In relationships between men and women, women are still more likely than men to take family leave and reduce work hours after the birth of their first child. This results in economic changes between partners at the transition to parenthood. Gendered changes in income may impact relationship dynamics within couples and contribute to the elevated risk of intimate partner violence (IPV) seen at this time. Previous research has linked both relative and absolute income to IPV; however, it is unlikely that income directly impacts IPV. For this reason, the current study explored potential mediators of the relationship between income and IPV such as decision-making power (i.e., the ability to influence another person’s opinions and decisions) and quality of alternatives (i.e., the availability of options outside of the current relationship) by following 196 first time parents across four timepoints (the third trimester of pregnancy, one year, two years, and four years postpartum). Multilevel modelling was used to test whether decision-making power mediates the relationship between relative income and IPV and whether quality of alternatives mediates the relationship between absolute income and IPV. Despite low base rates of physical IPV, findings indicated that at times when the gender wage gap within couples was smaller, overall levels of physical violence within the relationship were reduced. However, at times when the gender wage gap was smaller women’s psychological IPV perpetration increased. There were mixed findings regarding decision-making power and quality of alternatives as mediators of the relationship between income and IPV. Implications for the current conceptualization of the link between income and power are discussed. / Graduate

El objetivo de este estudio, fue analizar la validez basada en la estructura interna y la fiabilidad mediante el coeficiente alfa de Cronbach de la Escala de Parentalidad Positiva (E2P) de Gómez y Muñoz (2014). La muestra estuvo compuesta por 456 personas entre padres y cuidadores (abuelos, tíos y hermanos) de niños de 0 a 5 años, provenientes de una provincia de la región andina del Perú. Además, se aplicó el Inventario de Conductas Parentales (ICP) como evidencia de validez convergente, el cual evalúa las conductas positivas o negativas hacia el niño que presentan los padres durante la crianza. Como resultados, el análisis factorial exploratorio de la E2P determinó las cuatro dimensiones originales que explicaron el 46.27% de la varianza total. Las correlaciones entre las puntuaciones del ICP, específicamente las conductas de apoyo y compromiso resultaron significativas con las dimensiones Protectora (r= .402, p <0.01), Reflexiva (r= .329, p <0.01), Formativa (r= .291, p <0.01) y Vínculo (r= .439, p <0.01) de la escala en estudio; mientras que resultaron correlaciones negativas las conductas de hostilidad y coerción son las dimensiones Protectora (r= -.023, p <0.01), Reflexiva(r= -.019, p <0.01), Formativa (r= -.030, p <0.01) y Vínculo (r= -.077, p <0.01). Así mismo, utilizando en método de consistencia interna, la confiabilidad de las cuatro dimensiones fue de 0.77 a 0.88. Estos resultados permiten concluir que el E2P presenta evidencias de validez y confiabilidad para medir las competencias parentales en una población en la zona sierra del Perú. / The aim of this study was to analyze the validity based on the internal structure and reliability using Cronbach's alpha coefficient of the Positive Parenthood Scale (E2P) of Gómez and Muñoz (2014). The sample consisted of 456 people between parents and caregivers (grandparents, uncles and brothers) of children from 0 to 5 years old, from a province of the Andean region of Peru. In addition, the Inventory of Parental Conduct (ICP) was applied as evidence of convergent validity, which evaluates the positive or negative behaviors towards the child that the parents present during the upbringing. As results, the exploratory factor analysis of the E2P determined the four original dimensions that explained 46.27% of the total variance. The correlations between the ICP scores, specifically the support and commitment behaviors were significant with the dimensions Protective (r = .402, p <0.01), Reflective (r = .329, p <0.01), Formative (r = .291 , p <0.01) and Link (r = .439, p <0.01) of the scale under study; while negative correlations were the behaviors of hostility and coercion are the dimensions Protective (r = -.023, p <0.01), Reflective (r = -.019, p <0.01), Formative (r = -.030, p < 0.01) and Link (r = -.077, p <0.01). Also, using the internal consistency method, the reliability of the four dimensions was 0.77 to 0.88. These results allow us to conclude that the E2P presents evidence of validity and reliability to measure the parental competences in a population in the highlands of Peru. / Tesis

