Este trabalho propÃe o estudo de uma nova topologia, com dois estÃgios, de um conversor estÃtico, onde existe um fluxo de potÃncia auxiliar com o objetivo de aumentar o rendimento do sistema. O primeiro estÃgio à um conversor CA-CC com correÃÃo do fator de potÃncia (PFC) e o segundo estÃgio à um conversor CC-CC isolado em alta frequÃncia. Os dois estÃgios do conversor proposto sÃo modelados por equaÃÃes diferenciais e atravÃs desses modelos sÃo desenvolvidas tÃcnicas de controle nÃo linear para o funcionamento dos conversores em malha fechada. A correÃÃo do fator de potÃncia do primeiro estÃgio à realizada pela tÃcnica de controle PBC (passivity-based control), enquanto que a tensÃo de saÃda do primeiro estÃgio à realizada pelo controle I&I (immersion and invariance). O segundo estÃgio necessita controlar somente a tensÃo de saÃda atravÃs do controle backstepping, por se tratar de um conversor CC-CC. / This work proposes a study of a new static converter topology with two stages, where the first is an AC-DC converter with PFC and the second is a DC-DC converter isolated in high-frequency. In addition, the static converter has a secondary power flow to achieve a better efficiency from the system. The two converterâs stages are modeled as differential equations, and through those models nonlinear control techniques are developed for close loop operation. The power-factor correction in the first stage is performed by the PBC (passivity-based control) control technique, while the output voltage from the first stage is performed by the I&I (immersion and invariance) control. As the second stage is a DC-DC converter, it only needs to control the output voltage, which is achieved through the backstepping control.

鄉鎮市財政狀況不佳，多須仰賴上級政府補助的情形已存在許久，本研究的目的即以嘉義縣十八鄉鎮（市）為對象，探討縣政府對鄉鎮（市）公所的補助情形。影響一鄉鎮（市）補助收入的因素頗多，包括經濟性因素和政治性因素，本研究旨在探討政治性因素中地方派系、縣長選舉、各鄉鎮（市）對縣長的支持度及鄉鎮（市）長是否連任等對一鄉鎮（市）縣府補助收入的影響。具體而言，本研究的研究問題如下： 　　一、除了經濟性的考量之外，縣府補助鄉鎮（市）公所時有無政治性因素介入？ 　　二、鄉鎮市長與縣長派系屑性的異同對補助款的多寡有無影響？亦即鄉鎮（市）長派系屬性與縣長相同的鄉鎮（市）補助收入是否多於一些鄉鎮（市）長派系屬性與縣長派系屬性相異的鄉鎮（市）公所？ 　　三、縣長選舉年時，各鄉鎮（市）公所的補助收入有無增加？ 　　四、縣長選舉年時，鄉鎮（市）長派系屬性與縣長相同的鄉鎮（市）公所的補助收入與一些鄉鎮（市）長派系屬性與縣長不同的鄉鎮（市）的補助收入有無差異？ 　　五、鄉鎮（市）長連任的鄉鎮（市）補助收入與鄉鎮（市）長首任時該鄉鎮（市）補助收入有無差異？ 　　六、對縣長支持度高的鄉鎮（市）補助收入是否多於對縣長支持度低的鄉鎮（市）？ 　　再依據本研究的研究問題發展出本五個研究假設，如下： 　　假設一：鄉鎮（市）長派系屬性與縣長相同的鄉鎮（市），縣府補助收入多於不同派系屬性的鄉鎮（市）。 　　假設二：縣長選舉年時，各鄉鎮（市）的補助款收入會增加。 　　假設三：選舉時封縣長支持度愈高的鄉鎮（市），選舉後的補助款入愈多。 　　假設四：鄉鎮（市）長連任的鄉鎮（市）長，縣府補助收入少於鄉鎮（市）長首任的鄉鎮（市）。 　　假設五：縣長選舉年時，鄉鎮（市）長派系屬性與縣長相同的鄉鎮（市）所獲補助款增加的額度多於鄉鎮（市）長派系屬性與縣長派系屆性不同的鄉鎮（市）。 　　本研究採用了補助款理論、地方派系理論及政治景氣循環理論來建構研究架構；而在研究方法的使用上，本研究採取三角定位法的觀點，兼採質的研究方法和量的研究方法，以期對政治性因素影響鄉鎮（市）公所補助款收入的情形作更深入的瞭解。 　　研究結果發現，現行嘉義縣政府對轄十八鄉鎮（市）公所的補助中，除財政局有固定的補助標準之外，縣府其它局室對鄉鎮（市）公所的補助皆無一定的標準，而相對地，鄉鎮（市）公所方面對於縣府財政局的補助標準亦所知不多，因此政治性因素得以介入補助過程中。而政治性介入的情形叉如何呢？本研究發現，一鄉鎮（市）對縣長的支持度高低是主要的政治性影響因素，支持度高低與一鄉鎮（市）縣府補助收入間是呈負相關，即支持度愈低的鄉鎮（市）縣府補助收入愈多，本研究的假設三無法成立。 　　之所以有此種情形，本研究基於公共選擇理論的論點認為是因現任縣長為求下次選舉再度執政，對於一些對其支持度較低的鄉鎮（市）會增加補助，藉著補助款的撥給以換取該鄉鎮（市）的選票。 　　除一鄉鎮（市）封縣長支持度高低之外，其它政治性因素對一鄉鎮（市）公所縣府補助收入的影響情形，在本研究第六章中將有詳述，在此將本研究主要的研究發現摘要於下。 　　一、在地方派系屬性封鄉鎮（市）公所縣府補助收入的影響上，本研究發現鄉鎮（市）長派系屈性與縣長相同的鄉鎮（市），縣府補助收入多於鄉鎮（市）長派系屑性與縣長相異的鄉鎮（市），本研究假設一得以成立。 　　二、在縣長選舉年對鄉鎮（市）公所縣府補助收入的影響上，本研究發現就十八鄉鎮（市）的總平均值而言，在第十、十一、十二屆縣長選舉年時各鄉鎮（市）縣府補助收入多於選舉前一年。 　　以上是由鄉鎮（市）公所的收入面進行分析的結果，若由縣府補助支出面的情況來加以分析，結果發現縣長選舉年時縣府補助款支出的額度大於非縣長選舉年時。因此由全體鄉鎮（市）公所的縣府補助收入總平均值及由縣政府補助支出面來看，本研究的假設二得以成立。 　　除此之外，本研究亦發現在第九屆及第十一屆縣長選舉後一年，各鄉鎮（市）公所縣府補助收入的平均值少於縣長選舉當年的平均值。如此的發現綜合上段所言就全體鄉鎮（市）公所總平均值來看，選舉年時鄉鎳（市）縣府補助收入會增加的情形，可證實除了第十屆縣長選舉年以外，整的而言嘉義縣各鄉鎮（市）在縣府補助收入層面「選舉景氣循環」的情形是存在的。 　　三、在鄉鎮（市）長連任與否對鄉鎮（市）公所縣府補助收入的影響上，本研究發現連任的鄉鎮（市）長任內該鄉鎮（市）縣府補助收入多於首任時期該鄉鎮（市）公所縣府補助收入，本研究假設四無法成立。之所以有此種情形，本研究認為是因在缺乏明確的補助標準的情形下，一鄉鎮（市）公所最常用以爭取補助的方法即為「透過地方人士及民意代表爭取」及「透過計畫申請」等二項方法〈見附錄四〉，連任的鄉鎮（市）長因已累積前任四年內的種種人脈及資源，較能拿捏有效的補助款爭取方法，因此在第二任任期內補助款收入會多於尚處於摸索階段的第一任任期內補助款的收入額。 　　四、在鄉鎮（市）長派系屆性與縣長相同的鄉鎮（市）於縣長選舉年時補助款增加的情形上，本研究發現鄉鎮（市）長派系屬性與縣長相異的鄉鎮（市）公所在縣長選舉年時縣府補助收入並無增加，但此種結果是各瑯裝（市）平均值上的情形，本研究冉計算出各鄉鎮（市）於縣長選舉年時補助款增加的額度後再進行檢測，結果發現鄉鎮（市）長派系屑性與縣長相同的鄉鎮（市）在縣長選舉年時縣府補助收入增加的額度多於鄉鎮（市）派系屬性與縣長相異的鄉鎮（市）長主政的鄉鎮（市），本研究假設五得以成工。 　　至於各項政治性因素的重要性方面，依迴歸分析發現一鄉鎮（市）對縣長的支持度高低是主要決定因性，其次為鄉鎮（市）長派系屬性及鄉鎮（市）長是否連任，至於縣長選舉年對一鄉鎮（市）縣府補助收入的影響，則無如預期中地重要。 　　在研究建議方面，本研究分別提出近程建議、遠程建議及對後續研究的建議，在近程建議中，本研究建議宜訂定明確的補助標準，避免政治性因素太過介入補助過程，且根據嘉義縣各鄉鎮（市）公所財政狀況，分級要求鄉鎮（市）公所在爭取補助時提撥配合款；在遠程建議上，本研究認為鄉鎮（市）公所預算體系仍須保留，建議廢除省級機構，採行中央、縣、鄉鎮（市）三級制，並擴大縣及鄉鎮（市）的職權，切實落實地方自治乃為解決地方財政問題的根本辦法。

