Pós magnéticos foram produzidos utilizando o processo de hidrogenação, desproporção, dessorção e recombinação (HDDR). A primeira parte deste trabalho envolveu o estudo do efeito da adição de Co na liga Pr14FebalCoxB6Nb0.1 (x= 0, 4, 8, 10, 12, 16) variando a de temperatura de dessorção/ recombinação de 800° a 900°C, com o objetivo de otimização do tratamento HDDR. A liga Pr14Fe80B6 foi utilizada como padrão. As ligas foram tratadas termicamente a 1100°C por 20 horas para eliminação do Fe- exixtente na liga em estado bruto de fusão. A temperatura de dessorção/ recombinação afetou a microestrutura e as propriedades magnéticas dos ímãs moldados com polímeros. A liga com baixa adição de cobalto (4 at.%) exigiu a temperatura de reação mais alta (880°C) entre os demais ímãs. As temperaturas ótimas para as ligas com 8 at.% Co e 10 at.% Co foram 840°C e 820°C, respectivamente. Ligas com altas concentrações de cobalto (12 at.% and 16 at.%) foram processadas a 840°C. A temperatura de dessorção/ recombinação que apresentou alta anisotropia nas ligas Pr14Fe80B6 e Pr14Fe79,9B6Nb0,1 foi de 820°C. O ímã que apresentou melhor remanência (862mT) foi processado com a liga Pr14Fe67,9Co12B6Nb0,1. Cada liga apresentou uma temperatura de reação otimizada e exibiu uma microestrutura particular, de acordo com a composição. A segunda parte deste trabalho envolveu a caracterização, dos pós HDDR de Pr14Fe80B6, que foram analisadas por difração de raios X com fonte síncrotron para a identificação e quantificação de fases cristalinas, e ainda para a determinação do tamanho médio de cristalitos da fase principal. A microscopia eletrônica de varredura (MEV) foi utilizada para revelar a morfologia dos pós HDDR. / Fine magnetic powders were produced using the hydrogenation disproportionation desorption and recombination (HDDR) process. The first stage in this work involved an investigation of the effect of the Co content and range of desorption/ recombination temperatures between 800 and 900°C with the purpose of optimizing the HDDR treatment for Pr14Fe80B6 and Pr14FebalCoxB6Nb0,1 (x= 0, 4, 8, 10, 12, 16) alloys. The cast alloys were annealed at 1100°C for 20 hours for homogenization. The processing temperature (desorption/ recombination) affected the microstructure and magnetic properties of the bonded magnets. The alloy with low cobalt content (4 at.%) required the highest reaction temperature (880°C) to yield anisotropic bonded magnets. The optimum temperature for alloys with 8 at.% Co and 10 at.% Co were 840°C and 820°C, respectively. Alloys with high cobalt content (12 at.% and 16 at.%) were processed at 840°C. The optimum desorption temperature for achieving high anisotropy for Pr14Fe80B6 and Pr14Fe79,9B6Nb0,1 was 820°C. The best remanence (862mT) was achieved with the Pr14Fe67,9B6Co12Nb0,1 magnet, processed at 840°C. Each alloy required an optimum reaction temperature and exhibited a particular microstructure according to the composition. The second stage of the work involved the characterization, for each temperature, of the Pr14Fe80B6 HDDR powder processed using X-ray diffraction analysis. The samples of the HDDR material were studied by synchrotron radiation powder diffraction using the Rietveld method for cell refinement, phase quantification and crystallite sizes determination. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) has also been employed to reveal the morphology of the HDDR powder.

