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O vínculo entre papilomavírus humano de alto risco e câncer cervical está bem estabelecido. Apesar da existência de vacinas profiláticas contra infecções pelos tipos mais comuns de HPV, para infecções e tumores causados por esses vírus as alternativas terapêuticas são restritas. Encontramos alguns motivos com homologias para proteínas do HPV de alto risco durante o imunoscreening de uma biblioteca de phage display com soros de participantes HPV-16-soropositivos da coorte Ludwig-McGill. Após enriquecimento das sequências, os bacteriófagos recombinantes foram purificados e amplificados para uso como imunógenos.Usando uma abordagem profilática, nós vacinamos experimentalmente camundongos imunocompetentes com um dos nossos bacteriófagos recombinantes, usando o bacteriófago sem inserto como controle. Estes camundongos foram então desafiados com células tumorais TC-1 (HPV-16 positivas), tendo-se avaliado as respostas imunes disparadas durante a progressão tumoral. Também usamos uma abordagem terapêutica, aonde os camundongos foram primeiro injetados com as células tumorais e imunizados com o bacteriófago após o estabelecimento do tumor. O crescimento tumoral foi monitorado e os tumores, baço e linfonodos foram avaliados quanto à quantidade e qualidade da resposta imunológica. Os testes de ELISA revelaram que todos os camundongos vacinados responderam à imunização com os diferentes bacteriófagos. O crescimento tumoral foi significativamente reduzido nas imunizações profiláticas e terapêuticas, embora a redução do tumor fosse mínima quando os camundongos foram tratados 9 dias após o enxerto. A redução no crescimento tumoral também se traduziu em uma sobrevivência significativamente maior para os camundongos imunizados. Estudos de infiltração celular não revelaram alterações em diversas sub-populações imunes, mas uma tendência de aumento de linfócitos T citotóxicos foi observada nos camundongos imunizados com PEP1 (bacteriófago contendo inserto). A importância deste aumento de CD8 na redução observada do crescimento tumoral foi confirmada utilizando camundongos CD8-knockout, onde a redução do crescimento tumoral previamente observada foi anulada. Foi observado um aumento de taxa CD8:CD4 nos camundongos imunizados e isto é uma indicação de ambiente tumoral citotóxico. Os ensaios de proliferação celular para testar a especificidade do antígeno dos linfócitos dos camundongos imunizados foram, no entanto, inconclusivos; da mesma forma, não pudemos alterar o padrão observado com o uso de adjuvante CpG. A utilidade da técnica de phage display também foi observada neste trabalho experimental. Trabalhos adicionais para entender o mecanismo de ação desses fagos recombinantes no controle do crescimento de tumores causados por HPV e seu potencial imuno-estimulador são necessários / The link between high-risk human papillomavirus and cervical cancer is well established. Despite the existence of prophylactic vaccines against infections by the most common types of HPV, therapeutic alternatives are limited for infections and tumors caused by these viruses. We found some homology motifs for high-risk HPV proteins during the immune-panning of a phage display library with sera from HPV-16- seropositive participants of the Ludwig-McGill cohort. After enrichment of the sequences, the recombinant bacteriophages were purified and amplified for use as immunogens. Using a prophylactic approach, we vaccinated experimentally immunocompetent mice with one of our recombinant bacteriophages using the insertless bacteriophage as a control. These mice were then challenged with TC-1 tumor cells (HPV-16 positive), and the immune responses triggered during tumor progression were evaluated. We also used a therapeutic approach where mice were first injected with tumor cells and immunized with the bacteriophage after tumor establishment. Tumor growth was monitored and tumors, spleen and lymph nodes were evaluated for the quantity and quality of the immune response. ELISA tests revealed that all vaccinated mice responded to immunization with the different bacteriophages. Tumor growth was significantly reduced in prophylactic and therapeutic immunizations, although tumor reduction was minimal when mice were treated 9 days after TC-1 cells grafting. The reduction in tumor growth