A tese descreve o processo de crescimento e de queda dos homicídios em São Paulo entre os anos de 1960 e 2010. Com auxílio das ferramentas teóricas da criminologia do desenvolvimento e da teoria de ação situacional, que vem sendo debatida por criminologistas como Wikström, Sampson e Laub, a tese foca a investigação nas escolhas homicidas ao longo desses anos, sempre considerando o contexto em que foram tomadas. Por meio de uma análise qualitativa, a tese tenta demonstrar os mecanismos sociais que causaram o movimento da curva de homicídios na capital e Região Metropolitana de São Paulo. Entre 1960 e 1999, os homicídios cresceram e os casos se concentraram em bairros e cidades das periferias. A partir de 2000, os homicídios começaram a cair quase ininterruptamente em São Paulo. A tese descreve como essas escolhas começam e se multplicam principalmente a partir do momento em que os homicídios passam a ser vistos e praticados como um instrumento de controle por determinados grupos de indivíduos, inclusive pelas autoridades de segurança pública. Depois, a tese descreve o funcionamento do mecanismo multiplicador dos homicídios que passa a funcionar nessas comunidades, onde homicídios provocam novos homicídios. Finalmente, conforme os homicídios se multiplicam, nessas mesmas comunidades, todos passam a perder, inclusive os próprios autores, que se tornam vítimas de vinganças. Quando os homicídios são vistos como ações prejudiciais e incapazes de garantir o controle social, políticas de controle da violência têm maiores chances de serem bem-sucedidas. É o que ocorre em São Paulo. / This thesis describes the process of growth and decline of homicide in São Paulo between 1960 and 2010. With assistance of the theoretical tools of developmental criminology and situational theory of action, which has been debated by criminologists as Wikström, Sampson and Laub, the thesis focuses on the choices of murderous over the years, always considering the context in which they were taken. Through a qualitative analysis, the thesis attempts to demonstrate the social mechanisms that caused the movement of the curve of homicides in the São Paulo capital and the metropolitan area. Between 1960 and 1999, homicides increased and the cases were concentrated in neighborhoods and cities from the suburbs. Since 2000, the homicide rate began to fall almost continuously in Sao Paulo. The thesis describes how these choices start and multplicam mainly from the time the murders began to be seen and practiced as an instrument of control by certain groups of individuals, including the public security authorities. Then, the thesis describes the operation of the multiplier mechanism of homicides that starts to work in these communities, where homicides cause new murders. Finally, as the murders multiply, these same communities, all start to lose with the murders, including the authors themselves, who become victims of revenge. When the killings are seen as harmful actions and unable to ensure social control, political and society control of violence are more likely to succeed. This is what happens in Sao Paulo.

Accelerated global warming plus an increasing need for energy is an equation not easily solved, thus new forms of sustainable energy production are urgently requested. In this context hydrogen production based on a cyanobacterial system offers an environmentally friendly alternative for energy capture and conversion. Cyanobacteria can produce hydrogen gas from sun light and water through the combination of photosystems and hydrogenases, and are suitable to cultivate in large scale. In the present thesis the maturation process of [NiFe]-hydrogenases is investigated with special focus on transcription of the accessory genes encoding proteins needed for assembly of the large and possibly also for the small hydrogenase subunit. The cyanobacteria used are two N2-fixing, filamentous, heterocystous strains; Nostoc sp. strain PCC 7120 and Nostoc punctiforme PCC 73102. For a biotechnological exploration of hydrogen production tools for regulatory purposes are important. The transcription factor CalA (cyanobacterial AbrB like) (Alr0946 in the genome) in Nostoc sp. strain PCC 7120 was found to be involved in hydrogen metabolism by regulating the transcription of the maturation protein HypC. Further the bidirectional hydrogenase activity was down-regulated in the presence of elevated levels of CalA, a result important to take into account when optimizing cyanobacteria for hydrogen production. CalA regulates at least 25 proteins in Nostoc sp. strain PCC 7120 and one of the down-regulated proteins was superoxide dismutase, FeSOD. The characterization of FeSOD shows that it has a specific and important function in the oxidative stress tolerance of Nostoc sp. stain PCC 7120. Since CalA is involved in regulation of both the hydrogen metabolism as well as stress responses these findings indicate that Alr0946 is an important transcription factor in Nostoc sp. strain PCC 7120 active on a global level in the cell. This thesis adds more knowledge concerning maturation and regulation of cyanobacterial hydrogenases which might be useful for future large scale hydrogen.