The thesis is dedicated to changing the self-concept of parents who have adopted a child. The aim of the thesis is to explore how parents who have adopted a child perceive and evaluate changes in their self-concept. How these changes are perceived by mothers and fathers. How the perception of self-concept changed throughout adoption decisions, adoption processes, and adaptation to parenthood. The theoretical part of the thesis deals with parenting, substitute family care and the adoption process. It also describes the identity, role and self-concept of the parent, then the adaptation and the specifics of adoptive parenting. The practical part represents qualitative research that is done through semi-structured interviews with parents who have adopted a child. The results of the research resulting from the data analysis are interpreted and compared with specialist literature. Self-perception changed due to the burden that respondents had to cope with, from coping with childlessness to adaptation and becoming the parent of an adopted child. Perceived changes in the self-concept of fathers and mothers are somewhat different, but they basically result from different positions in the family and their role. Keywords: parenting, adoption, self-concept, substitute family care

This thesis deals with the analysis of novels Die Erziehung des Mannes and Die Liebe der Väter. The theoretical part of the thesis deals with masculinity in literature and the images of men in contemporary literature. This part also analyses the father role and the role of a man in today's world. The literary analysis of both novels follows. Both novels are written in the first-person narrative, the main protagonist is the narrator in both cases. The plot is told from male perspective. An important theme of both books is fatherly love, but also disputes with an ex-partner. Then the thesis analyses the images of men in both novels. The work tries to answer the question of what images of men appear in both novels.

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The restructuring of roles, responsibilities, and relationships that occurs during the transition to parenthood brings both rewards and challenges to first-time mothers (Bartholomew, Schoppe-Sullivan, Glassman, Dush, & Sullivan, 2012; Horowitz & Damato, 1999) and is often characterized as a time of parental stress (Crnic & Low, 2002; Deater-Deckard, 1998; Leigh & Milgrom, 2008). To effectively manage this stress, first-time mothers must feel a sense of social support (Crnic, Greenberg, Ragozin, Robinson, & Basham, 1983; Cutrona, 1984; Gao, Chan, & Mao, 2009; McDaniel, Coyne, Holmes, 2012; Nakagawa, Teti, & Lamb, 1992). In today's technology-driven era, this essential sense of support may be conveniently achieved through social media.Currently, research on the ability for social media platforms to increase perceptions of social support and, therefore, decrease parental stress among first-time mothers presents varied conclusions (see Bartholomew et al, 2012; McDaniel et al., 2012). The purpose of this paper, therefore, is to propose variables that may explain these results. Specifically, it analyzes how both active production and passive consumption of social media influence perceptions of social support and parental stress in first-time mothers. The results reveal that for first-time mothers, production on social media can lead to increased social media–based feedback, which can then lead to increased perceptions of appraisal support. Passive consumption of social media content neither increases nor decreases perceptions of social support.

Several researchers as well as high-profile female athletes have recently challenged the longstanding view that pregnancy/motherhood mark the termination of an elite athlete's career in sport. While these conversations have sparked change concerning the degree to which pregnant/parenting athletes are accepted within the sport industry, elite athletes continue to face discriminatory policies and practices as they navigate parenthood alongside their elite athletic pursuits. My thesis is presented in the publishable papers format. In my first paper, I used new masculinities theory, community-based participatory research, and semi structured interviews to explore the experiences of 10 elite/international and world-class male athletes (9 fathers, 1 expectant father) and the impact of children on their athletic careers. Through critical discourse analysis, I found that fatherhood both improves and impedes elite athlete-fathers' athletic performance. In my second paper, I used feminist poststructuralist theory, feminist participatory action research, and semi-structured interviews to explore the perspectives of 21 pregnant and parenting elite/international and world-class athletes (11 women, 10 men) on the developing degree of acceptance of parenthood in elite athletics. Through critical discourse analysis, I identified that, despite considerable recent advancements, there is still a need for increased acceptance of pregnant/parenting athletes. Taken together, these two papers advance understandings regarding athletes' perspectives on the current shifts surrounding parenthood and athletics. Further, the recognition of fathers' involvement in childcare underscores how male athletes represent an untapped resource for allyship for female athletes. My findings also call for significant continued change and action to better support pregnant/parenting athletes.

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