also translated into a significantly greater survival for the immunized mice. Cell infiltration studies did not reveal changes in several immune subpopulations, but an upward trend in cytotoxic T lymphocytes was observed in mice immunized with PEP1 (insert-containing bacteriophage). The importance of this increase in CD8 in the observed reduction of tumor growth was confirmed using CD8-knockout mice, where the previously observed reduction of tumor growth was abolished. An increase in CD8:CD4 rate was observed in the immunized mice and this is an indication of a cytotoxic tumor environment. Cell proliferation assays to test the antigen specificity of lymphocytes from immunized mice were, however, inconclusive; likewise, we could not change the pattern observed with the use of CpG adjuvant. The usefulness of the phage display technique was also observed in this experimental work. Additional studies to understand the mechanism of action of these recombinant phages in the control of HPV tumor growth and its immunostimulatory potential are warranted

O vínculo entre papilomavírus humano de alto risco e câncer cervical está bem estabelecido. Apesar da existência de vacinas profiláticas contra infecções pelos tipos mais comuns de HPV, para infecções e tumores causados por esses vírus as alternativas terapêuticas são restritas. Encontramos alguns motivos com homologias para proteínas do HPV de alto risco durante o imunoscreening de uma biblioteca de phage display com soros de participantes HPV-16-soropositivos da coorte Ludwig-McGill. Após enriquecimento das sequências, os bacteriófagos recombinantes foram purificados e amplificados para uso como imunógenos.Usando uma abordagem profilática, nós vacinamos experimentalmente camundongos imunocompetentes com um dos nossos bacteriófagos recombinantes, usando o bacteriófago sem inserto como controle. Estes camundongos foram então desafiados com células tumorais TC-1 (HPV-16 positivas), tendo-se avaliado as respostas imunes disparadas durante a progressão tumoral. Também usamos uma abordagem terapêutica, aonde os camundongos foram primeiro injetados com as células tumorais e imunizados com o bacteriófago após o estabelecimento do tumor. O crescimento tumoral foi monitorado e os tumores, baço e linfonodos foram avaliados quanto à quantidade e qualidade da resposta imunológica. Os testes de ELISA revelaram que todos os camundongos vacinados responderam à imunização com os diferentes bacteriófagos. O crescimento tumoral foi significativamente reduzido nas imunizações profiláticas e terapêuticas, embora a redução do tumor fosse mínima quando os camundongos foram tratados 9 dias após o enxerto. A redução no crescimento tumoral também se traduziu em uma sobrevivência significativamente maior para os camundongos imunizados. Estudos de infiltração celular não revelaram alterações em diversas sub-populações imunes, mas uma tendência de aumento de linfócitos T citotóxicos foi observada nos camundongos imunizados com PEP1 (bacteriófago contendo inserto). A importância deste aumento de CD8 na redução observada do crescimento tumoral foi confirmada utilizando camundongos CD8-knockout, onde a redução do crescimento tumoral previamente observada foi anulada. Foi observado um aumento de taxa CD8:CD4 nos camundongos imunizados e isto é uma indicação de ambiente tumoral citotóxico. Os ensaios de proliferação celular para testar a especificidade do antígeno dos linfócitos dos camundongos imunizados foram, no entanto, inconclusivos; da mesma forma, não pudemos alterar o padrão observado com o uso de adjuvante CpG. A utilidade da técnica de phage display também foi observada neste trabalho experimental. Trabalhos adicionais para entender o mecanismo de ação desses fagos recombinantes no controle do crescimento de tumores causados por HPV e seu potencial imuno-estimulador são necessários / The link between high-risk human papillomavirus and cervical cancer is well established. Despite the existence of prophylactic vaccines against infections by the most common types of HPV, therapeutic alternatives are limited for infections and tumors caused by these viruses. We found some homology motifs for high-risk HPV proteins during the immune-panning of a phage display library with sera from HPV-16- seropositive participants of the Ludwig-McGill cohort. After enrichment of