O objetivo deste trabalho foi tentar correlacionar microestrutura e propriedades magnéticas de ímãs permanentes de alta energia do tipo Sm(CoFeCuZr)z para aplicações em temperaturas acima de 300°C. Avaliou-se a possibilidade de que o constituinte matriz da microestrutura dos ímãs para altas temperaturas fosse diferente do constituinte matriz dos ímãs convencionais. Com este propósito foram estudados três conjuntos de amostras: i) Dois ímãs comerciais para aplicações na temperatura ambiente, um da Electron Energy e outro da Vacuumschmelze. Eles foram caracterizados magneticamente e a sua microestrutura foi analisada por microscópio eletrônico de varredura dotado de análise química, com o objetivo de avaliar se os mesmos apresentavam dois microconstituintes presentes em algumas ligas de Sm(CoFeCuZr)z. ii) Uma liga comercial da Johnson Matthey (JM) que é utilizada para produzir ímãs permanentes de Sm(CoFeCuZr)z. Essa liga foi utilizada para o estudo e avaliação de ciclos térmicos como solubilização, tratamento isotérmico, rampa de resfriamento lento e tratamento térmico a 400°C, e o seu efeito nas propriedades magnéticas e na micro e nano estruturas. iii) Duas séries de ligas com seis amostras cada série produzidas em forno a arco voltaico no LMM-IFUSP, com o propósito de estudar o efeito do teor de cobre e samário nas propriedades magnéticas, na microestrutura e na nanoestrutura dessas ligas. A caracterização magnética em campo de 9T permitiu determinar a polarização máxima e o campo coercivo das amostras. A caracterização magnética em campos de até 2T permitiu determinar o campo coercivo e a polarização remanente das amostras em temperaturas na faixa de 200 a 500°C. Três ligas resultaram em campo coercivo Hci > 398kA/m (Hci > 5kOe) a 450°C, que segundo a literatura, podem ser utilizadas em aplicações em temperaturas elevadas. Uma caracterização detalhada da microestrutura e da composição química foi feita utilizando-se Microscopia Eletrônica de Varredura (MEV) com VI análise química de praticamente todas as amostras. No diagrama de fases pseudo-ternário foi possível definir o campo de fases das composições 2:17R com baixo e alto Sm. As amostras da liga comercial JM e três das doze ligas produzidas em forno a arco voltaico apresentaram os microconstituintes claro e escuro e estes parecem não afetar as propriedades magnéticas das amostras. Foi observado que com o aumento do teor de Sm na liga a polarização máxima diminui. A polarização máxima Jmáx também diminui com o aumento do teor de Cu na liga, porém de forma menos acentuada. Foi possível observar a estrutura nanométrica, bem como a presença e a formação das nanocélulas nessas ligas nanocristalinas com elétrons secundários via microscopia eletrônica de varredura com fonte de emissão de campo MEV/FEG, que é um diferencial neste trabalho uma vez que essas análises são típicas em microscopia eletrônica de transmissão. Verificou-se que as nanocélulas são observáveis com FEG em amostras cuja coercividade são superiores a 159 kA/m (2kOe). Foi possível aplicar o modelo de Stoner-Wohlfarth modificado por Callen Liu e Cullen à curva de histerese para determinar o campo de anisotropia magnetocristalina, a magnetização de saturação e o coeficiente de interação de campo médio 1/d. A difração de Raios-X aliada ao refinamento Rietveld permitiram determinar as fases formadas em altas temperaturas após o tratamento de homogeneização a 1175°C/4h. Verificou-se que há a formação de duas fases romboédricas, uma rica em cobre e a outra rica em ferro. Este dado é inédito na literatura. / The main objective of this study was to correlate microstructure and magnetic properties of high-energy permanent magnets of the Sm(CoFeCuZr)z type for applications at temperatures above 300°C. The possibility that the matrix constituents of the microstructure of high temperature magnets are different from the matrix constituents of the conventional magnets is investigated with three sets of samples: i) Two magnets for commercial applications at room temperature, one produced by Electron Energy and the other by Vacuumschmelze. ii) A Sm(CoFeCuZr)z as-cast alloy synthesized by Johnson Matthey (JM) for permanent magnets production was used to study the effect of heat treatment steps as follows: (a) solutionizing at 1175°C for 4h, b) followed by quenching in water, (c) reheating at 820°C for 7h, d) followed by slow cooling down at 1°C/min to 400°C, and (e) heat treatment at 400°C for different durations and their effects on its magnetic properties and its micro and nanostructure. iii) Two series of Sm(CobalFe0.15CuxZr0.023)7 and Sm(CobalFe0.15CuxZr0.023)8.5 alloys with x=0.058, 0.088, 0.108 were prepared by arc melting technique, in order to study the effect of Copper and Samarium contents on its microstructure and magnetic properties. The characterization in magnetic fields up to 9T allowed to determine the maximum polarization and the intrinsic coercivity of the samples. The characterization in magnetic field up 2T allowed to determine the coercive field and remanence of the samples at temperatures between 200°C and 500°C. Three alloys resulted in coercive field Hci > 398kA/m (Hci > 5kOe) at 450°C, which according to the literature, can be used in applications at elevated temperatures. A detailed characterization of the microstructure and chemical composition was performed using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) with EDAX chemical analysis of virtually all samples. The JM samples and three of the twelve alloys produced in the electric arc furnace showed the light and dark microconstituents, here identified as two 2:17 rombohedral phases with low and VIII high Sm. In a pseudo-ternary phase diagram it was possible to define the two phase field of 2:17R with low and high Sm. No correlation could be found with the magnetic properties of the samples. It was observed that by increasing the Sm content in the alloy the maximum induction Jmax decreases. The maximum induction Jmax also decreases with increasing Cu content in the alloy, but to a lesser extent. It was possible to observe the nanocrystalline microstructure as well as the presence and formation of nanocrystalline cells with scanning electron microscopy with field emission source SEM-FEG. Those characteristics are usually only observed by transmission electron microscopy. It was found that the nanocrystalline cells are observable with SEM-FEG on samples whose coercivity is above 159 kA/m (2kOe). It was possible to apply the Stoner-Wohlfarth model modified by Callen Liu and Cullen in the hysteresis loop to determine the magnetocrystalline anisotropy field, the saturation magnetization and the mean field interaction 1/d. The X-ray diffraction coupled with a Rietveld refinement were used to determine the phases formed at high temperatures after the solutinizing heat treatment at 1175°C/4h. It was found that there are two kinds of 2:17 rhombohedral phases formation. One is rich in copper and the other rich in iron.

