No description available.

Na atual economia de mercado, mostra-se cada vez mais relevante a estruturação equilibrada do sistema de patentes, em razão das controvérsias geradas em torno do pêndulo: estímulo à inovação e desenvolvimento técnico-científico de um lado, e ônus sociais, de outro. Isso porque, o direito de exclusividade sobre a invenção - que envolve o desenvolvimento técnico com base em conhecimentos pré-existentes - gera custos sociais, uma vez que a sociedade, como um todo, fica impedida de usufruir dos avanços tecnológicos durante um período de tempo (prazo da patente), bem como fica submetida aos preços e à forma de exploração econômica ditada pelo titular. O sistema de patentes precisa ser minuciosamente equacionado de maneira a lidar com os benefícios do titular da patente e da sociedade. Nesse contexto, surge a importância de dois institutos jurídicos: a exclusão ao patenteamento (ou proibição do patenteamento de determinadas matérias) e a exceção ao exercício do direito de exclusividade do titular da patente (ou limitação do direito de patente). O presente estudo tem por objetivo analisar, no Direito Comparado (tratados internacionais, tratados regionais e legislações estrangeiras), os institutos das exclusões e das exceções ao direito de patente diante, principalmente, dos novos desenvolvimentos em áreas como engenharia genética, biologia molecular e informática, a fim de verificar se há uma harmonização internacional; se há diferença em posições adotadas de acordo com o nível de desenvolvimento do país; e a regulamentação dessas hipóteses no Brasil. Ao final, pôde-se verificar, com base na análise de Direito Comparado, como os países estrangeiros lidam com as novas invenções, as diferentes posições adotadas na legislação ou na contrução jurisprudencial, o que torna qualquer intenção de harmonização um caminho ainda longe de ser alcançado; e o posicionamento adotado no Brasil e eventual proposta de interpretação. / The market economy today has evidenced the increasing importance of a structured and balanced patent system in view of the controversy that has arisen, creating a pendulum that swings between the stimulus for technological-scientific innovation and development on the one end, and the resulting social burden on the other. This is because the right to exclusivity of an invention which involves technological development based on preexisting knowledge - generates social costs since the society at large is impeded from enjoying technological advances during a certain period of time (the patent term), and moreover is submitted to prices and methods of economic exploitation determined by the patent holder. The patent system must be thoroughly restructured to deal with the patent holders benefits versus the demands of society. Within this context, the importance of two legal principles emerges: patenting exclusions (or prohibited patenting of certain items) and exceptions and limitations on the exercise of the right to exclusivity granted the patent holder (or limitation of the patent right). The purpose of this study is to analyze from the standpoint of Comparative Law (international treaties, regional treaties and foreign legislation) the principles of exclusions and exceptions and limitations on patent rights, mainly considering the new developments in areas such as genetic engineering, molecular biology and information technology to confirm whether there is international harmonization; whether there is a difference in the stands adopted according to the level of development in the country and regulation of these events in Brazil. Finally, based on Comparative Law it can be seen how foreign counties deal with new inventions, the different stands adopted in their laws or in construction of case law, all of which make any intention for attaining harmonization a long path to be tread; and to conclude the stand adopted in Brazil with proposals for interpretation.

Práce mapuje vývoj evropského patentového systému v návaznosti na celosvětový systém patentové ochrany. Zabývá se Evropským patentovým systémem, který je kromě národních právních řádů tvořen Evropskou patentovou úmluvou a zamýšleným komunitárním patentem. Dále se věnuje aktuálním problémům se zaváděním patentu Společenství a jeho budoucností, tedy otázkou zda vůbec a v jaké podobě bude zaveden..

Chapter 1 discusses the econometric pitfalls associated with the use of patent production functions to study the invention process. It then goes on to argue that a sound understanding of the invention process necessarily requires an understanding of the propensity to patent. The empirical analysis carried out in Chapter 1 seeks to explain the proportion of inventions patented – a potential metric for the propensity to patent – from an international sample of manufacturing firms. Chapter 2 proposes a methodology to filter out the noise induced by varying patent practices in the R&D-patent relationship. The methodology explicitly decomposes the patent-to-R&D ratio into its components of productivity and propensity. It is then applied to a novel data set of priority patent applications in four countries and six industries. Chapter 3 takes stock of the literature on the role of fees in patent systems while Chapter 4 presents estimates of the price elasticity of demand for patents at the trilateral offices (that is, in the U.S., Japan and Europe). The estimation of dynamic panel data models of patent applications suggests that the long-term price elasticity is about -0.30.