the sequences, the recombinant bacteriophages were purified and amplified for use as immunogens. Using a prophylactic approach, we vaccinated experimentally immunocompetent mice with one of our recombinant bacteriophages using the insertless bacteriophage as a control. These mice were then challenged with TC-1 tumor cells (HPV-16 positive), and the immune responses triggered during tumor progression were evaluated. We also used a therapeutic approach where mice were first injected with tumor cells and immunized with the bacteriophage after tumor establishment. Tumor growth was monitored and tumors, spleen and lymph nodes were evaluated for the quantity and quality of the immune response. ELISA tests revealed that all vaccinated mice responded to immunization with the different bacteriophages. Tumor growth was significantly reduced in prophylactic and therapeutic immunizations, although tumor reduction was minimal when mice were treated 9 days after TC-1 cells grafting. The reduction in tumor growth also translated into a significantly greater survival for the immunized mice. Cell infiltration studies did not reveal changes in several immune subpopulations, but an upward trend in cytotoxic T lymphocytes was observed in mice immunized with PEP1 (insert-containing bacteriophage). The importance of this increase in CD8 in the observed reduction of tumor growth was confirmed using CD8-knockout mice, where the previously observed reduction of tumor growth was abolished. An increase in CD8:CD4 rate was observed in the immunized mice and this is an indication of a cytotoxic tumor environment. Cell proliferation assays to test the antigen specificity of lymphocytes from immunized mice were, however, inconclusive; likewise, we could not change the pattern observed with the use of CpG adjuvant. The usefulness of the phage display technique was also observed in this experimental work. Additional studies to understand the mechanism of action of these recombinant phages in the control of HPV tumor growth and its immunostimulatory potential are warranted

Há dados na literatura indicando que as células que saem do timo com o fenótipo CD4+CD25+ são desenvolvidas continuamente como uma linhagem independente e possuem um papel importante no processo de regulação da resposta imune. Essas células são chamadas células T reguladoras naturais. Várias questões sobre estas células permanecem em aberto, como por exemplo, como elas são geradas, o que é determinante na sua atividade reguladora e que marcadores específicos podem ser usados para identificá-las? Dentro deste contexto, o nosso objetivo neste trabalho foi identificar no timo e em timócitos CD4+/CD25+ humanos, novas moléculas potencialmente importantes no desenvolvimento e/ou na atividade supressora das células T reguladoras naturais. Para este objetivo, utilizamos a abordagem de phage display, com uma biblioteca de fagos de peptídeos, e timos humanos obtidos de pacientes portadores de cardiopatias congênitas, submetidos a cirurgias cardíacas realizadas no InCor. A busca dessas moléculas foi feita, separadamente, em 3 tipos de material biológico: timócitos totais, fragmento do tecido tímico e timócitos CD4+/CD25+. Antes da incubação da biblioteca de fagos com os timócitos totais e timócitos CD4+/CD25+ (separação em FACS), foi realizada uma etapa de preclearing, incubando-se a biblioteca de fagos com um pool de células mononucleares de sangue periférico (PBMC) ou timócitos CD4+/CD25-, respectivamente. Os fagos não ligantes, recuperados desta etapa, foram então incubados com as células de interesse. Para o tecido tímico não foi feita etapa de pre-clearing. Os fagos obtidos com os diferentes materiais biológicos foram recuperados em cultura de bactérias e usados em ciclos posteriores de seleção. Após três ciclos de seleção, os fagos foram seqüenciados e identificados quanto à expressão de peptídeos ligantes para timócitos totais, timo e timócitos CD4+/CD25+, e analisados em bancos de dados no BLAST. Os fagos selecionados para validação um ligante de tecido tímico: M2C e um ligante de timócitos CD4+/CD25+: R2A fazem similaridade a duas proteínas associadas ao metabolismo da Vitamina D3, molécula envolvida em imunorregulação e indução de tolerância, em diversos modelos experimentais. Porém, não há dados na literatura a respeito do seu papel em células