TITLE: The role of pet - dog in preadolescent child's life SUMMARY: This thesis is focused on the relationship between a school-aged child and a dog in his or her family. The theoretical part presents actual findings in history and form of man-dog and child- dog relationship, about breeding the pet-dogs in families and about their potential impact on man and namely on child. In the empirical part the author describes the process and the outcomes of her research in the area of child-dog relationship. Based upon semi-structured interviews with children attending the primary school third class and their drawings analysis, the author aims to clarify children's own perception of their relationships with dogs as well as the role of the dogs in their families. KEYWORDS: Child, Dog, Pet, Family, Relationship

Taking into account the technological demand for the controlled preparation of atomically precise graphene nanoribbons (GNRs) with well-defined properties, the present thesis is focused on the investigation of the role of the underlying metal substrate in the process of building GNRs using bottom-up strategy and on the changes in the electronic structure of GNRs induced by the GNR-metal interaction. The combination of surface sensitive synchrotron-radiation-based spectroscopic techniques and scanning tunneling microscopy with in situ sample preparation allowed to trace evolution of the structural and electronic properties of the investigated systems. Significant impact of the substrate activity on the growth dynamics of armchair GNRs of width N = 7 (7-AGNRs) prepared on inert Au(111) and active Cu(111) was demonstrated. It was shown that unlike inert Au(111) substrate, the mechanism of GNRs formation on Ag(111) and Cu(111) includes the formation of organometallic intermediates based on the carbon-metal-carbon bonds. Experiments performed on Cu(111) and Cu(110), showed that a change of the balance between molecular diffusion and intermolecular interaction significantly affects the on-surface reaction mechanism making it impossible to grow GNRs on Cu(110). It was demonstrated that deposition of metals on spatially aligned GNRs prepared on stepped Au(788) substrate allows to investigate GNR-metal interaction using angle-resolved photoelectron spectroscopy. In particular intercalation of one monolayer of copper beneath 7-AGNRs leads to significant electron injection into the nanoribbons, indicating that charge doping by metal contacts must be taken into account when designing GNR/electrode systems. Alloying of intercalated copper with gold substrate upon post-annealing at 200°C leads to a recovery of the initial position of GNR-related bands with respect to the Fermi level, thus proving tunability of the induced n-doping. Contrary, changes in the electronic structure of 7-AGNRs induced by the deposition of Li are not reversible.  It is demonstrated that via lithium doping 7-AGNRs can be transformed from a semiconductor into a metal state due to the partial filling of the conduction band. The band gap of Li-doped GNRs is reduced and the effective mass of the conduction band carriers is increased.

Le nettoyage en place des membranes en industrie agro-alimentaire est une opération cruciale qui, outre les exigences de sécurité sanitaire des installations et des produits traités doit permettre de restaurer les performances de la filtration (sélectivité, flux) en éliminant le colmatage formé pendant l'étape de production. Malheureusement cette étape repose encore sur des bases empiriques et non optimisées. A cause d'un manque de notions fondamentales, elle est encore pressentie comme un frein à l'utilisation massive des procédés membranaires. Une démarche originale a été menée dans le cadre de cette thèse incluant la réflexion sur l'incidence des paramètres hydrodynamiques des conditions de production sur la cohésion du dépôt colmatant et plus particulièrement de sa fraction irréversible, dont la nettoyabilité est étudiée. Pour fonder cette démarche, une étude comparée du colmatage et du nettoyage au flux limite et au flux critique a été réalisée en intégrant le rôle de la physico-chimie et de l'hydrodynamique pendant la phase de production. cette étude s'inscrit dans un cadre d'éco-conception de procédé, avec une analyse de cycle de vie réalisée afin d'estimer l'impact environnemental de l'étape de nettoyage via divers scénarii simplifiés. / The cleaning in place of membranes in food-processing industry is crucial operation which, besides the requirements of sanitary safety of the installations and the treated products allows to restore the performances of the filtration (flux, selectivity) by removing the fouling formed during the production step. Unfortunately, this cleaning step still rests on empirical and not optimized bases. Because of a lack of fundamental notions, it is still anticipated as a brake in the massive use of the membrane processes. An original approach is led within the framework of this thesis including the reflexion on the incidence of the hydrodynamics parameters of the conditions of production on the cohesion of the fouling deposit and more particularly its irreversible fraction which this cleanability is studied. To establish this approach, a study compared by the fouling and by the cleaning with the limiting flux and with the critical flux is realized by integrating the role of the physic-chemistry and the hydrodynamics during the production step. This study joins in a frame of eco-design of process, with an analysis of life cycle realized to estimate the environmental impact of the cleaning step by diverse scenarios.