Les directives européennes visant à produire 20% de l’énergie à base de sources renouvelables imposent aux gouvernements d’investir dans de nouveaux moyens de production. Un bilan du marché de l’énergie sera réalisé et permettra de montrer la part des énergies renouvelables dans la consommation d’énergie. Après les moyens de conversion de l’énergie hydraulique, les éoliennes sont les systèmes, utilisant une source renouvelable, les plus rencontrées. Les objectifs fixés ont conduit à s’intéresser à l’installation d’éoliennes en mer. Les contraintes spécifiques rencontrées ont poussé les acteurs du marché à développer de nouveaux systèmes et donc des alternateurs adaptés : utilisation des aimants permanents et de l’attaque directe. La modélisation des machines à aimants permanents est décrite. Une topologie classique est d’abord présentée. D’autres solutions seront ensuite étudiées dans le but d’augmenter les densités de couple. L’une d’elles est la machine à bobinage à pas fractionnaire qui permet d’éviter les enchevêtrements des têtes de bobines. D’autre part, l’utilisation de systèmes polyphasés, permettant d’augmenter la disponibilité des systèmes en autorisant des fonctionnements en modes dégradés, est un moyen intéressant afin d’être en présence de systèmes plus fiables. La démarche, qui a permis d’effectuer le choix du dimensionnement de la génératrice pour répondre au mieux à l’appel d’offre d’un client, est présentée ainsi que les résultats des essais réalisés sur les prototypes. Au final, l’éolienne qui est équipée de cet alternateur a une puissance massique qui est au moins 15% plus importante que les solutions disponibles en 2013 sur le marché. / Given the European guidelines, which consist into producing 20% of the energy from renewable sources, the governments are obliged to invest in new types of production systems. An energy market survey will show the part of renewable energy in the energy consumption. After the hydroelectric systems, the wind turbines are the most common systems using renewable sources. The current objectives have led to consider the installation of offshore wind turbine. The specific limitations led the market players to develop new systems with adapted generators: direct drive permanent magnet generator. Model of the permanent magnet machines is described. First a conventional machine topology is presented, then other solutions will be studied with the objective of increasing the torque density. One of them is the concentrated winding machines where the end winding overlapping is avoided. On the other hand, use multiphase system becomes very interesting in order to increase system reliability and work in fault tolerant modes. The strategy that was adopted for the design of the generator to fit the best the specification is also discussed as well as the results of the tests. At the end, the wind turbine equipped with this alternator, has a power density at least 15% higher than the 2013’s available solutions.

This thesis deals with the modelling, simulation and control of Permanent Magnet Synchronous Machines (PMSM) used specially in electric and hybrid vehicles. With the availability of fast semiconductor switches and high speed processors, Vector controlled drives are gaining popularity. One disadvantage of this type of control however, is the need for high cost, high resolution sensors (encoders) for determining the rotor position. Position sensorless schemes have evolved over a decade and this thesis addresses this issue. Two schemes have been proposed for the elimination of encoders in vector controlled drives. One is a semi-sensored scheme wherein a combination of low cost hall sensors and a digital position estimator gives the position information. In the second scheme, a reduced order observer called Luenbuerger observer has been used to estimate speed and rotor angle. The problem of finding rotor angle at standstill has also been dealt with. This thesis also discusses the difference in simulating a BLDC (Brushless DC) and PMSM machine. An experimental set-up consisting of MOSFET inverter and TMS320LF2407 DSP based digital controller was developed in the laboratory to implement the control algorithms. Two PMSM machines were procured from a two-wheeler manufacturer to set up the rig. Simulations were done in MATLAB/ Simulink (Off-line) and Xilinx XC3S400 (in real-time) to verify the concepts. Simulation and experimental results are finally compared.

