Syfte: Syftet med denna studie är att utreda om det finns ett lämpligare investeringsalternativ än de nuvarande investeringsalternativ som finns i det svenska premiepensionssystemet. För att genomföra detta kommer studien att framställa en portfölj av ett svenskt och ett internationellt investmentbolag med en god balans mellan risk och avkastning för en jämförelse av dagens premiepensionssystem. Metod: Studien utgår från historisk data under tio års tid som vidare analyseras Genom bland annat Pearson R modellen. Urvalet består av investmentbolag på den nordiska- samt den amerikanska marknaden. Utöver den kvantitativa studien kommer en intervju att genomföras med en respondent som är kunnig inom området om sparande och pensionsinvesteringar. Avslutningsvis presenteras studiens trovärdighet och metodkritik. Teoretiskt perspektiv: Den teoretiska referensramen utgörs av tidigare teorier som är relevanta för att framställa den bäst lämpade portföljen. Markowitz moderna portföljteori ligger till grund och kompletteras av ytterligare väsentliga mått som exempelvis Sharpekvoten. Vidare tillämpas en utvecklad portföljteori av Grubel & Solnik för ett internationellt perspektiv. Empiri: Empirin/Resultatet består av en presentation av den bearbetade datan som ligger till grund för den analys som genomförs. Slutsats: Studien framställer en portfölj i form av Bure Equity AB och Berkshire Hathaway. I jämförelse med premiepensionens redan befintliga alternativ uppvisar studiens portfölj en avsevärt högre nominell avkastning. Konstellationen av Bure Equity AB och Berkshire Hathaway uppvisar en nominell avkastning på 19,75 % i relation till premiepensionens aktiva sparare som uppvisar en nominell avkastning på 7 %. Den passiva spararen som tilldelas AP7 Såfa uppvisar en nominell avkastning på 11 %. / Purpose: The purpose of this study is evaluate if there is another investment opportunity than the current investment opportunities in the Swedish pension system. In order to do this the study will produce a portfolio of a Swedishand an international investment company with a good balance between risk and return for a comparison of today’s premium pension scheme. Methodology: The study is based on historical data for ten years which further is analyzed through the Pearson R model. The selection consists of investment companies in the Nordic- and the American market. Along with the quantitative study an interview will be made with a representative well familiar with savings and pension investments. Finally the credibility of the study and methodology criticism is presented. Theoretical Framework: The theoretical frame of reference consists of previous theories that are relevant to produce the best-suited portfolio. Markowitz modern portfolio theory is the main theory which is supplemented by additional essential measures as the Sharpe ratio. Furthermore, a developed portfolio theory by Grubel & Solnik is applied to get an international perspective. Result: The result consists of a presentation of the processed data as underlies the analysis being carried out. Conclusions: The study produces a portfolio in the form of Bure Equity AB and Berkshire Hathaway. In comparison with the pre-existing pension options the study’s portfolio shows a significantly higher nominal return. The constellation of Bure Equity AB and Berkshire Hathaway exhibits a nominal return of 19,75 % in relation to the active saver in the premium pension with a nominal return of 7 %. The passive saver assigned to AP7 Safa exhibits a nominal return of 11 %.

Detta examensarbete har syftat till att utforma ett informativt budskap om ITP 2 ålderspension. Målet har varit att lyfta fram specifik information om ITP 2 ålderspension för vår uppdragsgivares anställda. Budskapet har visualiserats genom en animerad informationsfilm och ska fungera som ett komplement till redan befintlig information. Baserat på tidigare forskning och resultat från intervjuer som vi genomfört har vi funnit riktlinjer som legat till grund för de designval och beslut vi tagit under processens gång. Resultatet blev en animerad informationsfilm med en avskalad och enkelt utformad design. / This project has aimed to design an informative message regarding ITP 2 retirement pension. The goal has been to highlight specific information regarding ITP 2 retirement pension for the employees of our client. The message has been visualized as an animated information video and will serve as a complement to existing information. Based on previous research and results from our conducted interviews, guidelines have been obtained which have formed the basis for the design choices and decisions we have taken during the process. The outcome of this project is an animated information video with a clean and simple design.