Payment for Ecosystem Services (PES) has been seen as a strategy to reduce poverty while maintaining and increasing the supply of ecosystem services. Vietnam is the first country in Southeast Asia to implement PES as a law for forest protection. Several studies of PES in Vietnam have been done, where the positive results tend to come from provinces with higher payments. This also seem to correlate with the level of environmental awareness and engagement among local communities. In this study, interviews with NGOs and institutions were conducted with the purpose to investigate their perception of the understanding of PES on a local level, and how they are working for improvements. All interviewees recognized that there are problems with the top-down design of the policy and raised issues such as lack of communication, low and risky payments and low rates of engagement within local communities. The interviewees are working for improvements from different angles and levels. The effectivity approach has led to an overall higher understanding of PES in Vietnam, whilst a more fair approach might be needed to achieve a long-term change of behaviour.

Objetivo. El cuestionario PES-NWI (31 ítems) mide las características de los entornos para la práctica profesional en enfermería. Las características de estos entornos influyen claramente sobre la calidad de los cuidados que las enfermeras prestan a los usuarios, y en los resultados en los pacientes. Pretendemos analizar y estudiar desde un punto de vista cuali-cuantitativo dicho cuestionario para intentar seleccionar los 10 ítems más relevantes en su contribución a la mejora del entorno profesional, que sean esenciales en la mejora de los cuidados de enfermería en Atención Primaria de Salud (APS). Método. Estudio mixto cuali-cuantitativo en 2 fases: 1. Fase cualitativa: Fenomenológico. Muestreo intencional (bola de nieve) por conveniencia. Técnica de grupo focal (audioconferencia 2 horas) combinada con conteo de resultados (pre y post grupo focal). N=8, expertos en Atención Primaria de Salud según nuestro criterio. Análisis de contenido con QSR Nvivo v10. Septiembre 2013 a mayo 2014. 2. Fase cuantitativa: Estudio observacional, transversal, analítico, multicéntrico. Junio 2014 a febrero 2015. n=269 profesionales asistenciales, muestreo simple aleatorio, en 3 Departamentos de Salud de la Comunitat Valenciana, 2 de ellos con modelo de gestión privado (Elx-Vinalopó y Torrevieja) y 1 de gestión pública (Xàtiva/Ontinyent). Recogida de datos con cuestionario PES-NWI de forma combinada online y presencial. Análisis de datos con SPSS v21. Variables a estudio: socio-demográficas y los 31 ítems del cuestionario. IC 95%. Se utilizaron descriptivos habituales y ANOVA, con análisis factorial de resultados. Se obtuvo consentimiento informado de participantes y permisos de los Comités de ética e investigación de los Departamentos estudiados. Resultados. Fase cualitativa: Se desecharon a priori 10 ítems del cuestionario. Se obtuvo elevado o aceptable consenso en los elementos fundamentales: ítems 2, 15, 20, 31, 6, 11, 14, 18, 26. El 10º ítem se asignó tras análisis de contenido (ítem 19). Fase cuantitativa: Se seleccionaron los 10 ítems (top ten) con mayor % de elecciones; 9 de los 10 ítems coincidieron entre expertos y profesionales asistenciales. El elemento más importante para la mejora del cuidado es el apoyo y liderazgo de gestores. Los departamentos de salud privatizados obtuvieron puntuaciones ligeramente más altas (mejor entorno) respecto al de gestión pública (p<0,001), con alta influencia de la variable edad (p>0,001), así como Ejercer cargos de coordinación/no ejercerlo (p<0,001). Al ajustar por edad, años de experiencia y cargo de coordinación, los departamentos de gestión privada siguen ofreciendo puntuaciones totales más elevadas, con significación especial de la variable edad, que la consideramos explicativa de las diferencias. Alta consistencia interna de nuestros resultados (alfa de Cronbach>0,8 en sus 5 dimensiones), que reproducen la estructura original del cuestionario. Los elementos esenciales propuestos (Top Ten) han mostrado un valor de predicción de la puntuación total del PES-NWI de 31 ítems del 90,7%, aportando información adecuada en 3 de las 5 dimensiones originales (1, 2 y 4); el Top Ten presenta una estructura interna en 3 dimensiones. El Departamento con mejor valoración fue Torrevieja, y el de peor valoración, Xàtiva / Ontinyent. Todos los Departamentos estudiados son considerados entornos positivos para obtener buenos cuidados de enfermería. Conclusiones. Ha sido posible consensuar y seleccionar los 10 elementos esenciales (Top Ten) del cuestionario PES-NWI que más influyen en los entornos profesionales en Atención Primaria de Salud en España. Modificar estos elementos de forma prioritaria permitirá optimizar los entornos laborales para mejorar los cuidados. Estos 10 elementos aportan el 90,7% de la información en cuanto a puntuación total que el cuestionario completo, por lo que consideramos que el Top Ten es una buena herramienta breve de valoración de la calidad de los entornos.