La technologie de la réfrigération magnétique présentée dans ce manuscrit constitue une alternative prometteuse à la technologie de production de froid. Le travail effectué a porté tout d’abord sur une étude de la production de froid magnétique et un état de l’art de cette technologie émergente. Nous nous sommes fixés pour objectif de dimensionner et réaliser un réfrigérateur magnétique qui se présente sous la forme d’un actionneur intégré. Le dimensionnement a été réalisé par le biais d’un modèle à éléments finis. Il s’agit d’un dispositif présentant deux entrefers, dont un suffisamment large pour pouvoir accueillir un régénérateur magnétocalorique au sein duquel la valeur de l’induction est la plus élevée possible tout en offrant un profil d’induction de forme trapézoïdale. La réalisation du démonstrateur sur la base des étudeseffectuées par éléments finis constitue la première étape vers la réalisation d’un réfrigérateur magnétique intégré pouvant être logé dans une automobile. Pour finir, et afin d’améliorer encore les performances de notre dispositif, une optimisation de l’inducteur électromagnétique a été effectuée par le biais d’un modèle à éléments finis couplé à un algorithme d’optimisation. / The magnetic refrigeration technology is a promising alternative technology to the production of cold. The work carried out focuses on the technology of magnetic refrigeration, a state of the art of this emerging technology has also been done. A magnetocaloric regenerator is placed in the air gap of the motor. It is necessary to design a motor with an air gap wide enough and where the induction will be as high as possible in order to insert the magnetocaloric regenerator. The regenerator is a hollow cylinder whose dimensions are adapted to the air gap of the synchronous machine. It is intended to contain the magnetocaloric material. The design of the electric motor is made in order to obtain a maximal variation of induction ΔB in the air gap and a temperature difference ΔT as large as possible, improving the magnetocaloric performance of the prototype. The profile of induction should also be as close as possible to a rectangular signal. The realization of the demonstrator based on the finite element studies is the first step towards the realization of integrated magnetic refrigerator which can be housed in an automobile. Finally, and in order to improve the performance of our device, an optimization of the electromagnetic inductor was carried out with a finite element model coupled to an optimizationalgorithm.

This master’s thesis deals with a permanent magnet synchronous machine calculation. In the first part of the thesis, the synchronous machine in general is described. Knowledge of these machines is essential for the remaining parts of the thesis. In the next part, an analytical calculation process of a given permanent magnet synchronous machine is presented. The given machine had already been manufactured before the thesis assignment. The calculation is to be adapted to the given machine. This way the parameters of the calculated machine should match the reference machine. The accuracy of the calculation can then be evaluated. Furthermore, calculations of the machine using Ansys RMxprt and Ansys Maxwell 2D are presented. The calculations are then compared with data obtained by measurements performed on the given machine. In the last part of the thesis, a modification in the analytical calculation is made to reduce the inaccuracy of the calculation. The thesis is concluded by evaluating the results.

The thesis describes ways ejection pinions automotive starter and evaluation of the advantages and disadvantages of each solution. The first chapter deals with the principle of operation of DC motors and starters parameters. In the second part, the individual systems are theoretically discussed in terms of design and their advantages and disadvantages. The third part is focused on the most common system, which is analyzed in terms of mechanical and electrical reliability. The last point of the work is to design an experimental analysis Reach starter pinion.

The main goal of my work is the electrically commutated motor with the vector control’s application in the environment of Matlab – Simulink. The theoretical preamble of this document is dedicated to the physical construction of the EC motors. The most common methods are described in the following text – namely it is scalar control, direct torque control and vector control. The conclusion of this work includes the description and analyse of the single parts of a created model of concrete EC motor with the vector control, and simulations results’ evaluation.

