Syfte med studien var att undersöka vilka faktorer som kan påverka motivationen hos arbetstagare mellan 55 och 70 år att eventuellt vilja förlänga sina arbetsliv, och avsåg att studera serviceroller inom den privata sektorn. Studien har en kvalitativ forskningsansats, där data insamlades genom semistrukturerade intervjuer. Genom ett målstyrt bekvämlighetsurval identifierades 11 deltagare, inom åldersspannet 57–70 år. Analysen av insamlade data utfördes sedan genom en tematisk analysmetod och genererade i fyra teman: goda arbetsförhållanden, upplevelsen av ett meningsfullt arbete, identitet och känslor kopplat till ålder, samt ekonomi och hälsa som grundläggande förutsättningar. Resultatet visade att ett flertal faktorer påverkade deltagarnas motivation till att eventuellt fortsätta arbeta längre. Avslutningsvis diskuteras studiens resultat i förhållande till tidigare forskning på området.

Ce projet s'intéresse au point de vue des usagers concernant l'effet du Programme de perception des pensions alimentaires pour enfants (PPPAPE) sur les conflits parentaux. Ce projet visait à connaître de façon exploratoire le point de vue des créditrices et des débiteurs concernant l'effet du PPPAPE sur les conflits. En raison des taux élevés de divorce et de séparation impliquant des enfants, ce programme a été mis en place afin de faire respecter les créances alimentaires. Bien peu d'études indépendantes se sont intéressées à la question. Aucune étude n'a recueilli et analysé le point de vue des utilisateurs sur le PPPAPE. Plusieurs objectifs sont visés par ce programme, notamment un objectif lié à la réduction des conflits. Plus spécifiquement, cet objectif veut minimiser les risques de manipulation, de chantage et de violence, en faisant intervenir un intermédiaire dans tous les cas afin de faciliter le paiement de la pension alimentaire. Cette recherche a permis de constater que la plupart des usagers du PPPAPE affirment qu'ils ont depuis leur adhésion au programme, connu une diminution de leurs conflits concernant les pensions alimentaires. Toutefois, force est de constater qu'il ne s'agit pas de la réalité pour tous les utilisateurs du programme.

Prior to the introduction of section 37C into the Pension Funds Act. 24 of 1956, the benefit payable as a result of the death of a member would devolve in accordance with his last will and testament or the provisions of intestate succession. The advent of section 37C brought a statutory regime which expressly excludes freedom of testation and rather looks to the board of a fund to distribute the death benefit. The board may only pay the dependants of a deceased (either factual or legal) or the persons he has recorded on his nomination form. The section relies on the board to exercise its discretion in a manner which results in an equitable distribution of the death benefit notwithstanding that it does not provide any guidelines as to how this is to be achieved. Accordingly, numerous decisions are challenged by the identified beneficiaries because they are unhappy with the manner in which the board exercised its discretion. This results in complaints being lodged with the Pension Funds Adjudicator. Many such complaints should never have arisen or could have been easily solved by a proper exercise of discretion on the part of the board. The problem is that these complaints are adding to an already burdened office. Adequate training and understanding of the obligations of section 37C would probably result in fewer complaints to the Adjudicator. This dissertation examines whether the determinations which have been issued by the Adjudicator in respect of section 37C indicate a need for such training and understanding and, if they do, what possible remedies there might be to cure such a problem. Recommendations arising from this are that trustees must receive training focused on section 37C and proposed practical protocols to assist a board when exercising its duty to make an equitable distribution. / Jurisprudence / LL.M.