Rürup-Renten-Verträge als Form der privaten Altersvorsorge sollen Verbrauchern als eine zukünftige Einnahmequelle im Rentenalter dienen. Es sind komplizierte langlaufende Verträge. Eine Produktbeschreibung erhält der Verbraucher durch das seit dem 01.01.2017 gesetzlich vorgeschriebene Produktionsformationsblatt. In diesem wird auch zu den Kosten Stellung genommen. Die aufzuführenden Kostenbestandteile sind gesetzlich vorgeschrieben. Die von den Anbietern gewählte Darstellungsart der Kosten ist aber so verklausuliert, dass eine verständnisvolle Kostenübersicht erheblich erschwert wird. Die Gesamtkosten eines Vertrages werden verschleiert. Ein Vergleich mit alternativen Anlageformen wird erschwert. Ein Kostenwettbewerb kann nicht zustande kommen. In unserem Beispiel zehren die Kosten ein Drittel der Sparbeiträge auf. Angesichts der volkswirtschaftlichen Bedeutung der Altersvorsorge sollte der Gesetzgeber korrigieren und ein verständlicheres Informationsblatt vorschreiben. / Rürup pension contracts allow future payments after retirement. For consumers their structure is hard to understand. Since January 1st, 2017, a key information document (“product information sheet”) is required by law. It gives an overview of the product and its characteristics. It contains information about the cost of the contract. Unfortunately, this information is difficult to understand. The sheet only conveys an unclear view of the costs incurred. E.g. no information about the total costs are given. Instead the costs are split into different components which are explained in differing ways. Due to such intransparent information a comparison between alternative plans is hardly possible. In our example one third of all savings are allocated to costs. According to the high economic importance of private pension schemes government should prescribe a key information document with clearer and more honest information.

Pension insurance and demographic development in the Czech Republic Abstract The aim of this thesis is to describe the development of the pension insurance in the Czech Republic and changes in retirement age in relation to the development of life expectancy and changes in the age structure of the population of the Czech Republic. In the first part of the work, there demographic changes of the population are described and in particular, changes in the age structure of the population of the Czech Republic. The second part provides an overview of the historical development of pension insurance in the territory of today's Czech Republic, in particular the development of the most important laws, but also statistical data as well as basic concepts and characteristics of the current pension scheme. In the third part of this thesis are analyzed the changes in the age structure of the population and their relation to raising retirement age in the pension scheme of Czech Republic. Keywords: pension insurance, retirement age, the age structure of the population, life expectancy.

Syfte: Syftet med denna studie är att utreda om det finns ett lämpligare investeringsalternativ än de nuvarande investeringsalternativ som finns i det svenska premiepensionssystemet. För att genomföra detta kommer studien att framställa en portfölj av ett svenskt och ett internationellt investmentbolag med en god balans mellan risk och avkastning för en jämförelse av dagens premiepensionssystem. Metod: Studien utgår från historisk data under tio års tid som vidare analyseras genom bland annat Pearson R modellen. Urvalet består av investmentbolag på den nordiska- samt den amerikanska marknaden. Utöver den kvantitativa studien kommer en intervju att genomföras med en respondent som är kunnig inom området om sparande och pensionsinvesteringar. Avslutningsvis presenteras studiens trovärdighet och metodkritik. Teoretiskt perspektiv: Den teoretiska referensramen utgörs av tidigare teorier som är relevanta för att framställa den bäst lämpade portföljen. Markowitz moderna portföljteori ligger till grund och kompletteras av ytterligare väsentliga mått som exempelvis Sharpekvoten. Vidare tillämpas en utvecklad portföljteori av Grubel & Solnik för ett internationellt perspektiv. Empiri: Empirin/Resultatet består av en presentation av den bearbetade datan som ligger till grund för den analys som genomförs. Slutsats: Studien framställer en portfölj i form av Bure Equity AB och Berkshire Hathaway. I jämförelse med premiepensionens redan befintliga alternativ uppvisar studiens portfölj en avsevärt högre nominell avkastning. Konstellationen av Bure Equity AB och Berkshire Hathaway uppvisar en nominell avkastning på 19,75 % i relation till premiepensionens aktiva sparare som uppvisar en nominell avkastning på 7 %. Den passiva spararen som tilldelas AP7 Såfa uppvisar en nominell avkastning på 11 %. / Purpose: The purpose of this study is evaluate if there is another investment opportunity than the current investment opportunities in the Swedish pension system. In order to do this the study will produce a portfolio of a Swedishand an international investment company with a good balance between risk and return for a comparison of today’s premium pension scheme. Methodology: The study is based on historical data for ten years which further is analyzed through the Pearson R model. The selection consists of investment companies in the Nordic- and the American market. Along with the quantitative study an interview will be made with a representative well familiar with savings and pension investments. Finally the credibility of the study and methodology criticism is presented. Theoretical Framework: The theoretical frame of reference consists of previous theories that are relevant to produce the best-suited portfolio. Markowitz modern portfolio theory is the main theory which is supplemented by additional essential measures as the Sharpe ratio. Furthermore, a developed portfolio theory by Grubel & Solnik is applied to get an international perspective. Result: The result consists of a presentation of the processed data as underlies the analysis being carried out. Conclusions: The study produces a portfolio in the form of Bure Equity AB and Berkshire Hathaway. In comparison with the pre-existing pension options the study’s portfolio shows a significantly higher nominal return. The constellation of Bure Equity AB and Berkshire Hathaway exhibits a nominal return of 19,75 % in relation to the active saver in the premium pension with a nominal return of 7 %. The passive saver assigned to AP7 Safa exhibits a nominal return of 11 %.