T reg naturais. Na validação molecular desses fagos, apesar de certa variabilidade entre os diferentes ensaios, verificamos, por ELISA, que os fagos se ligam preferencialmente a 1,25 diidroxivitamina D3, forma ativa da Vitamina D3. Entretanto, nos ensaios de validação funcional, a influência da vitamina D na diferenciação dessas células não foi confirmada de forma consistente, uma vez que só tivemos aumento no número de células CD4+/CD25+, em cultura com Vitamina D, em poucos experimentos. As moléculas identificadas no presente estudo podem ter implicações relevantes no processo de diferenciação e na atividade de células T CD4+CD25+ reguladoras e serão mais investigadas na continuidade deste trabalho. / There are consistent data in literature indicating that thymic CD4+CD25+ cells play an important role in immune regulation and are continuously developed as an independent lineage in the thymus. These cells are known as natural regulatory T cells. Several questions about these cells remain unanswered, such as how they are generated, what is determinant in their regulatory function and which specific molecular markers can be used to identify them. Taking this into consideration, our aim was to identify new potentially important molecules in the development and/or supressive function of natural regulatory T cells, both in the thymus and in CD4+CD25+ thymocytes. For this, the phage display technique was employed, with a peptide phage library and thymic specimens obtained from children who underwent corrective cardiac surgery at the Heart Institute (InCor), in São Paulo. The search for these molecules was separately performed in 3 types of biological material: thymic tissue, thymocytes and CD4+CD25+ thymic cells. In the first stage, the phage peptide-library was incubated with a pool of PBMC (peripheral blood mononuclear cells). After the incubation, phages bound to PBMC were discarded (pre-clearing). In the second stage, unbound phages were incubated with either total thymocytes or CD4+CD25+ thymic cells. The pre-clearing stage was not perfomed in the thymic tissue. The phages obtained with after incubation with the different biological materials were recovered in E. coli culture and used in additional cycles of selection. After three rounds of selection, the recovered phages from the total thymocytes, from thymic tissue and thymocytes CD4+CD25+ were sequenced and their ligands identified. Among the phages selected for validation one ligand of thymic tissue: M2C and one ligand of CD4+CD25+ thymocytes: R2A present similarity to two proteins associated to the metabolism of Vitamin D3, a molecule involved in imunoregulation and toelrance induction in several experimental models. However, there are no data in the literature concerning the possible role of this moelcule in natural regulatory T cells. In the molecular validation of theses phages, although some variability between the diffeterent assays we have verified by ELISA, that the phages present preferential binding to the 1,25 dhydroxyvitamin D3, the active form of Vitamin D3. However, in the functional validation assays, the influence of the Vitamin D3 in the differentiation of these cells could not be consistently confirmed since we could observe an increase in the number of CD4+CD25+ cells cultured with vitamin D in only a few experiments. The ligand-receptor molecules we have defined in this study may have relevant implications in the development of CD4+CD25+ regulatory T cells in the thymus

The bacterium Escherichia coli (E. coli) is in many situations an ideal host for production of recombinant proteins, since it generally provides a rapid and economical means to achieve sufficiently high product quantities. However, there are several factors that may limit this host’s ability to produce large amounts of heterologous proteins in a soluble and native form. For many applications a high purity of the recombinant protein is demanded, which implies a purification strategy where the product efficiently can be isolated from the complex milieu of host cell contaminants. In this thesis, different strategies based on both rational and combinatorial genetic engineering principles have been investigated, aiming at improving and facilitating recombinant E. coli protein production and purification. One objective was to improve the PEG/salt