. Then to explore the CITY, we build on three main aspects: 1. To review ENVIRONMENTAL inputs we refer to LANDSCAPE. On how to balance on the three key as pects of SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT: ECOLOGICAL, ECONOMIC and SOC IAL. 2. In analyzing the PHYSICAL-MORPHOLOGICAL, we focus on the mechanisms of recognition and measurement REFERENCES, DISTANCES and EDGES to determine the READABILITY of an urban land. 3. This physical reality must overlap with USE, analyze therefore, SOCIO-C ULTURAL inputs that determine the appropriation of s pace in a certain way, depending on usage, the time of day, ADVERTISING, IMAGE... The TIME, it is thus crucial. In the fourth chapter to ARTIFICIAL LIGHT as TOOL, we distinguish permanent applications in ARCHIT ECTURE and URBANISM from EPHEMERAL event specific. In each of these fields, we discuss the history and describe the most important lighting options .In architectural ILLUMINATIONS we also discuss about PRESENCE/ABSENCE, architectural LANGUAGE, ICONIC-building, TRANSPARENCY/OPACI TY, IMMATERIALITY/MASS and MOVEMENT. N. URBAN LIGHTING, we discuss about LIGHTING PLANS, LIGHT, DARK and ICONIC LANDSCAPES. / Arquitectura: nit, llum i entorn , és a dir, la NIT, la LLUM i l'ENTORN tan i són ARQU ITECTURA Nit i entorn, com a temps i espai; la llum (artificial) com a eina creadora de lligams. L'objectiu de la tesi és, per tant, donar visibilitat i afirmar que l'arquitectura també té la seva com ponent nocturna i que és la llum artificial qui la posa en relació amb l’entorn. Entorn que físicament és el mateix però que temporalment i perceptivament canvia. Mostrar com la utilització de la llum per a la il·luminació res pon a aquest entorn i com l'arquitecte enfoca el canvi d'ús , resposta i presencia en la ciutat nocturna. Un primer capítol NIT, defineix conceptes , busca en la HISTÒRIA el paper que se li ha donat, l'evolució de la relació de l'HOME i les SOCIETATS amb aquesta i descriu la nit actual. Apareixen conceptes com: NIT, com l'interval entre el vespre i el matí, en relació al TEMPS; NIT, com temps durant el qual no hi ha claror de dia, en relació a la LLUM. Aquest temps que havia estat sempre CÍCLIC, amb una clara distinció dia/nit però sempre amb una lluita per allargar i aprofitar al màxim el temps diürn, canviarà amb la Revolució Industrial. Quan la tecnologia de la llum artificial elèctrica permetria acostar l'home al DIA SENSE FI, paradoxalment la societat redescobreix la nit i al segle XXI estem passant a LA NIT SENSE FI. Aquest cicle comportava sempre una DUALITAT tot fent fluctuar les ACTIVITATS HUMANES, ara s'ha passat a SIMULTANETAT ESPACIO¬ TEMPORAL dia/nit. Estem davant un canvi CULTURAL. Un segon capítol LLUM, una realitat física, i per tant, definible científicament però alhora tan arrelada en la cultura que conceptes com obscuritat, foscor, ombra i penombra s'escapen de les definicions i ens cal completar-les amb l'ajuda de la psicologia, l'antropologia ,la sociologia o l'art. Parlem d'ESTÈTICA i POÈTICA de la llum , de simbologia i de metàfores , del SILENCl/SOROLL com a actituds davant l'entorn. En un tercer capítol ENTORN, parlem primer de l'HOME, que amb els SENTITS i les SENSACIONS arriba al RECONEIXEMENT i en sumar-hi la MEMÒRIA, el RECORD i la IMAGINACIÓ, al primer contacte amb l'entorn. L'home de RITMES VITALS CÍCLICS que determinen unes ACTIVITATS també CÍCLIQUES . Després analitzem la CIUTAT basant-nos en tres aspectes: 1. Per les consideracions MEDIOAMBIENTALS fem referència al PAISATGE, als antònims NATURNCIUTAT, a la POL·LUCIÓ LUMÍNICA: a com equilibrar els tres aspectes essencials del DESENVOLUPAMENT SOSTENIBLE: l'ECOLÓGIC, l'ECONÓMIC i el SOCIAL. 