[pt] Criados inicialmente como uma poupança garantidora de rendimentos futuros aos seus participantes e assistidos, os Fundos de Pensão assumiram importante papel no cenário econômico brasileiro. A necessidade legal de distribuição dos mais de 450 bilhões de reais (dez/2008) em ativos de renda fixa, de renda variável, no segmento imobiliário e no segmento de empréstimos/financiamentos, criou carteiras de investimento que de forma diversificada financiam atividades produtivas no Brasil. Apesar de existir uma forte sinergia no que se refere ao objetivo principal e também ao ambiente macroeconômico nos quais estão inseridos, os Fundos de Pensão Públicos e os Fundos de Pensão Privados além de possuírem consideráveis diferenças de portfólio de investimento, também vêm respondendo de forma diferente às variações de algumas variáveis macroeconômicas. Diante do exposto, e a partir da observação do comportamento dos 10 maiores investimentos dos Fundos de Pensão Públicos e Privados no período de 2002 a 2008, esta dissertação busca discutir a sensibilidade dos portfólios de investimentos dos Fundos de Pensão ao longo de mudanças macroeconômicas. No período estudado, foi observado entre 2002 e 2007 um aumento percentual nos investimentos em ações tanto nas carteiras dos Fundos Públicos quanto dos Fundos Privados. O ano de 2008 apresentou uma diminuição nesses investimentos de renda variável em ambos os Fundos de Pensão. No entanto, percebe-se que os Fundos Privados apresentam composição de carteiras mais conservadoras, mantendo quase 70% dos seus recursos em ativos de renda fixa. O único ativo de renda fixa onde foi verificado um percentual de participação em carteira significativamente maior nos Fundos Públicos foi nas Letras Financeiras do Tesouro. A metodologia estatística utilizada foi a regressão dinâmica, na qual as variáveis dependentes foram os investimentos em diferentes ativos da composição da carteira dos Fundos e as variáveis independentes referiam-se às que representam mudanças no cenário macroeconômico ( ex: PIB, dolar e juros ). Os resultados obtidos, não somente reforçam a existência de relação entre indicativos macroeconômicos e a composição de carteiras dos Fundos de Pensão, mas também apontam que algumas dessas variáveis independentes influenciam de forma diferente os Fundos de Pensão Públicos dos Fundos de Pensão Privados. / [en] Initially created as a saving asset that should guarantee future income to their participants, the Pension Funds took an important role in the Brazilian economic scenario. The legal necessity of distribution of more than 450 billion reais (Brazilian Money) into assets of fixed income, of variable income, of real estate and loans & financing assets, created investment’s portfolios that in a diversified way financed profitable activities in Brazil. Nevertheless of having a strong synergy in the main objective and also in their macroeconomic scenario, Public Pension Funds and Private Pension Funds have not only considerable differences of investment’s portfolio, but they are also responding the variation of a few macro-economic variables in a different way. Therefore, analyzing the 10 biggest investments in the Public & Private`s Pension Funds between the years of 2002 and 2008, this work aims to discuss the sensibility of the investment`s portfolios of the Pension Funds during macro-economic changes. In the studied period, was observed that between 2002 and 2007 a percentage raise in the investments in the stock market in both Public and Private Pension Funds. In the year of 2008 these kinds of investments decreased in also both Pension Funds. Despite of that, it is observed that the Private Funds have been more conservative, keeping almost 70% of their total amount in fixed income assets. The only asset of fixed income where was verified a higher percentage level in the Public Funds was in the Letras Financeiras do Tesouro (Treasure Bonds). The statistic methodology used was the dynamic regression, in which the dependent variables were the investments in the different assets of the Pension Fund`s portfolios and the dependent variables were the ones that represented changes in the macroeconomic scenario (e.g.: Gross Domestic Product, dollar e interest rate ). The results indicates a correlation between some macro-economic variations and the composition of the investment`s portfolios in the Pension Funds. But, the it also indicates that a few of these macro-economic variations influence in a different way the Public and the Private Pension Funds.