The biochip industry is characterized by high entry barrier in technology. For those firms in this industry, owning law-protected patents to lower the entry of the potential competitors is a key strategy in competition and competitive advantage. The firm¡¦s patent analysis not only discloses the firm¡¦s knowledge-base in biochip industry, it also impact other firms¡¦ innovation activity and technology development strategy in this industry. Previous patent analysis literatures usually focus on the performance implications of firm¡¦s patent number or the patent citation on the focal firm. However, the possible performance implications of patent contents between the focal firm and other firms in the biochip industry are relatively under-examined. From the network theory and resource-based theory viewpoint, this study tries to examine the performance implications by developing two patent indexes in patent content analysis, i.e., the patent status and the patent similarity. The results indicate that when the firm¡¦s patent status difference with each other is smaller, or the firm¡¦s patent similarity with each other is larger, the performance difference between the dyad firms will be smaller. In other words, the patent status and the patent similarity are solid indexes to predict the firm¡¦s performance difference in highly competitive and highly innovative industry, such as the biochip industry in this sample. The results provide referable value in addressing the performance issues of patent content analysis from network theory viewpoint. Moreover, it also provides complementary values in discussing market commonality and resource similarity in competitive issues.

This thesis analyses the extraterritorial dimension of patent systems in light of recent judicial trends, ending with the United States Supreme Court's landmark 2007 ruling in AT&T v. Microsoft. The discussion examines (i) the economic interest of nations in issuing and maintaining patent rights; (ii) the legal arguments against a unilateral extraterritorial extension of domestic patents, leading to the legal presumption against extraterritorial extension; (iii) the evolution of this doctrine in United States legislation and jurisprudence and forays against it, especially in recent decades; and (iv) the impact of globalization and of the nature of patentable information in the digital age on the issue of the extraterritorial extension of patent rights. The general conclusions are that, in the modern age, patent rights need to be extended beyond the domestic jurisdiction, and that the appropriate manner for nations to achieve this extension is not unilaterally but through bilateral and multilateral treaties.

Na atual economia de mercado, mostra-se cada vez mais relevante a estruturação equilibrada do sistema de patentes, em razão das controvérsias geradas em torno do pêndulo: estímulo à inovação e desenvolvimento técnico-científico de um lado, e ônus sociais, de outro. Isso porque, o direito de exclusividade sobre a invenção - que envolve o desenvolvimento técnico com base em conhecimentos pré-existentes - gera custos sociais, uma vez que a sociedade, como um todo, fica impedida de usufruir dos avanços tecnológicos durante um período de tempo (prazo da patente), bem como fica submetida aos preços e à forma de exploração econômica ditada pelo titular. O sistema de patentes precisa ser minuciosamente equacionado de maneira a lidar com os benefícios do titular da patente e da sociedade. Nesse contexto, surge a importância de dois institutos jurídicos: a exclusão ao patenteamento (ou proibição do patenteamento de determinadas matérias) e a exceção ao exercício do direito de exclusividade do titular da patente (ou limitação do direito de patente). O presente estudo tem por objetivo analisar, no Direito Comparado (tratados internacionais, tratados regionais e legislações estrangeiras), os institutos das exclusões e das exceções ao direito de patente diante, principalmente, dos novos desenvolvimentos em áreas como engenharia genética, biologia molecular e informática, a fim de verificar se há uma harmonização internacional; se há diferença em posições adotadas de acordo com o nível de desenvolvimento do país; e a regulamentação dessas hipóteses no Brasil. Ao final, pôde-se verificar, com base na análise de Direito Comparado, como os países estrangeiros lidam com as novas invenções, as diferentes posições adotadas na legislação ou na contrução jurisprudencial, o que torna qualquer intenção de harmonização um caminho ainda longe de ser alcançado; e o posicionamento adotado no Brasil e eventual proposta de interpretação. / The market economy today has evidenced the increasing importance of a structured and balanced patent system in view of the controversy that has arisen, creating a pendulum that swings between the stimulus for technological-scientific innovation and development on the one end, and the resulting social burden on the other. This is because the right to exclusivity of an invention which involves technological development based on preexisting knowledge - generates social costs since the society at large is impeded from enjoying technological advances during a certain period of time (the patent term), and moreover is submitted to prices and methods of economic exploitation determined by the patent holder. The patent system must be thoroughly restructured to deal with the patent holders benefits versus the demands of society. Within this context, the importance of two legal principles emerges: patenting exclusions (or prohibited patenting of certain items) and exceptions and limitations on the exercise of the right to exclusivity granted the patent holder (or limitation of the patent right). The purpose of this study is to analyze from the standpoint of Comparative Law (international treaties, regional treaties and foreign legislation) the principles of exclusions and exceptions and limitations on patent rights, mainly considering the new developments in areas such as genetic engineering, molecular biology and information technology to confirm whether there is international harmonization; whether there is a difference in the stands adopted according to the level of development in the country and regulation of these events in Brazil. Finally, based on Comparative Law it can be seen how foreign counties deal with new inventions, the different stands adopted in their laws or in construction of case law, all of which make any intention for attaining harmonization a long path to be tread; and to conclude the stand adopted in Brazil with proposals for interpretation.