A tese descreve o processo de crescimento e de queda dos homicídios em São Paulo entre os anos de 1960 e 2010. Com auxílio das ferramentas teóricas da criminologia do desenvolvimento e da teoria de ação situacional, que vem sendo debatida por criminologistas como Wikström, Sampson e Laub, a tese foca a investigação nas escolhas homicidas ao longo desses anos, sempre considerando o contexto em que foram tomadas. Por meio de uma análise qualitativa, a tese tenta demonstrar os mecanismos sociais que causaram o movimento da curva de homicídios na capital e Região Metropolitana de São Paulo. Entre 1960 e 1999, os homicídios cresceram e os casos se concentraram em bairros e cidades das periferias. A partir de 2000, os homicídios começaram a cair quase ininterruptamente em São Paulo. A tese descreve como essas escolhas começam e se multplicam principalmente a partir do momento em que os homicídios passam a ser vistos e praticados como um instrumento de controle por determinados grupos de indivíduos, inclusive pelas autoridades de segurança pública. Depois, a tese descreve o funcionamento do mecanismo multiplicador dos homicídios que passa a funcionar nessas comunidades, onde homicídios provocam novos homicídios. Finalmente, conforme os homicídios se multiplicam, nessas mesmas comunidades, todos passam a perder, inclusive os próprios autores, que se tornam vítimas de vinganças. Quando os homicídios são vistos como ações prejudiciais e incapazes de garantir o controle social, políticas de controle da violência têm maiores chances de serem bem-sucedidas. É o que ocorre em São Paulo. / This thesis describes the process of growth and decline of homicide in São Paulo between 1960 and 2010. With assistance of the theoretical tools of developmental criminology and situational theory of action, which has been debated by criminologists as Wikström, Sampson and Laub, the thesis focuses on the choices of murderous over the years, always considering the context in which they were taken. Through a qualitative analysis, the thesis attempts to demonstrate the social mechanisms that caused the movement of the curve of homicides in the São Paulo capital and the metropolitan area. Between 1960 and 1999, homicides increased and the cases were concentrated in neighborhoods and cities from the suburbs. Since 2000, the homicide rate began to fall almost continuously in Sao Paulo. The thesis describes how these choices start and multplicam mainly from the time the murders began to be seen and practiced as an instrument of control by certain groups of individuals, including the public security authorities. Then, the thesis describes the operation of the multiplier mechanism of homicides that starts to work in these communities, where homicides cause new murders. Finally, as the murders multiply, these same communities, all start to lose with the murders, including the authors themselves, who become victims of revenge. When the killings are seen as harmful actions and unable to ensure social control, political and society control of violence are more likely to succeed. This is what happens in Sao Paulo.