Doctor Legum - LLD / This thesis deals with a very important issue in South African society, i.e. the provision of financial and non-cash support to older persons. Older persons in South Africa can be described as a sizeable but vulnerable group requiring specific protection. Section 27 of the South African Constitution of 1996 obliges the state to take reasonable legislative and other measures within available resources to progressively realise the right of access to social security. Hence, the steps taken by the state to promote older persons’ right of access to social security and to protect their right to dignity need to be evaluated. The legislative framework for the provision of financial and non-cash support to older persons currently is fragmented into various statutes dealing with retirement income, state grants to older persons and care and support services for older persons. Therefore, the current legislation lacks an integrated approach to the provision of support and care to older persons, as well as a central principle on which to base future legislation concerning older persons. One such principle that could potentially be adopted is intergenerational solidarity, which can be described as the solidarity between the active working-age population, as one generation, from which benefits flow to older persons as the other. This thesis evaluates whether intergenerational solidarity should form the basis of South African legislation on the provision of retirement income and the provision of care and support to older persons, and if so, whether it in fact does. If the answer to the latter is in the negative, the thesis further examines whether the current process to reform the retirement income system and related legislation in South Africa would be a suitable platform to introduce the concept of intergenerational solidarity to legislation concerning older persons. / South Africa

The thesis deals with the issue of employee benefits from accounting and tax point of view. At the beginning of the thesis there are several views on how employee benefits can be broken down and types to improve their efficiency. The thesis further defines how the employee benefits can be charged in the Czech accounting regulations. The content is the analysis of the most frequently provided employee benefits, on the basis of which are described in the next chapter the most frequent types of benefits, their tax regime and accounting capture. Everything is illustrated in practical examples. Another part of the thesis is devoted to IFRS accounting and individual types of employee benefits. At the end of the thesis the comparison of the Czech accounting regulations and the IFRS is made.

El principal objetivo de este trabajo es evaluar las diferencias en rentabilidad obtenidas por medio de los Multifondos (Fondo Tipo 1, Fondo Tipo 2 y Fondo Tipo 3) frente a las obtenidas con el Fondo Único (Fondo Tipo 2) desde el año 2007 al 2014 con la finalidad de evaluar el impacto positivo de este nuevo esquema en el sistema pensionario y en la inversión nacional: para llevar a cabo este análisis se utiliza el índice Sharpe para cuantificar el esquema Multifondos en el SPP y la paradoja de Feldstein-Horioka para visualizar el impacto en la inversión. / The main objective of this envestigation is to evaluate the differences in profitability obtained through the Multi-Funds (Fund Type 1, Fund Type 2 and Fund type 3) compared to those obtained with the fund that exixts sice the creation of the system (Fund Type 2) from 2007 to 2014 with the purpose of evaluating the positive impact of this new scheme in the pension system and in the national investment; to carry out this analysis the Sharpe Index is used to quantify the effect of the Multi-Fund scheme in the Private Pension System and the Feldstein-Horioka Paradox to mesure the impact on the domestic investment. / Trabajo de investigación

The diploma thesis is focused on area of life insurance. First part explains main role of life insurance and defines its types. It includes information about development trends in the insurance market. The gist of the thesis is comparison of life insurance (unit linked insurace) products of five czech biggest insurance companies. Next part describes motivation of consumers to insure themselves. It also points out the rival products. Last part focuses on pension reform and how life insurance is connected with this reform.