aqueous two-phase system (ATPS) purification process of the lipase cutinase, by increasing the selectivity of the protein for the system top-phase. Peptide tags, with varying properties, were designed and genetically fused to the C-terminal end of ZZ-cutinase. Greatly increased partitioning values were observed for purified protein variants fused to tryptophan containing peptide tags, particularly a (WP)4 peptide. The partitioning properties of the ZZ-cutinase-(WP)4 protein were also retained when added to the ATPS directly from an E. coli total cell disintegrate, emphasizing the applicability of this genetic engineering strategy for primary protein purification in ATPSs. Further on, a combinatorial library approach using phage display technology was investigated as a tool for identification of peptide tags capable of improving partitioning properties of ZZ-cutinase in an ATPS. Repeated ATPS-based partitioning-selection cycles of a large phagemid (pVIII) peptide library, resulted in isolation of phage particles preferentially decorated with peptides rich in tyrosine and proline residues. Both a peptide corresponding to a phage library derived peptide sequence as well as peptides designed based on information of amino acid appearance frequencies in later selection rounds, were shown to improve partitioning several-fold when genetically fused to the C-terminal end of ZZ-cutinase. From the two- to four–fold increased production yields observed for these fusion proteins compared to ZZ-cutinase-(WP)4, it was concluded that the selection system used allowed for selection of desired peptide properties related to both partitioning and E. coli protein production parameters. Bacterial protein production is affected by several different mRNA and protein sequence-related features. Attempts to address single parameters in this respect are difficult due to the inter-dependence of many features, for example between codon optimization and mRNA secondary structure effects. Two combinatorial expression vector libraries (ExLib1 and ExLib2) were constructed using a randomization strategy that potentially could lead to variations in many of these sequence-related features and which would allow a pragmatic search of vector variants showing positive net effects on the level of soluble protein production. ExLib1 was constructed to encode all possible synonymous codons of an eight amino acid N-terminal extension of protein Z, fused to the N-terminal of an enhanced green fluorescent reporter protein (EGFP). In ExLib2, the same eight positions were randomized using an (NNG/T) degeneracy code, which could lead to various effects on both the nucleotide and protein level, through the introduction of nucleotide sequences functional as e.g. alternative ribosome binding or translation initiation sites or as translated codons for an Nterminal extension of the target protein by a peptide sequence. Flow cytometric analyses and sorting of library cell cultures resulted in isolation of clones displaying several-fold increases in whole cell fluorescence compared to a reference clone. SDS-PAGE and western blot analyses verified that this was a result of increases (up to 24-fold) in soluble intracellular ZEGFP product protein content. Both position specific codon bias effects and the appearance of new ribosomal binding sites in the library sequences were concluded to have influenced the protein production. To explore the possibility of applying the same combinatorial library strategy for improving soluble intracellular production of heterologous proteins proven difficult to express in E. coli, three proteins with either bacterial (a transcriptional regulator (DntR)) or human (progesterone receptor ligand binding domain (PRLBD) and 11-β Hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type I (11-β)) origin, were cloned into the ExLib2 library. Flow cytometric sorting of libraries resulted in isolation of DntR library clones showing increased soluble protein production levels and PR-LBD library clones with up to ten-fold increases in whole cell fluorescence, although the product under these conditions co-separated with the insoluble cell material. / QC 20100623

Thesis (Ph. D.) -- University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, 2004. / Vita. Bibliography: References located at the end of each chapter.