2. Per les FISICO-MORFOLÓGIQUES ens centrem en els mecanismes de reconeixement i mesura de REFERÈNCIES,DISTÀNCIES i LÍMITS per a determinar la LLEGIBILITAT d'un entorn urbà 3. A aquesta realitat física cal superposar-li l'ÚS, analitzem les consideracions SOC IO-CULTURALS per l'apropiació de l'espai d'una manera determinada, en funció de l'activitat, moment del dia, PUBLICITAT, IMATGE ... el TEMPS n'és la clau. En un quart capítol LLUM ARTIFICIAL COMA EINA, distingim les aplicacions permanents en ARQUITECTURA i URBANISME de les EFÍMERES FESTIVES. En cadascuna mostrem un recorregut històric i els tipus i maneres d’il·luminació possibles. En les IL·LUMINACIONS arquitectòniques parlem també d'ABSENCINPRESENCIA, de LLENGUATGE, d'EDIFICIS-ICONA, de TRANSPARENCINOPACITAT, d'IMMATERIALITAT/MASSA i MOVIMENT. En l'ENLLUMENAT parlem de PLANS D'IL·LUMINACIÓ URBANS, de PAISATGE LLUM, ICONA i FOSC. En el cinquè capítol reflexionem tot afirmant que estem en un moment de superació d'una UTOPIA, que ens permet d'entendre la il·luminació com un element EFÍMER. On serà la VOLUNTAT , la INTENCIÓ, qui acordarà si la nostra resposta és ALEATÒRIA, NECESSÀRIA o ABSURDA. Aquesta, vindrà determinada per la FUNCIÓ, l'ÚS o el SÍMBOL que se li vulgui donar. La resposta passa per buscar una HUMANITZACIÓ de la problemàtica dins de la CIUTAT i de la SOCIETAT. Els annexos FLÁNEUR i EXPRESSIONISME aporten més elements de REFLEXIÓ.

Aujourd'hui, l'environnement sonore n'est plus uniquement considéré comme une gène ou une nuisance par notre société, mais comme pouvant être porteur de qualités. La directive européenne 2002/45/CE,relative à la gestion du bruit dans l'environnement demande aux états d'identifier les «zones calmes» en vue de leur préservation et de leur valorisation en raison de la ressource qu'elles constituent. Elle présente les «zones calmes» comme des zones préservées du bruit. Dans ce contexte, les parcs et les jardins apparaissent dans de nombreuses études comme étant plébiscités par les usagers pour la qualité de leur environnement sonore sans que ces qualités ne soient bien identifiées. Si la directive européenne tend à considérer la qualité sonore en fonction d'un seuil de niveau sonore et des seules notions d'agrément ou de désagrément, les différents champs de recherche sur l'environnement sonore, de la psychoacoustique jusqu'aux ambiances,on montré qu'elle relève d'une expérience esthétique plus complexe. L'environnement sonore est chargé de valeurs affectives, sémantiques, fonctionnelles, esthétiques.Nous proposons ici une identification précise des qualités sonores qui semblent propres au parcs et aux jardins urbains en abordant la qualité sonore dans une perspective plus descriptive qu'hédoniste à travers l'étude de l'expérience vécue des usagers dans six parcs et jardins de la région parisienne. Dans un premier temps nous présentons une description des différentes facettes de l'environnement sonore du jardin établie à partir d'observations de terrains, de mesures acoustiques, et d'entretiens réalisés auprès des usagers. L'environnement sonore du jardin est présenté à partir de ses configurations sonores, d'effets perceptifs,des représentations qu'il suscite, ou encore des pratiques qu'il induit ou qui participent à son actualisation. Pour aller au delà des relations entre niveau sonore et agrément, nous proposons dans un second temps de révéler des ponts entre les aspects matériels et immatériels des ambiances sonores. Bien que les ambiances sonores relèvent d'une dimension immatérielle : le son et l'expérience esthétique des usagers, nous faisons l'hypothèse qu'elles peuvent être manipulables par les aménageurs ou faire l'objet de mesures de protection ou de valorisation si elles sont considérées comme des effets de dimensions physiques observables : structures paysagères ou indicateurs acoustiques. Nous abordons ainsi la qualité sonore à travers le prisme de la diversité architecturale et conceptuelle propre à l'art des jardins et nous proposons de comprendre les relations entre les différentes qualités sonore identifiées, les structures paysagères et l'acoustique des jardins. / Nowadays, the sound environment is no longer only considered as potential annoyance, but it is sometimes recognize for the qualities it can bear. The European directive 2002/45/CE, relative to the management of environmental noise, requires the european states to identify «quiet areas» for their preservation and valorization due to the resource they represent. It defines the «quiet areas» as areas preserved from the noise. In this context, numerous studies have shown that in the urban environments the parks and gardens are acclaimed by users for the quality of their soundscape, but those qualities have never been accurately identified. If the European directive seems to consider the sound quality according to a