No description available.

Les trolls de brevets ont connu un développement économique et médiatique très important depuis le début des années 2000. Ce modèle économique consiste à acquérir et valoriser des brevets d'invention de manière agressive en exploitant les faiblesses du système de brevets. Les revenus des trolls proviennent exclusivement des accords de licences conclus avec les entreprises fabricantes ou des dommages et intérêts obtenus à l’issu d’actions en contrefaçon. L’étude des trolls implique une analyse juridique, statistique et économique de leurs pratiques afin de pouvoir déterminer la réalité de ces modèles économiques et envisager une réponse à ces comportements. De plus, une approche de droit comparé est nécessaire car les disparités entre les règles de droit américaines et européennes permettent sont à l'origine des différences de situations observées entre les deux continents.La première partie est consacrée à la cinématique des trolls de brevets, détaillant les différentes stratégies et diversifications des pratiques au cours des quinze dernières années. On constate alors la nécessité de dépasser l’opposition manichéenne classique entre trolls des brevets et entreprises fabricantes. La réalité est plus complexe, les entreprises fabricantes et certaines entités publiques étant désormais fortement impliquées dans des stratégies similaires.La seconde partie est consacrée à la dynamique des trolls avec l'étude des conditions de développement, qui permettent de comprendre pourquoi cette pratique n’est pas présente sur le territoire européen dans les mêmes proportions. L’analyse de ces comportements face aux fonctions du droit de brevet est ensuite nécessaire pour caractériser l’abus constitué par ces stratégies. Enfin, l’encadrement de ces pratiques est étudié à travers les défenses disponibles pour les entreprises victimes de ces stratégies, tant en droit positif qu’en droit prospectif. Ces défenses sont appelées à traiter les conséquences et non les causes des trolls de brevets, il est donc nécessaire d’envisager le développement du marché secondaire des brevets, car ses faiblesses sont en partie responsables de l’avènement des trolls. Ainsi, un meilleur encadrement de ce marché pourrait permettre de développer les échanges de brevets et réduire les possibilités d’abus autorisées par le système des brevets aujourd’hui. / The economic development and media coverage of patent trolls has tremendously increased since 2000. This business model consists in acquiring and aggressively monetizing patents through the exploitation of the patent system failures. Patent trolls generate revenues from licensing agreements with manufacturing entities and damages obtained by court decision. The conduct of a legal, economic and statistical study is necessary in order to determine the reality of these business models and to suggest a response to these behaviors. A comparative law approach is necessary as the differences between the american and european law is the source of factual disparities observed between these two continents.The first part is dedicated to the patent trolls kinematics through the study of the various business models and their diversification over the past 15 years. It reveals the need to overcome the classical opposition between trolls and manufacturing companies as these companies and even some public funded structures are now developing similar strategies.The second part study the mechanic of patent trolls through their conditions of development, which helps to understand why trolls are not operating in Europe through the same proportions. The assessment of an abuse of the patent system is then conducted with the study of these behaviors through the lens of the patent function. Furthermore, the actual and future legal responses offered to companies facing abusive infringement claims are studied. However these defenses are meant to treat the consequences of abusive behavior and not their causes, it is therefore necessary to study the development of the secondary patent market, since some of its weakness are partially responsible for the development of patent trolls. We suggest that the enhancement of some elements of the secondary patent market could help foster patent exchange and reduce the possibility of abusing the patent system.

This master thesis deals with the European Patent System. The aim of this thesis is to provide the reader with a complex review of the Patent Law at the european level from its early beginning, when in the 70's was signed the European Patent Convention at the Munich Diplomatic Conference, up to the present. The thesis is systematically divided into five chapters and each chapter also contains several subchapters. The first chapter is dedicated to historical development of the European Patent. In the second chapter there is a brief description of the European Patent Convention and its two most important revisions. The third, most extensive chapter is dedicated to the European Patent Organisation which was founded in 1977 on the legal basis of the European Patent Convention. I deal especially with its two fundamental bodies - the European Patent Office and the Administrative Council. There is also a definition of the term of patentability as it is regulated by European Patent Convention and a characteristic of the European Patent Application. A separate subsection of the third section focuses on the patent granting procedure in front of the European Patent Office. I deal also with the character of the European Patent as such, I try to critically evaluate its biggest deficiencies but also to point...