In der vorliegenden Arbeit wurde die Funktion der beiden cyanobakteriellen Phytochrome Cph1 und Cph2 untersucht. Dafür wurde zunächst das Wachstum von Mutanten mit einem inaktivierten cph1- bzw. cph2-Gen unter verschiedenen Lichtbedingungen analysiert. Das Wachstum aller Phytochrommutanten war unter Starklicht beeinträchtigt. Dahingegen wuchs die cph1-Mutante im FRL schlechter als der Wildtyp, während das Wachstum der cph2-Mutante im RL vermindert war. Eine cph1/cph2-Doppelmutante zeigte unter allen Lichtbedingungen eine Wachstumsreduktion, die der jeweiligen Einzelmutante ähnlich war. Die genaue Ursache für die Beeinträchtigung des Wachstums der Phytochrommutanten konnte nicht ermittelt werden. Die verschiedenen Aspekte der Photosynthese, wie Pigmentzusammensetzung, maximale Netto-Sauerstofffreisetzungsrate und 77K-Fluoreszenzemission, waren in den Phytochrommutanten nicht signifikant verändert. Bei Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803 konnte eine lichtgerichtete Bewegung beobachtet werden, wobei man aufgrund von Aktionsspektren der Motilität eine Funktion der Phytochrome oder phytochromähnlichen Proteine bei der Steuerung der phototaktischen Bewegung vermutet. Dem Cph1-Protein konnte hierfür keine Rolle zugeordnet werden. Dahingegen scheint der Photorezeptor Cph2 die lichtgerichtete Bewegung der Zellen in Richtung einer Blaulichtquelle zu inhibieren. Eine Interaktion mit einem klassischen Blaulicht-Rezeptor konnte ausgeschlossen werden. / The function of the cyanobacterial phytochromes Cph1 and Cph2 was investigated. At first, the growth of mutants with an inactivated cph1 or cph2 gene was analysed under different light conditions. The growth of all phytochrome mutants was affected under high-light conditions. However, the cph1 mutant grew slower than the wild type in far-red light, whilst the cph2 mutant revealed a reduced growth under red light conditions. A decreased growth of the cph1/cph2 double mutant was observed under all light conditions with a growth rate similar to the corresponding single mutant. The exact reason for the growth impairment of the phytochrome mutants could not be ascertained. Different aspects of photosynthesis (pigment composition, maximal net-oxygen evolution and 77K fluorescence emission) were not changed significantly in the phytochrome mutants. Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803 shows a movement towards a light source. Based on action spectra of motility phytochromes and phytochrome-like proteins are supposed to have a function in regulating the phototactic movement. An influence of the Cph1 protein in the phototactic movement was not demonstrated. Whereas, the Cph2 protein seems to be involved in the inhibition of the cell movement towards blue light. An interaction with a typical blue-light receptor was excluded.

A new phonological test, LINUS, for Swedish-speaking children between the ages of three and seven, has been developed at the speech and language pathology department at Linköping University. The aim of the present study was to create a reference manual for the long version of the new test. The participants in the present study were children between the ages of five to seven in a medium-sized municipality in the Northern part of Kalmar County, Sweden. In total, 124 native Swedish-speaking children (58 girls and 66 boys) with typical language development participated. The children were divided into two age groups, 5;0-5;11;31 and 6;0-6;11;31 years. The collected data was analysed with respect to acquisition of phonemes and word structure processes. Percentage of correctly produced words (PWC), consonants (PCC) and vowels (PVC) were calculated.All phonemes, except /s/, were established in both age groups. The phoneme /s/ was found to be either substituted or distorted. Among the 5-year old children /s/ was established for 84%, substitutions of /s/ were found in 7% and distortions were found in 23%. Among the 6-year old children /s/ was established for 88%. Substitutions of /s/ were found in 3% and distortions in 16% of the 6-year old children. The phoneme /r/ proved to be a borderline case for acquisition in the younger age group (91%). The most common word structure process in both groups was assimilation. A significant difference between the two age groups was found for assimilation (p=0,022), with lower occurrence in the older group. Two-consonant clusters (CC) and three-consonant clusters (CCC) were not frequently reduced, although it was found that CC-clusters were reduced more frequently than CCC-clusters. Both the age groups had high percentages of correctly produced words, consonants and vowels. The analysis revealed the following results: PWC for 5-years olds was 93% and 6-years olds 97%. PCC for 5-year olds was 98% and for 6-year olds 99%. PVC for both age groups was 100%. An age