Approved for public release, distribution is unlimited / This thesis analyzes adverse demographic trends in the European Union, including sub-replacement birthrates and increasing median ages. It investigates the implications of these trends for the EU's prospects for becoming a stronger and more influential actor in international affairs. Pressures arising from population trends in and near the EU could ultimately affect national and EU cohesion, governmental effectiveness, and social stability. Absent remedial measures, social programs in some EU countries will be unsustainable due to the mounting financial burden of pensions and health care for growing elderly populations. Such financial obligations hinder funding other national programs, including modernized military capabilities. Nationalism and national identity are at issue in immigrant integration and assimilation efforts. The role of population trends with regard to the growing threat of radical Islamic fundamentalism is explored. The thesis concludes with policy recommendations that might be considered to avert the looming economic, social, and security crises that may result from these demographic trends. In short, the security and financial consequences foreshadowed by the current demographic trends of an aging, economically weaker, and socially conflicted European Union could present dramatic implications for the vital national interests of the United States. / Lieutenant, United States Navy

Le risque professionnel en France est géré par plusieurs régimes, le régime général et les régimes dits spéciaux (plus particulièrement le régime des militaires, des fonctionnaires de l'Etat, des agents EDF GDF, des non titulaires de l'Etat et des ouvriers d'Etat). Si cette singularité fut justifiée historiquement, elle ne l'est plus aujourd'hui. Le travail a en effet évolué depuis. Les conditions de travail d'un électricien du 19ème siècle, profession exercée par des salariés du secteur privé et public ne sont pas celles de celui du 21ème siècle. Le maintien en l'état de ces différents régimes n'est pas équitable. Selon son statut professionnel, le travailleur sera indemnisé de manière différente. Cette situation ne respecte pas un des principes fondamentaux de notre constitution : le principe d'égalité. Pour mettre fin au dysfonctionnement, l'uniformité paraît être la solution idéale. Or la mise en place d'un nouveau régime de risque professionnel risque de se heurter à l'attachement de leurs bénéficiaires à leur régime actuel. Qui dit nouveau régime, ne dit pas forcément destruction de l'existant. Il est proposé de créer une nouvelle branche aux côtés des autres branches de la Sécurité sociale. La branche du risque professionnel succèdera à la branche AT/MP. Mais à la différence de cette dernière, elle sera indépendante administrativement et autonome financièrement et elle permettra de meilleures reconnaissance et indemnisation des accidents ou des maladies liées au travail.

Social security is an important part of the state social policy. The social security development depends upon many factors and their interaction and interpretation changes in historic context. Historic sources of social security development show a strong and urgent need of the state to deal with these questions. Chapter 1 contains a continual historical overview of social security in Czech Republic. The development of this important part of the state economy is closely connected to political and economical situation and the need of valid legal enactment implementation. The social security concept is inspired by proven models of other countries, especially Sweden. The basic system principles have to be respected simultaneously. Chapter 3 follows the fundamental problems which have been monitored since 2000. Their particular form is summed up in seven principal paragraphs. As the Czech Republic is now a part of the European economic space I find very important to treat the basic principles and objectives of social policy in European countries, however in general terms. Chapter 5 describes individual phases of the social security reform which have been put into effect in 2008 and also a concept which has been prepared for 2009

The target of this graduation thesis is to analyze options you have in order to ensure additional financial resources in retirement age. Public pension system is unsustainable. Pension replacement rates by earnings are unsatisfactory. It is necessary to create a financial reserve individualy. From a financial sphere life insurance and additional pension insurance are offered. It is a state contribution which makes them profitable. Also Life cycle fund is an interesting way especialy in long run. From real investment sphere alocation into real estates or small solar power station with state garanties seem to be very convenient. Investment into descendants are disappreciated nowadays, but it is historical tested way of creation added resources in retirement age.

Establishing retirement age is a key issue for each and every pension system. How this issue is resolved is palpable for every citizen and also has a major political dimension. The main reasons for increasing the retirement age - which is occurring in all European countries - are demographic development and economic factors, such as higher life expectancy, increasing the proportion of pensioners to the number of economically active people, and the growing costs for the pension system. This thesis describes the current reform steps in Europe and provides a thorough analysis of factors which are relevant for dealing with retirement age issues. The analysis is based on official statistical data, which are scrutinized even in mutual correlations. The need for an interdisciplinary approach which eliminates unilateral vistas and biased application of data lifted out of context and long-term trends is emphasized. Special attention is paid to the genesis and current solutions regarding the retirement age in the Czech Republic. This thesis offers reasoning which supports setting 65 years of age as the statutory retirement age, including the mechanism for increasing it depending on how the life expectancy factor develops. How the retirement age issues are dealt with is based on the fundamental ethical...