Há dados na literatura indicando que as células que saem do timo com o fenótipo CD4+CD25+ são desenvolvidas continuamente como uma linhagem independente e possuem um papel importante no processo de regulação da resposta imune. Essas células são chamadas células T reguladoras naturais. Várias questões sobre estas células permanecem em aberto, como por exemplo, como elas são geradas, o que é determinante na sua atividade reguladora e que marcadores específicos podem ser usados para identificá-las? Dentro deste contexto, o nosso objetivo neste trabalho foi identificar no timo e em timócitos CD4+/CD25+ humanos, novas moléculas potencialmente importantes no desenvolvimento e/ou na atividade supressora das células T reguladoras naturais. Para este objetivo, utilizamos a abordagem de phage display, com uma biblioteca de fagos de peptídeos, e timos humanos obtidos de pacientes portadores de cardiopatias congênitas, submetidos a cirurgias cardíacas realizadas no InCor. A busca dessas moléculas foi feita, separadamente, em 3 tipos de material biológico: timócitos totais, fragmento do tecido tímico e timócitos CD4+/CD25+. Antes da incubação da biblioteca de fagos com os timócitos totais e timócitos CD4+/CD25+ (separação em FACS), foi realizada uma etapa de preclearing, incubando-se a biblioteca de fagos com um pool de células mononucleares de sangue periférico (PBMC) ou timócitos CD4+/CD25-, respectivamente. Os fagos não ligantes, recuperados desta etapa, foram então incubados com as células de interesse. Para o tecido tímico não foi feita etapa de pre-clearing. Os fagos obtidos com os diferentes materiais biológicos foram recuperados em cultura de bactérias e usados em ciclos posteriores de seleção. Após três ciclos de seleção, os fagos foram seqüenciados e identificados quanto à expressão de peptídeos ligantes para timócitos totais, timo e timócitos CD4+/CD25+, e analisados em bancos de dados no BLAST. Os fagos selecionados para validação um ligante de tecido tímico: M2C e um ligante de timócitos CD4+/CD25+: R2A fazem similaridade a duas proteínas associadas ao metabolismo da Vitamina D3, molécula envolvida em imunorregulação e indução de tolerância, em diversos modelos experimentais. Porém, não há dados na literatura a respeito do seu papel em células T reg naturais. Na validação molecular desses fagos, apesar de certa variabilidade entre os diferentes ensaios, verificamos, por ELISA, que os fagos se ligam preferencialmente a 1,25 diidroxivitamina D3, forma ativa da Vitamina D3. Entretanto, nos ensaios de validação funcional, a influência da vitamina D na diferenciação dessas células não foi confirmada de forma consistente, uma vez que só tivemos aumento no número de células CD4+/CD25+, em cultura com Vitamina D, em poucos experimentos. As moléculas identificadas no presente estudo podem ter implicações relevantes no processo de diferenciação e na atividade de células T CD4+CD25+ reguladoras e serão mais investigadas na continuidade deste trabalho. / There are consistent data in literature indicating that thymic CD4+CD25+ cells play an important role in immune regulation and are continuously developed as an independent lineage in the thymus. These cells are known as natural regulatory T cells. Several questions about these cells remain unanswered, such as how they are generated, what is determinant in their regulatory function and which specific molecular markers can be used to identify them. Taking this into consideration, our aim was to identify new potentially important molecules in the development and/or supressive function of natural regulatory T cells, both in the thymus and in CD4+CD25+ thymocytes. For this, the phage display technique was employed, with a peptide phage library and thymic specimens obtained from children who underwent corrective cardiac surgery at the Heart Institute (InCor), in São Paulo. The search for these molecules was separately performed in 3 types of biological material: thymic tissue, thymocytes and CD4+CD25+ thymic cells. In the first stage, the phage peptide-library was incubated with a pool of PBMC (peripheral blood mononuclear cells). After the incubation, phages bound to PBMC were discarded (pre-clearing). In the second stage, unbound phages were incubated with either total