difference was shown for PWC, but not for the other measures. No gender differences were found. / Ett nytt fonologiskt testmaterial, LINUS, är framtaget för svensktalande barn. I föreliggande studie har referensmaterial till den långa versionen av det nya testet insamlats bland barn 5-7 år i en mellanstor kommun i norra Kalmar län. Totalt deltog 124 barn (58 flickor och 66 pojkar) med svenska som modersmål och typisk språkutveckling. Barnen delades upp i två åldersintervall, 5;0-5;11;31 och 6;0-6;11;31 år. Det insamlade materialet analyserades avseende etablering av fonem och konsonantkombinationer, samt förekomst av ordstrukturprocesser. Andelsmått för korrekt uttalade ord (PWC), konsonanter (PCC) och vokaler (PVC) beräknades.Samtliga fonem, utom /s/, var etablerade i båda åldersgrupperna. Fonemet /s/ realiserades med substitutioner eller kvalitativt marginella avvikelser (KMA). I 5-årsgruppen var /s/ etablerat för 84% av deltagarna. Bland 5-åringarna förekom substitutioner av /s/ hos 7% och KMA förekom hos 23%. I 6-årsgruppen var /s/ etablerat till 88%, och det förekom substitutioner hos 3% av 6-åringarna, och KMA förekom hos 16%. Fonemet /r/ visade sig vara ett gränsfall avseende etablering för den yngre åldersgruppen (91%). Den vanligaste ordstrukturprocessen för båda grupperna var assimilationer. Signifikanta skillnader mellan de två åldersgrupperna återfanns avseende assimilationer, p=0,022. Förekomsten av assimilationer minskade med stigande ålder. Tvåkonsonantskombinationer (CC) och trekonsonantskombinationer (CCC) visade sig ej vara påverkade av förenklingar i någon större grad. Dock visade sig CC-kombinationer vara mer utsatta för förenklingar än CCC-kombinationer. Båda åldersgrupperna hade höga andelar korrekt uttalade ord, konsonanter och vokaler. De två grupperna fick följande resultat: PWC för 5-åringar var 93% och 6-åringar 97%. PCC var 98% respektive 99% för grupperna. PVC var 100% för båda åldersgrupperna. Åldersskillnader kunde ses för PWC, dock inte för de andra måtten. Inga könsskillnader noterades.

Children with phonological disorder are at risk of developing reading and writing impairments. Phonological difficulties may also influence a child’s social interaction and it is for this reason that effective treatment of phonological disorder is important. One factor that may influence treatment efficacy, is treatment intensity. There has been little research done in Sweden, on the effects of intensity of phonological intervention. Further research into phonological intervention is therefore needed to determine which treatment intensity is the most effective. The aim of this study is to evaluate the possible effects of intensive treatment of two preschool children with phonological disorder. The research questions focus on the nature of the possible effects of phonological treatment and if they lead to generalization, and whether caregivers notice any changes in their children’s speech. A single-subject design was used with three baseline measurements, followed by treatment and two follow up measurements. The treatment was given three times a week over the course of three weeks, and every treatment session lasted for approximately 40 minutes. The results of the baseline and follow ups were calculated with Percentage Consonants Correct (PCC), Percentage Words Correct (PWC), and the percentage of manner of articulation correct. Both participants displayed improvements between the baseline and the second follow up, in all the measurements. Changes could be seen in the target phonemes both in new positions and in new words, but also in untrained phonemes. The caregivers of both participants experienced an improvement in their children's speech. How the estimated intensity affected the results is unclear. However, the results indicated that intensive treatment led to generalization and that it showed effect. Thus, the results of the present study could have clinical relevance. / Förskolebarn med fonologiska svårigheter riskerar att få läs- och skrivsvårigheter i skolåldern och påverkan på det sociala samspelet. Det är därför viktigt med effektiv fonologisk intervention, som kan påverkas av intensiteten. Det finns sparsamt med svenska studier om intensitetens påverkan vid fonologisk intervention. Föreliggande studie syftar till att utvärdera eventuell effekt av intensiv behandling hos två förskolebarn med fonologiska svårigheter. Frågeställningarna innefattar hur den eventuella effekten av fonologisk behandling ser ut, om den leder till generalisering, samt om vårdnadshavarna upplever någon förändring.  