Made available in DSpace on 2016-06-02T19:50:25Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 6422.pdf: 2110662 bytes, checksum: eb693b2b653ba32626459f3fd72fa98b (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-12-05 / The PBC System is a well-known Ordering System that periodically syncronizes the material flow of the shop floor. The PBC has the property of constant and planned production lead-time, a policy of minimal lot sizing and a constant frequency on order releasing. An exhaustive literature review presented in this thesis has shown that work uses PBC when the production capacity is not constant. This is a reality presented in companies where compensatory times off allows the capacity be tranfer between time stamps and employees that can work on diferente positions, allowing the capacity to be managed from one working center to another. This work formally defines those issues using mathematical programming, and defines a set of heuristics to solve it. After the application of the models and heuristics to a set of instances, one can note that the heuristics are eficiente to solve the problem, and the strategy of using PBC is very successful in the studied environment (production system with variable capacity). / O sistema PBC é conhecido como um sistema de controle da produção que sincroniza periodicamente o fluxo de materiais no chão de fábrica. O PBC tem a característica de possuir lead-time de produção constante e planejado, política de dimensionamento de lote conforme o mínimo necessário e frequência estável na liberação de ordens. Uma revisão exaustiva da literatura, apresentada neste trabalho, mostrou que não existem relatos do uso do PBC em ambientes onde a capacidade produtiva não é constante, uma realidade que se apresenta às empresas com a adoção de políticas de banco de horas (que permitem a transferência de capacidade produtiva entre diferentes períodos) e funcionários polivantes (que permitem a transferência de capacidade produtiva entre diferentes centros de trabalho). O presente trabalho define formalmente esse problema, usando técnicas de programação matemática, e propõe um conjunto de heurísticas para resolvê-lo. Após a aplicação dos modelos e heurísticas em um conjunto de casos de teste, mostra-se que as heurísticas propostas são eficazes para a resolução do problema, sendo estratégias viáveis para a implementação do PBC em ambientes de manufatura com capacidade variável.

Electrical Power System is one of the most complex real time operating systems. It is probably one of the best examples of a large interconnected nonlinear system of varying nature. The system needs to be operated and controlled with component or system problems, often with combinatorial complexity. In addition, time scales of operation and control can vary from milliseconds to minutes to hours. It is difficult to maintain such a system at constant operating condition due to both small and large disturbances such as sudden change in loads, change in network configuration, fluctuations in turbine output, and various types of faults etc. The system is therefore affected by a variety of instability problems. Among all these instability problems one of the important modes of instability is related to dynamic instability or more precisely the small perturbation oscillatory instability. Oscillations