Master’s thesis summs up issues of mounting pemanent magnets on rotor surface of permanent magnet synchronous machine. Literature reseach is divided in two parts. First one shows studies and experiments researching the impact of manufacturing tolerances of permanent magnets and wrong mounting on the rotor on cogging torque . The second part focus on analytical aproach of defining influence of permanent magnets on magnetic flux density in the air gap and phase induced voltage. Practical part focus on design of a prototype machine, wich will be used to research the impact of tolerances and imperfections. Parametric model of the prototype machine is created in Maxwell and is subjected to analysis via finite element method. Three different analysis were run, offset of permanent magnet, decrease and wrong dicertion of magnetization. At last the result of cogging torque and induced voltage are compared.

In der vorliegenden Arbeit werden die Zusammenhänge zwischen der magnetischen Mikrostruktur und der Ausrichtung der Kristallite, sowohl in Sintermagneten als auch in feinkristallinen, warmumgeformten Magneten auf Nd2Fe14B- und Pr2Fe14B-Basis, untersucht. Die EBSD-Technik (electron backscatter diffraction) wurde für Sintermagnete und für feinkristalline, warmumgeformte Magnete auf Nd2Fe14B-Basis erstmals erfolgreich eingesetzt, um eine quantitative Texturanalyse durchzuführen. Die Polfiguren des hoch texturierten Sintermagneten bzw. warmumgeformten Magneten zeigen eine stark ausgeprägte [001] Fasertextur. Aus dem Vergleich von REM-, EBSD- und Kerr-Untersuchungen an ein- und derselben Probenoberfläche der Sintermagnete konnte quantitativ gezeigt werden, wie die Domänenstruktur von der individuellen Orientierung der Nd2Fe14B-Körner abhängt. Die Domänenstruktur der hoch texturierten Sintermagnete weist auf eine starke magnetostatische Wechselwirkung zwischen den Kristalliten hin. In den Heißpresslingen und in den warmumgeformten Magneten auf Nd2Fe14B-Basis und Pr2Fe14B-Basis wurden Wechselwirkungsdomänen mittels Magnetkraftmikroskopie nachgewiesen. Die Wechselwirkungsdomänen, deren Größe stark vom Umformgrad abhängt, sind immer größer als die einzelnen Kristallite. Die Bildung der Wechselwirkungsdomänen wurde auf magnetostatische Wechselwirkung zwischen den Kristalliten zurückgeführt, was mit Hilfe der Wohlfarth-Analyse der Remanenzverhältnisse bestätigt werden konnte. Die magnetische Mikrostruktur der warmumgeformten Magnete wurde mit einem Modell, das auf der Bildung von Ketten magnetischer Momente (parallel zur Kettenachse) beruht, beschrieben. Unterhalb der Temperatur des Spinumorientierungsüberganges der Nd2Fe14B-Phase weisen die Sintermagnete rechteckige Domänenmuster auf. Diese magnetische Mikrostruktur wird durch eine spezifische Verteilung der Domänenwände in Bezug auf Änderungen der magnetischen Anisotropie ausgebildet. Im Gegensatz dazu ändern sich die Wechselwirkungsdomänen in dem warmumgeformten Magneten nicht, was auf die starke magnetostatische Wechselwirkung zwischen den Kristalliten zurückgeführt wurde. / In this work, the correlation between magnetic domain structure and grain alignment in sintered and die-upset magnets, based on Nd2Fe14B and Pr2Fe14B compounds, is investigated. For the first time, EBSD (electron backscatter diffraction) has been successfully applied to conduct a quantitative analysis of the texture of sintered and die-upset Nd2Fe14B magnets. Pole figures of the highly textured sintered and die-upset magnets show a strong [001] fiber texture. By a comparison of SEM, EBSD and Kerr images of the same surface of sintered magnets it was possible to correlate the domain structure of individual grains to their orientation. The domain structure of the highly textured sintered magnet indicates to the presence of a strong magnetostatic interaction between individual grains. Interaction domains have been studied in hot-pressed und die-upset magnets based on Nd2Fe14B and Pr2Fe14B compounds by MFM. The lateral expansion of interaction domains is always larger than grain size and depends from the degree of deformation. The formation of interaction domains is attributed to magnetostatic interaction between individual grains, which has been confirmed by a Wohlfarth’s analysis of the remanence ratio. The magnetic domain structure of die-upset magnets can be described by a model, based on the formation of chains of magnetic moments parallel to the chain direction. Below the spinreorientation temperature of the Nd2Fe14B phase, sintered magnets show a rectangular domain structure. This domain structure is formed by a specific domain wall distribution corresponding to changes of the magnetocrystalline anisotropy. In contrast to this, the interaction domains in the die-upset magnets show no changes below the spinreorientation temperature, what can be also ascribed to the magnetostatic interaction between individual grains.