Studien hade en single-subject design med tre baslinjemätningar och två uppföljande mätningar. Fonemtestet LINköpingsUnderSökningen (LINUS) användes vid samtliga mätningar. Behandlingen genomfördes vid nio tillfällen, tre gånger i veckan i tre veckor. Varje behandlingstillfälle var cirka 40 minuter långt. Resultatet av LINUS-testningen beräknades med Percentage Consonants Correct (PCC), Percentage Words Correct (PWC) och andel korrekt artikulationssätt och analyserades även kvalitativt. Resultaten jämfördes mellan de olika mätningarna. Båda deltagarna uppvisade förbättringar för samtliga mått mellan baslinjemätningarna och den sista uppföljande mätningen. Förändringar kunde ses av tränade ljud till nya ord och positioner samt av ljud som inte tränades i behandling. Vårdnadshavarna till de deltagande barnen upplevde att deras barns tal hade förbättrats efter behandlingen. Det är svårt att uttala sig om vilken inverkan den uppskattade intensiteten hade på behandlingsutgången. Resultatet indikerar dock att intensiv behandling hade effekt och att den ledde till generalisering, och skulle således kunna vara till nytta i klinisk verksamhet.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-06-02T19:14:53Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 3026.pdf: 787544 bytes, checksum: c8f4e87ba140a995dfd98e384f44f5ad (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010-03-04 / The purpose of our research is to study the characteristics and actions of the group known as Primeiro Comando da Capital (PCC), in their relations with the institutions of the criminal justice system (police subsystem and criminal justice, execution, and administration), and the ramifications of the series of attacks perpetrated by that organization between May and August of 2006. At first, we give a theoretical analysis of the police apparatus and organized crime to, in turn, investigate the emergence, structure, activities, and objectives of PCC. We also focus on the series of attacks on these dates, on their effects on the criminal organization and, above all, on the public institutions who combat them. We compare these institutions evolution and the relationship between them, attempting to establish the degree to which the series of attacks became a catalyst for institutional change and in what way it allowed for a greater approximation between the institutions that are a part of this system. / O propósito de nossa pesquisa é estudar as características e a atuação do grupo conhecido como Primeiro Comando da Capital (PCC), em sua relação com as instituições do sistema de justiça criminal (subsistemas policial e de justiça, execução e administração penal), assim como os desdobramentos da onda de ataques levada a cabo por aquela organização de maio a agosto de 2006. De início, procuramos realizar uma análise teórica do aparelho policial e do crime organizado para, em seguida, investigarmos o surgimento, estrutura, atividades e objetivos do PCC. Também focamos a onda de ataques comandada pelo PCC naquela data e os efeitos que esta teve sobre essa organização criminosa e, sobretudo, sobre as instituições públicas que travaram combate contra essa facção. Comparamos a evolução das instituições do sistema de justiça criminal e as relações que mantêm entre si, procurando estabelecer em que medida a onda de ataques serviu como catalisador de mudanças institucionais e de que forma ela possibilitou uma maior aproximação entre as instituições que compõem aquele sistema.

Les efflorescences de cyanobactéries sont susceptibles d’avoir des effets néfastes sur les organismes des écosystèmes aquatiques, ainsi que sur les populations environnantes, notamment à travers la production de nombreuses molécules potentiellement toxiques (appelées cyanotoxines). Jusqu'à présent, une des cyanotoxines les plus étudiées est la microcystine (MC). Cette thèse a pour objectif d’évaluer la toxicité potentielle sur la reproduction de la MC-LR et de l'extrait d'une souche de Microcystis productrice de MCs en étudiant leurs effets toxiques sur le foie et les gonades de poissons medaka adultes exposés de manière aiguë ou chronique.Une étude complète du foie des poissons médaka deux sexes a été menés par ailleurs, attestant d'un fort dimorphisme sexuel aussi bien au niveau cellulaire que moléculaire et souligne les importantes spécificités métaboliques du foie entre les deux sexes, notamment pour le maintien de la compétence de reproduction chez les poissons medaka adultes femelles.Dans l'étude des effets induits par une exposition aiguë, les poissons medaka adultes ont été exposés par gavage à 10 μg.g-1 bw de MC-LR pure pendant 1 heure. L'examen histologique et l'immunolocalisation des MCs du foie de poisson traité par la MC-LR ont révélé des lésions hépatiques sévères ainsi qu'une distribution intense de la MC-LR dans le foie, localisée particulièrement dans le cytoplasme et dans le noyau des hépatocytes. Dans la gonade des poissons traités, la MC-LR a été détectée dans les tissus conjonctifs de l'ovaire et des testicules. De plus, l’observation par microscopie électronique couplé