noise level and the ideas of agreement or disagreement, different fields of study on the sound environment, from the psychoacoustic to the atmosphere studies, have shown that the esthetic experience is way more complex. The sound environment is full of emotional values, semantic, functional and aesthetic values.The aim of our work is to accurately identify the sound qualities that seem specific to urban parks and gardens. The sound qualities are understood more from a descriptive than an hedonist point of view, through the study of the experience of users in six differents parks and gardens of the Parisan area. First, it present a description of the different aspects of the sound environment of the garden established from various kind of datas : observations, acoustic measurements, and interviews with users. The sound environment of the garden is presented through sound configurations, perceptual effects, representations it evokes, or through practices. To overcome the relationship between noise level and agreement, this work propose in a second time to highlight links between tangibles and intangibles aspects of the soundscape. Although the soundscape seems to fall within an immaterial dimension : sound and aesthetic experience of the users, we assume that it can be mastered by the designers, the acousticians or the urban planners if it is considered as an effect of material dimensions : landscape structures or acoustic indicators. This work approach the sound quality through the architectural diversity of the garden design. It propose to understand the relationships between the different sound qualities identified, the landscape structures and the acoustic measurments.

À travers le cas du Parc naturel régional d’Armorique, cette thèse propose une analyse critique du lien qui unit les PNR à l’habitat, en mettant en avant les accélérateurs et les freins politiques et territoriaux sur l’implication des syndicats mixtes de Parcs dans ce domaine. Après une mise au point conceptuelle de la notion d’habitat et la présentation des territoires et des modes d’habiter sur le Parc d’Armorique, l’étude interroge les ambitions politiques en la matière et les raisons qui conduisent à leurs concrétisations. Confrontés à un environnement culturel marqué par la ruralité et des difficultés structurelles influant leurs orientations, les Parcs sont aussi contraints par le contexte institutionnel français et l’organisation des territoires sur lesquels ils opèrent. Un parcours historique de l’implication de ces structures sur l’habitat, avec comme étude de cas le Parc d’Armorique, nous montre qu’ils sont dépendants d’orientations nationales changeantes, mais s’acharnent à tenir un rôle majeur dans l’organisation des territoires ruraux. En outre, ils se dévoilent comme d’excellents modèles d’acculturation, porteurs de valeurs et de projets allant dans le sens d’un processus de qualité, de préservation et de vivre-ensemble dans des campagnes souvent négligées par les institutions. / Through the case of Armorique regional natural park, this thesis offers a critical analysis of the link between the RNPs and the habitat, by highlighting the territorial and political boosters and restraints on the joint parks associations involvement in this field. After a conceptual clarification on the notion of habitat and the presentation of the territories and the settlement patterns in Armorique Park, the study questions the political ambitions regarding it and the reasons which lead to their fulfilments. Confronted with a cultural environment marked by the rurality and structural difficulties influencing their orientations, parks are also obliged by the French institutional context and the territories organization on the one they operate. An historic journey about the involvement of these structures on the habitat, with Armorique Park as a case study, shows us that they are dependent on changing national orientations, but they persist in keeping a leading role in the organization of the rural territories. Furthermore, they reveal themselves as excellent models of acculturation, carrying values and projects moving towards the idea of quality process, preservation and a living together concept in a countyside often overlooked by the institutions. .