The present thesis is focused on various methods of controlling electronic and geometrical structure of two-dimensional overlayers adsorbed on metal surfaces exemplified by graphene and hexagonal boron nitride (h-BN) grown on transition metal (TM) substrates. Combining synchrotron-radiation-based spectroscopic and various microscopic techniques with in situ sample preparation, we are able to trace the evolution of overlayer electronic and geometrical properties in overlayer/substrate systems, as well as changes of interfacial interaction in the latter.It is shown that hydrogen uptake by graphene/TM substrate strongly depends on the interfacial interaction between substrate and graphene, and on the geometrical structure of graphene. An energy gap opening in the electronic structure of graphene on TM substrates upon patterned adsorption of atomic species is demonstrated for the case of atomic oxygen adsorption on graphene/TM’s (≥0.35 eV for graphene/Ir(111)). A non-uniform character of adsorption in this case – patterned adsorption of atomic oxygen on graphene/Ir(111) due to the graphene height modulation is verified. A moderate oxidation of graphene/Ir(111) is found largely reversible. Contrary, oxidation of h-BN/Ir(111) results in replacing nitrogen atoms in the h-BN lattice with oxygen and irreversible formation of the B2O3 oxide-like structure.      Pronounced hole doping (p-doping) of graphene upon intercalation with active agents – halogens or halides – is demonstrated, the level of the doping is dependent on the agent electronegativity. Hole concentration in graphene on Ir(111) intercalated with Cl and Br/AlBr3 is as high as ~2×1013 cm-2 and ~9×1012 cm-2, respectively.     Unusual periodic wavy structures are reported for h-BN and graphene grown on Fe(110) surface. The h-BN monolayer on Fe(110) is periodically corrugated in a wavy fashion with an astonishing degree of long-range order, periodicity of 2.6 nm, and the corrugation amplitude of ~0.8 Å. The wavy pattern results from a strong chemical bonding between h-BN and Fe in combination with a lattice mismatch in either [11 ̅1] or [111 ̅] direction of the Fe(110) surface. Two primary orientations of h-BN on Fe(110) can be observed corresponding to the possible directions of lattice match between h-BN and Fe(110).     Chemical vapor deposition (CVD) formation of graphene on iron is a formidable task because of high carbon solubility in iron and pronounced reactivity of the latter, favoring iron carbide formation. However, growth of graphene on epitaxial iron films can be realized by CVD at relatively low temperatures, and the formation of carbides can be avoided in excess of the carbon-containing precursors. The resulting graphene monolayer creates a periodically corrugated pattern on Fe(110): it is modulated in one dimension forming long waves with a period of ~4 nm parallel to the [001] direction of the substrate, with an additional height modulation along the wave crests. The novel 1D templates based on h-BN and graphene adsorbed on iron can possibly find an application in 1D nanopatterning. The possibility for growing high-quality graphene on iron substrate can be useful for the low-cost industrial-scale graphene production.

Compounds forming alloys with lithium, such as silicon or tin, are promising negative electrode materials for the next generation of Li-ion batteries due to their higher theoretical capacity compared to the current commercial electrode materials. An important issue is to better understand the phenomena occurring at the electrode/electrolyte interfaces of these new materials. The stability of the passivation layer (SEI) is crucial for good battery performance and its nature, formation and evolution have to be investigated. It is important to follow upon cycling alloying/dealloying processes, the evolution of surface oxides with battery cycling and the change in surface chemistry when storing electrodes in the electrolyte. The aim of this thesis is to improve the knowledge of these surface reactions through a non-destructive depth-resolved PES (Photoelectron spectroscopy) analysis of the surface of new negative electrodes. A unique combination utilizing hard and soft-ray photoelectron spectroscopy allows by variation of the photon energy an analysis from the extreme surface (soft X-ray) to the bulk (hard X-ray) of the particles. This experimental approach was used to access the interfacial phase transitions at the surface of silicon or tin particles as well as the composition and thickness/covering of the SEI. Interfacial mechanisms occurring upon the first electrochemical cycle of Si-based electrodes cycled with the classical salt LiPF6 were investigated. The mechanisms of Li insertion (LixSi formation) have been illustrated as well as the formation of a new irreversible compound, Li4SiO4, at the outermost surface of the particles. Upon long cycling, the formation of SiOxFy was shown at the extreme surface of the particles by reaction of SiO2 with HF contributing to battery capacity fading. The LiFSI salt, more stable than LiPF6, improved the electrochemical performances. This behaviour is correlated to the absence of SiOxFy upon long-term cycling. Some degradation of LiFSI was shown by PES and supported by calculations. Finally, interfacial reactions occurring upon the first cycle of an intermetallic compound MnSn2 were studied. Compared to Si based electrodes, the SEI chemical composition is similar but the alloying process and the role played by the surface metal oxide are different.

