<p>Inom EU så finns det två alternativa patent som innovatörer kan välja emellan, det europeiska och nationella patentet. Europeiska patent har visat sig inte vara tillräckligt rättssäkra och ekonomiskt överkomliga. Det beror på den risk som finns med flera patenttvister och motsägelsefulla domar.</p><p>Det är därför som EU vill skapa en inre marknad för patent på EU-nivå. Det vill skapa ett gemenskapspatent och en europeisk patentdomstol. Gemenskapspatentet kommer vara ekonomiskt överkomligt, och genom en europeisk patentdomstol kan den göras rättssäker. Nationella patent kommer inte att ta del av en sådan konstellation. En europeisk patentdomstol kommer sakna behörighet vad gäller nationella patent.</p><p>Alla aspekter i en inre marknad för patent på EU-nivå kan tänkas ha en negativ inverkan på nationella patent. Författaren syfte är att utreda hur nationella patent påverkas.</p>

<p>Denna uppsats syftar till att analysera vikten av humankapital i alstrandet av ekonomisk tillväxt, genom dess effekt på kunskapsproduktionen i innovationsprocessen. Kunskap är en grundläggande förutsättning för innovation och teknologisk utveckling, vilket i sin tur är den huvudsakliga källan till långsiktig ekonomisk tillväxt. Uppsatsen beskriver kortfattat den miljö i vilken kunskap produceras samt faktorerna som påverkar denna produktion. Dessa faktorer antas utgöras av humankapital, tillgänglighet till universitets- och företags- FoU samt anställningstäthet. Den funktionella regionen spelar en viktig roll i denna process, bland annat genom dess koncentration av ekonomisk aktivitet vilket sammanhänger med agglomerationsfördelarna.</p><p>För att analysera effekten på kunskapsproduktionen av ovan nämnda förklaringsvariabler genomförs en regressionsanalys där produktionen av ny kunskap mäts genom patent. Denna analys utförs på data på svensk kommunnivå och resultaten bekräftar uppsatsens huvudsakliga hypotes; det vill säga att humankapital har en högst betydande inverkan på kunskapsproduktionen. Dessutom visar analysen att tillgänglighet till FoU även den har en betydande inverkan, i synnerhet tillgänglighet till företags-FoU inom kommunen. Dessa resultat överensstämmer därmed väl med slutsatserna i den teoretiska delen av uppsatsen; det vill säga att lokal tillgänglighet underlättar kunskapsöverföringen som krävs i innovationsprocessen.</p> / <p>This thesis aims at analyzing the importance of human capital for generation of economic growth through its effect on knowledge production in the innovation process. Knowledge is a fundamental precondition of innovation and technological change, which in turn is the main generator of long run economic growth. The thesis briefly outlines the milieu in which knowledge is produced and the factors affecting this production, assumed to be essentially human capital, accessibility to industry and university R&D and density of employment. The functional region is found to play a significant role in this process, partly due to its concentration of economic activity as a consequence of agglomeration effects.</p><p>In order to analyze the effect on the knowledge production, measured through patents, a regression analysis including the variables specified above is performed on data of the Swedish municipalities. The results of the analysis confirm the main hypothesis of the thesis; that human capital has a major impact on the knowledge production process. Moreover, accessibility to R&D is found to have a significant impact as well; particularly local accessibility to industry R&D. This corresponds well with the conclusions of the theoretical part of the thesis; that local accessibility facilitates the transmission of knowledge useful in the innovation process.</p>

<p>The purpose with this thesis was to examine the most significant factors that affect the number of patents applications submitted on a municipality level in Sweden, with the objective to find the most significant of them. Three factors was chosen and analyzed more closely. The three factors was, investments in R&D made by firms, share of human capital and investments in R&D made by universities. Theses factors was tested against the dependent variable patent applications in three hypothesis and a stepwise regression model was conducted, with the objective to find the most significant variable. The result of the study, shows that not all of the factors had a positive effect on the number of patent applications, further the study indicated that the most significant factor for a municipality in order to have a high number of patent applications, was to have a high share of human capital.</p>

Inom EU så finns det två alternativa patent som innovatörer kan välja emellan, det europeiska och nationella patentet. Europeiska patent har visat sig inte vara tillräckligt rättssäkra och ekonomiskt överkomliga. Det beror på den risk som finns med flera patenttvister och motsägelsefulla domar. Det är därför som EU vill skapa en inre marknad för patent på EU-nivå. Det vill skapa ett gemenskapspatent och en europeisk patentdomstol. Gemenskapspatentet kommer vara ekonomiskt överkomligt, och genom en europeisk patentdomstol kan den göras rättssäker. Nationella patent kommer inte att ta del av en sådan konstellation. En europeisk patentdomstol kommer sakna behörighet vad gäller nationella patent. Alla aspekter i en inre marknad för patent på EU-nivå kan tänkas ha en negativ inverkan på nationella patent. Författaren syfte är att utreda hur nationella patent påverkas.