à la technique d’immunogold a révélé, pour la première fois, que la MC-LR était également détectable dans le chorion, le cytoplasme et le vitellus des ovocytes matures.Au cours des études des effets induits par l’exposition chronique, les poissons medaka adultes ont été exposés durant 28 jours par balnéation à 1 et 5 μg.L-1 de MC-LR et à un extrait de la souche de Microcystis aeruginosa (PCC 7820) productrice de microcystines (5 μg.L-1 équivalent MC-LR). Ces résultats ont révélé que la MC-LR et l'extrait de Microcystis induisent des effets délétères sur différents paramètres de reproduction, tels la fécondité et le taux d’éclosion des embryons. La cause principale de ces perturbations de la reproduction semblent principalement résulté d’un dysfonction hépatique globale induite par les traitements aux MCs (hépatotoxiques, notoires), plutôt qu’à des effets directs sur les gonades. Dans l'ensemble, les résultats de cette thèse démontrent que même si les microcystines pourraient avoir un impact direct, mais modéré, sur la fonction gonadique en induisant une cytotoxicité dans les cellules somatiques gonadiques et les cellules reproductrices, elle semble avoir principalement avoir un impact indirect sur la fonction reproductrice en perturbant la fonction hépatique générale. Ces données améliorent notre compréhension des processus liés à la toxicité potentielle des cyanotoxines pour la reproduction chez un poisson modèle, et fait d’une manière générale progresser questionnement quant à la protection des populations exposées à ces cyanotoxines. / Cyanobacterial blooms threaten human health as well as other living organisms of the aquatic environment, particularly due to the production of natural toxic components (called cyanotoxins). So far, one of the most studied cyanotoxins is the microcystin (MC). This thesis evaluated the potential reproductive toxicity of MC-LR and the extract of one Microcystis strain (MC-producing) by investigating their toxic effects on the liver and gonad of adult medaka fish with one acute and one chronic study.An investigation of the metabolic specificities of the liver in two genders of medaka fish was performed prior to the MC-containing exposure, which attests to a strong sexual dimorphism of medaka liver, and highlights the importance of metabolic adjustments of the liver for maintaining the reproductive competency in adult medaka fish.In the acute study, adult medaka fish were administered with 10 μg.g-1 bw of pure MC-LR for 1 hour by gavage. The histological examination and immunolocalization of the MC-treated fish liver revealed a severe liver lesion along with an intense distribution of MC-LR in the liver, being particularly localized in the cytoplasm and nucleus of hepatocytes. In the gonad of MC-treated fish, MC-LR was shown to be present in the connective tissue of ovary and testis. Additionally, immunogold electron microscopy, for the first time, revealed that MC-LR was also localized in the chorion, cytoplasm and yolk vesicles of oocytes.Overall, the results of this thesis demonstrates that MC might directly impact gonadal function by inducing cytotoxicity in gonadal somatic cells and reproductive cells, and it could also impact the reproductive function indirectly by disturbing the general liver function. This improves our understanding of the potential reproductive toxicity of cyanotoxins in model fish, and advances our current knowledge on the protection of aquatic organism populations as well as human health from cyanotoxin issues.

No description available.

In oxygenic phototrophs, the photosynthetic machinery is located in thylakoid membrane (TM), a specialized endogenous membrane system. How TM are synthesized remains however mostly unknown. The aim of this thesis was to clarify a link between the synthesis of chlorophyll (Chl)-binding proteins, the main protein component of TM, and the formation of TM system in the model cyanobacterium Synechocystis PCC 6803. During the project, the analysis of TM under various growth conditions and in Chl-deficient mutants has demonstrated that a sufficient amount of de novo produced Chl molecules is crucial for the TM biogenesis. Particularly, the synthesis of the photosystem II subunit CP47 and trimeric photosystem I appeared to be sensitive to a shortage in de novo made Chl molecules. Interestingly, a specialized ribosome-binding protein (Pam68) has been identified to facilitate the insertion of Chl molecules into CP47. The synthesis of Chl-proteins and the biogenesis of TM have been further explored in cells recovering from long-term nitrogen depletion. Using this approach, it was possible to identify a large structure in the cell cytosol, which is very likely the site of TM biogenesis, and to correlate the appearance of this structure with the restored biogenesis of Chl-binding proteins.