thymocytes or CD4+CD25+ thymic cells. The pre-clearing stage was not perfomed in the thymic tissue. The phages obtained with after incubation with the different biological materials were recovered in E. coli culture and used in additional cycles of selection. After three rounds of selection, the recovered phages from the total thymocytes, from thymic tissue and thymocytes CD4+CD25+ were sequenced and their ligands identified. Among the phages selected for validation one ligand of thymic tissue: M2C and one ligand of CD4+CD25+ thymocytes: R2A present similarity to two proteins associated to the metabolism of Vitamin D3, a molecule involved in imunoregulation and toelrance induction in several experimental models. However, there are no data in the literature concerning the possible role of this moelcule in natural regulatory T cells. In the molecular validation of theses phages, although some variability between the diffeterent assays we have verified by ELISA, that the phages present preferential binding to the 1,25 dhydroxyvitamin D3, the active form of Vitamin D3. However, in the functional validation assays, the influence of the Vitamin D3 in the differentiation of these cells could not be consistently confirmed since we could observe an increase in the number of CD4+CD25+ cells cultured with vitamin D in only a few experiments. The ligand-receptor molecules we have defined in this study may have relevant implications in the development of CD4+CD25+ regulatory T cells in the thymus

Orientador: Tomomasa Yano / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Biologia / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-23T11:52:53Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Bernedo-Navarro_RobertAlvin_D.pdf: 2646572 bytes, checksum: 02b50bc28d5be6cddb78abfe621a047c (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013 / Resumo: Escherichia coli produtora de toxina de Shiga (STEC) é um grupo de importantes patógenos para humanos. Essas bactérias são relacionadas a várias doenças, como por exemplo, Síndrome Urêmica Hemolítica e produzem potentes toxinas denominadas toxinas de Shiga. Essas toxinas, tanto Stx1 quanto Stx2, compartilham um receptor celular comum, a globotriaosilceramida (Gb3) e exibem a mesma atividade biológica intracelular. O desenvolvimento de novos agentes neutralizantes dos danos induzidos por Stx pode representar uma estratégia promissora para o tratamento das doenças causadas por STEC em humanos. No presente estudo, nós desenvolvemos peptídeos sintéticos que exibem atividade neutralizante contra a citotoxicidade induzida por Stx tanto in vitro quanto in vivo e, além disso, que se ligam eficientemente ao receptor Gb3. O peptídeo P12-26 compete eficientemente com Stx2 para a ligação ao Gb3 in vitro. Além disso, os peptídeos PC7-12, P12-26 e PC7-30 inibiram a citotoxicidade de Stx1 e Stx2 em células Vero. Nós observamos que o peptídeo PC7-30 em forma de loop e o peptídeo P12-26 que é linear produziram as maiores porcentagens de inibição de Stx1 e Stx2 em células Vero, respectivamente. No entanto, o peptídeo P12-26 não inibiu a letalidade em camundongos, enquanto que o peptídeo PC7-30 inibiu a letalidade causada pela toxina Stx1. Nossos resultados indicam que os peptídeos P12-26 e PC7-30 são candidatos promissores para o desenvolvimento de agentes terapêuticos contra as doenças em seres humanos causadas por STEC / Abstract: Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli strains are important pathogens for humans. These bacteria are linked with severe diseases such as hemolytic uremic syndrome and produce potent known as Shiga toxins. These toxins, Stx1 and Stx2, share a common cellular receptor called globotriaosylceramide (Gb3) and exhibit the same intracellular biological activity. The development of new neutralizing agents for Stx-induced damage may represent a promising strategy for the treatment of diseases caused by STEC infections. In this study, we developed synthetic peptides that exhibit neutralizing activity against Stxinduced cytotoxicity both in vitro and in vivo and that bind efficiently to the Gb3 receptor. The peptide P12-26 competed efficiently with Stx2 for binding to Gb3 in vitro. Moreover, the peptides PC7-12, P12-26 and PC7-30 inhibited the cytotoxicity of Stx1 and Stx2 in Vero cells. We observed that the loop-constrained peptide PC7-30 and linear peptide P12-26 produced higher percentages of inhibition of Stx1 and Stx2 in Vero cells, respectively. However, the peptide P12-26 did not inhibit lethality in mice, whereas the loopconstrained peptide PC7-30 inhibited the lethality caused by Stx1. Our results indicate that the peptides P12-26 and PC7-30 are promising candidates for the development of therapeutic agents against diseases caused by STEC in humans / Doutorado / Bioquimica / Doutor em Biologia Funcional e Molecular