Prior to the introduction of section 37C into the Pension Funds Act. 24 of 1956, the benefit payable as a result of the death of a member would devolve in accordance with his last will and testament or the provisions of intestate succession. The advent of section 37C brought a statutory regime which expressly excludes freedom of testation and rather looks to the board of a fund to distribute the death benefit. The board may only pay the dependants of a deceased (either factual or legal) or the persons he has recorded on his nomination form. The section relies on the board to exercise its discretion in a manner which results in an equitable distribution of the death benefit notwithstanding that it does not provide any guidelines as to how this is to be achieved. Accordingly, numerous decisions are challenged by the identified beneficiaries because they are unhappy with the manner in which the board exercised its discretion. This results in complaints being lodged with the Pension Funds Adjudicator. Many such complaints should never have arisen or could have been easily solved by a proper exercise of discretion on the part of the board. The problem is that these complaints are adding to an already burdened office. Adequate training and understanding of the obligations of section 37C would probably result in fewer complaints to the Adjudicator. This dissertation examines whether the determinations which have been issued by the Adjudicator in respect of section 37C indicate a need for such training and understanding and, if they do, what possible remedies there might be to cure such a problem. Recommendations arising from this are that trustees must receive training focused on section 37C and proposed practical protocols to assist a board when exercising its duty to make an equitable distribution. / Jurisprudence / LL. M.

Essay I: This essay provides an overview of the history of the Swedish pension system. Starting with the implementation of the public pension system in 1913, it outlines the key components of each major pension reform up until today along with a discussion of the main trade-offs and concerns that policy makers have faced. It also describes the historical background of the four largest occupational pension plans in Sweden and the mutual influence between these plans and the public pension system.        Essay II: Despite the fact that the increasing involvement of the private sector in pension provision has brought more flexibility to the pay-out phase of retirement, little is known about the characteristics of those who choose to annuitize their pension wealth and those who do not. I combine unique micro-data from a large Swedish occupational pension plan with rich national administrative data to study the choice between life annuities and fixed-term payouts with a minimum payout length of 5 years for 183,000 retiring white-collar workers. I find that low accumulation of assets is strongly associated with the choice of the 5-year payout. Consistent with individuals selecting payout length based on private information about their mortality prospects, individuals who choose the 5-year payout are in worse health, exhibit higher ex-post mortality rates and have shorter-lived parents than annuitants. Individuals also seem to respond to large, tax-induced changes in annuity prices.            Essay III: This essay estimates the causal effect of postponing retirement on a wide range of health outcomes using Swedish administrative data on cause-specific mortality, hospitalizations and drug prescriptions. Exogenous variation in retirement timing comes from a reform which raised the age at which broad categories of Swedish local government workers were entitled to retire with full pension benefits from 63 to 65. The reform caused a remarkable shift in the retirement distribution of the affected workers, increasing the actual retirement age by more than 4.5 months. Instrumental variable estimation results show no effect of postponing retirement on the overall consumption of health care, nor on the risk of dying early. There is evidence, however, of a reduction in diabetes-related hospitalizations and in the consumption of drugs that treat anxiety. Essay IV (with Per Engström): The consumption based method to estimate underreporting among self-employed, introduced by Pissarides and Weber (1989), is one of the workhorses in the empirical literature on tax evasion/avoidance. We show that failure to account for transitory income fluctuations in current income may overestimate the degree of underreporting by around 40 percent. Previous studies typically use instrumental variable methods to address the issue. In contrast, our access to registry based longitudinal income measures allows a direct approach based on more permanent income measures. This also allows us to evaluate the performance of a list of instruments widely used in the previous literature. Our analysis shows that capital income is the most suitable instrument in our application, while education and housing related measures do not seem to satisfy the exclusion restrictions.