The three studies in this dissertation examine the relationship between the decision of market participants to compete or collaborate on their innovation strategies and outcomes as well as the broader industry structure and technological progress. The first study analyzes the impact of modern patent pools on the innovative performance of firms outside the pool. Theories generally predict that modern patent pools have a positive impact on innovation by reducing the cost of access to the pool’s technology, but recent empirical research suggests that patent pools may actually decrease the innovation rate of firms outside the pool. Using a difference-in-difference-with-matching methodology, I find a substantial decline in outsiders’ patenting rate after the pool formation. However I find that the observed reduction is mainly due to a shift in firms’ investment from additional patentable technological exploration toward implementing the pool technology in their products. The results shed light on how the interaction between cooperation, in the form of patent pooling, and competition shapes firms’ innovative strategies by enabling opportunities for application development based on the pooled technologies. In the second study, I examine the impact of restrictive stem cell policies introduced by George W. Bush in 2001 on the U.S. scientists’ productivity and collaboration patterns. Employing a difference-in-differences methodology, I find that the 2001 Bush policy led to a decline in the research productivity of U.S. scientists. However, the effect was short-lived as U.S. scientists accessed non-federal funds within the United States and sought funds outside the United States through their international ties. The results suggest that scientists may use international collaborations as a strategic means to deal with uncertainties in their national policy environment. In the third study, I examine the effects of the fragmentation of patent rights on subsequent investment in new inventions. Using a theoretical model and an empirical analysis of the semiconductor industry, I seek to shed light on the contingency factors that shape the role of technological fragmentation in explaining the investment decisions and appropriation strategies of firms. The results provide a dynamic explanation of the interplay between firms’ R&D investment, their patenting strategies, and technological fragmentation.

The three studies in this dissertation examine the relationship between the decision of market participants to compete or collaborate on their innovation strategies and outcomes as well as the broader industry structure and technological progress. The first study analyzes the impact of modern patent pools on the innovative performance of firms outside the pool. Theories generally predict that modern patent pools have a positive impact on innovation by reducing the cost of access to the pool’s technology, but recent empirical research suggests that patent pools may actually decrease the innovation rate of firms outside the pool. Using a difference-in-difference-with-matching methodology, I find a substantial decline in outsiders’ patenting rate after the pool formation. However I find that the observed reduction is mainly due to a shift in firms’ investment from additional patentable technological exploration toward implementing the pool technology in their products. The results shed light on how the interaction between cooperation, in the form of patent pooling, and competition shapes firms’ innovative strategies by enabling opportunities for application development based on the pooled technologies. In the second study, I examine the impact of restrictive stem cell policies introduced by George W. Bush in 2001 on the U.S. scientists’ productivity and collaboration patterns. Employing a difference-in-differences methodology, I find that the 2001 Bush policy led to a decline in the research productivity of U.S. scientists. However, the effect was short-lived as U.S. scientists accessed non-federal funds within the United States and sought funds outside the United States through their international ties. The results suggest that scientists may use international collaborations as a strategic means to deal with uncertainties in their national policy environment. In the third study, I examine the effects of the fragmentation of patent rights on subsequent investment in new inventions. Using a theoretical model and an empirical analysis of the semiconductor industry, I seek to shed light on the contingency factors that shape the role of technological fragmentation in explaining the investment decisions and appropriation strategies of firms. The results provide a dynamic explanation of the interplay between firms’ R&D investment, their patenting strategies, and technological fragmentation.

<p>Many critics have questioned whether the protection of the IPRs would benefit developing countries. It was argued in this paper that developing countires have the interest in protecting IPRs as well. However, it was showed that the benefit of this protection can be realized only if there is a fair rule of the game to all players in the multilateral trading system. The general objective of this research was to examine the current status of IPRs protection and the levels of TRIPS compliance by Rwanda in the area of copyright.</p>

No description available.

Given the considerable advances in the field of biotechnology in the last decades, new issues of scientific, social, legal and ethical nature have been raised, particularly concerning inventions making use of living material, and their patentability. / Notwithstanding some reluctance at the outset, most of patent offices as well as courts and tribunals in the United States, Canada and Europe have finally accepted patentability of living organisms. Oppositions are however numerous and, more than a criticism towards the patent system itself, it is genetic engineering that is put into question. / Europe has recently regulated the legal protection of biotechnological inventions. Being a text of compromise, the Directive is already subject of controversies. The United States and Canada have not yet decided to explicitly legislate in this field. Some decisions taken in particular cases allow to determine the state of the question in these two countries. It is however not certain that they can be satisfied with an unregulated technology that raises so many moral questions. / The question of the foremost importance concerns the research branch, as well as the use that will be done with inventions emerging from the biotechnology industry. Patent law being unable to prevent technological creations, it is above all the utilisation of it that will allow to retain the most beneficial inventions for humankind and its environment.

The main concern of this thesis is whether the medical exclusion in patent law should be retained unamended, redrafted or removed in light of the various legal problems and policy considerations. Income generation by NHS bodies is assuming increasing importance in the Department of Health. The IP strategy for the NHS launched in 2002 places a responsibility on NHS employees to generate and identify IP arising in the course of their duties. The Government may wish to consider removing the medical exclusion in the commercial interests of the country in accordance with its wider IP policy for public sector research establishments and its market-based reforms for the NHS.There are four key purposes of this thesis. The first is to establish the importance of the medical exclusion for doctors and their practice in terms of function and validity. The second is to ascertain the compatibility of the patent process with medical professionalism and tradition. The third is to investigate whether doctors think a specific category of medical method patents could be acceptable (in terms of medical practice) and fourthly, to ascertain the degree to which doctors think patents on gene-based diagnostic tests interfere with their practice, research and development. The empirical research reveals views from 275 NHS Trust consultants and GPs in Sheffield about the medical exclusion, a new substantial development criterion in patent law, the effects of the patent process on aspects of medical practice and the effects of patented genetic diagnostic test methods on medical research and practice. Analysis of the results reveals a number of disadvantages of the existing legal regime, which lead to proposals for reform.