of small magnitude and low frequency (in the range of 0.1Hz to 2.5Hz) could persist for long periods, limiting the power transfer capability of the transmission lines. Power System Stabilizers (PSS) were developed as auxiliary controllers on the excitation system to improve the system damping performance by modulating the generator excitation voltage. However, the synthesis of an effective PSS for all operating conditions still remains a difficult and challenging task. The design and tuning of PSS for robust operation is a laborious process. The existing PSS design techniques require considerable expertise, the complete system information and extensive eigenvalue calculations which increases the computational burden as the system size increases. Conventional automatic voltage regulator (AVR) and PSS designs are based on linearized models of power systems which fail to stabilize the system over a wide range of operating conditions. In the last decade or so, a variety of nonlinear control techniques have become available. In this thesis, an attempt is made to explore the suitability of some of these design techniques for designing excitation controllers to enhance small perturbation stability of power systems over a wide range of operating and system conditions. This thesis first proposes a method of designing power system stabilizers based on local measurements alone, in multi-machine systems. Next, a method has been developed to analyze and quantify the small signal performance benefits of replacing the existing AVR+PSS structure with nonlinear voltage regulators. A number of new nonlinear controller designs have been proposed subsequently. These include, (a) a new decentralized nonlinear voltage regulator for multi machine power systems with a single tunable parameter that can achieve effective trade of between both the voltage regulation and small signal objectives, (b) a decentralized Interconnection and Damping Assignment Passivity Based Controller in addition to a proportional controller that can achieve all the requirements of an excitation system and (c) a Nonlinear Quadratic Regulator PSS using Single Network Adaptive Critic architecture in the frame work of approximate dynamic programming. Performance of all the proposed controllers has been analyzed using a number of multi machine test systems over a range of operating conditions.

This thesis discusses the possibility of ensuring the safety, integrity and authenticity of data communication with respect to user privacy. This thesis describes the fundamentals of smart grid networks with capabilities of existing forms of security to communications that have been chosen as a target for application deployment of group signatures to ensure the security, integrity and authenticity of data communications. It describes the concept of a zero-knowledge and cryptography primitives. Further, the basic principles are presented, the history of development, and various schemes are compared based on the construction and performance. The second part is given to the deployment and optimization of group signatures for computationally limited devices. Within the draft report were to be implemented in the Java language chosen scheme HLCCN, DP and BBS. They were then tested under various platforms which were measured and evaluated performance parameters of the schemes. The optimization of the work is focused on the times of signatures, which are critical to a smart grid system. Under the platforms are deployed pre-processed pairing optimization methods and other methods resulting from the deployment platform as JPBWrappera and native libraries to deliver more efficient times of sgnaiture. At the end of the thesis are evaluated achievements of optimization methods and the appropriateness of the deployment of smart grids.