Ce travail concerne la manipulation de particules submicroniques au-dessus de panneaux solaires par les dépoussiéreurs électrostatiques et par les rideaux électriques à onde stationnaire en atmosphère usuelle (Terre) et raréfiée (Planète Mars) ainsi que l'étude de l'influence de la turbulence sur l'efficacité de collecte de la poussière dans les électrofiltres. A partir de la détermination des caractéristiques des décharges électriques dans l'air et dans le gaz carbonique à pressions variées, un dépoussiéreur électrostatique particulier est conçu et réalisé pour être utilisé dans les conditions de l'atmosphère de Mars et protéger les panneaux solaires du dépôt de poussière. Une autre technique, celles des rideaux électriques à onde stationnaire, est étudiée en vue d'enlever les couches de poussière déposées. Il est montré que ce sont des décharges à barrière diélectrique qui permettent de charger et de soulever les particules qui sont ensuite éjectées de la zone soumise au champ électrique. Ces deux techniques pourraient augmenter substantiellement la durée de vie des panneaux solaires sur Mars dans les conditions idéales en atmosphère calme. Mais en présence de vents ou de tempêtes leur efficacité paraît très limitée. Les expériences sur l'influence de la turbulence de l'écoulement gazeux dans les électrofiltres ont confirmé que la collecte des poussières diminue quand le taux de turbulence augmente. Le résultat le plus original obtenu en étudiant l'influence de la concentration en particules du gaz empoussiéré porte sur l'origine de la turbulence dans les électrofiltres qui est due principalement à l'action de la force de Coulomb sur les fines particules chargées dont la vitesse de migration sous l'effet du champ est faible.

No description available.

En dépit de 4 décennies d'utilisation et de bons résultats cliniques pour le traitement de douleurs neuropathiques réfractaires, l'implantation de neurostimulateurs pour la stimulation des cordons postérieurs (SCP) demeure marginale en raison de son caractère thérapeutique invasif et d'une compréhension partielle du mécanisme d'action analgésique. L'inclusion de sujets, ayant des critères bien définis de douleurs neuropathiques, et l'enregistrement comparatif de données neurophysiologiques (EVA, le réflexe RIII et les potentiels évoqués somesthésiques (PES)), avec le neurostimulateur hors fonction (SCP "off") puis en fonction (SCP "on"), nous permettra d'étudier et de différencier les mécanismes spinaux et supraspinaux. L'utilisation de la douleur expérimentale, produite par la stimulation du nerf sural du membre inférieur affecté, s'avère un excellent model expérimental pour démontrer les phénomènes neurophysiologiques induites par la SCP : l'efficacité sur la douleur expérimentale, la sommation temporelle, l'intensité du réflexe RIII et les variations de l'enregistrement des différentes ondes des PES. Les résultats obtenus sur 8 patients, opérés par l'auteur et présentant un soulagement clinique significatif, ne démontrent aucune différence significative sur les résultats obtenus en mode SCP "on" versus SCP "off" mais démontrent par l'interprétation de corrélations non-paramétriques sur l'efficacité clinique, que la SCP a un rôle spinal et supraspinal. L'effet spinal de la SCP est démontré par une diminution de la sommation temporelle de la douleur expérimentale, évaluée subjectivement par l'EVA et par une corrélation de l'amplitude du réflexe RIII avec l'efficacité clinique. Également, on suspecte que la SCP a un rôle supraspinal indépendant du rôle spinal, par la corrélation entre l'efficacité clinique et l'abaissement de N34 (P45) au niveau des PES. Cette onde à courte latence est le reflet d'une activation (para) thalamique, nous suggérant un rôle analgésique de la SCP que l'on pourrait définir comme un portillon thalamique ("thalamic gate control").