Geringe Wasserlöslichkeiten kleiner organischer Wirkstoffkandidaten, sogenannter Leitstrukturen, sind in der Medikamentenentwicklung häufig für das Scheitern vielversprechender Projekte verantwortlich. Um diese Kandidaten dennoch zur Marktreife bringen zu können, wurden verschiedene Strategien entwickelt. Neben der kostenintensiven Strukturoptimierung rücken Formulierungsadditive in den Fokus, die in der Lage sind, Wirkstoffe zu solubilisieren, transportieren und gezielt freizusetzen. In dieser Arbeit wird eine Hochdurchsatz-Screening-Methode präsentiert, die eine schnelle und arbeitsextensive Identifizierung maßgeschneiderter Binder für wasserunlösliche, niedermolekulare Wirkstoffe ermöglicht und mithilfe derer Löslichkeitsvermittler in Form von Peptid-Polymer-Konjugaten mit definierten Solubilisierungs- und Freisetzungseigenschaften realisiert werden können. Dazu werden Peptidbibliotheken in einem zweistufigen Prozess auf Wirkstoffbindung und auf Wirkstofffreisetzung durchsucht. Das Screening kann aufgrund einer innovativen on-chip Immobilisierung der Peptidbibliothek und der intrinsischen Fluoreszenz der niedermolekularen Wirkstoffe halbautomatisiert durchgeführt werden. Vielversprechende Peptidsequenzen können anschließend direkt on-chip mittels MALDI-ToF-MS/MS bzw. fragmentierungsfrei sequenziert und löslichkeitsvermittelnde Peptid-PEG-Konjugate hergestellt werden. In einem Testsystem wurden maßgeschneiderte Peptid-PEG-Konjugate mit unterschiedlichen Freisetzungseigenschaften für einen potentiellen Alzheimer-Wirkstoff realisiert und sowohl Solubilisierungseigenschaften, als auch die Freisetzungseigenschaften in einem vereinfachten Blutplasmamodell mittels Fluoreszenzanisotropie und Fluoreszenzkorrelationsspektroskopie bestätigt. In Zelltests mit einer Neuro-2a-Zelllinie konnten durch Zugabe der Wirkstoff-Transporter-Komplexe effektiv die Ausbildung der bei einer Alzheimer-Erkrankung auftretenden Tau-Protein-Aggregate bis zu 55 % reduziert werden. / Low water solubility of promising small organic drugs is one of the main reasons for failures during early drug development. Solubilizers promise to overcome these difficulties by solubilization, improved transport and final release of the potential drug candidates, which may result in an approval as a commercial drug. Here, a high-throughput screening method is presented, which is capable of identifying tailor-made peptide-polymer conjugates binding small molecule drugs, which can be used to act as solubilizers with precisely defined drug uptake and release properties. The screening is based on a two-dimensional process, which in a first step identifies strong binders and in a second, characterises their drug release. Due to its innovative on-chip immobilization of the peptide library and the intrinsic fluorescence of the small molecule drugs, the screening can be performed semi-automatically. Promising peptides can be sequenced directly by on-chip fragmentation-free or via MALDI-ToF-MS/MS and subsequently peptide-PEG conjugates can be synthesized. A screening against a high potential Alzheimer´s disease drug resulted in several tailor-made peptide-PEG conjugates with various drug uptake and release characteristics, which were confirmed in additional experiments. Here, loading capacities were determined and release properties analysed with a simplified blood plasma model utilizing fluorescence anisotropy and fluorescence correlation spectroscopy. Cell tests with a Neuro-2a cell line confirmed the effectiveness of the drug-transporter aggregates by reducing the tau-protein concentration by 55 % and inhibiting their aggregation, which is one of the key issues in Alzheimer´s disease.