This master’s thesis deals with ADH Group, s. r. o. performance analysis. The work is divided into two parts. The theoretical part describes the issue of benchmarking on the basis of scientific literature. The practical part is focused on the description of the chosen company and analysis of the coincident situation by using strategic analysis. Afterwards benchmarking method is applied in target to improve business performance. In the conclusion there are proposed some possible measures to increase the company performance.

Après trois pandémies majeures responsables de millions de morts, la peste n'a pas encore disparu. Cette maladie est causée par la bactérie Yersinia pestis, dont les mécanismes de virulence sont encore mal compris. Le suivi d'infection de la peste bubonique chez la souris, méthode classique pour étudier le processus infectieux, requiert beaucoup d'animaux et de temps pour obtenir des résultats significatifs. L'imagerie in vivo et en temps réel par bioluminescence permet de suivre la progression du pathogène au cours du processus infectieux en observant les animaux de façon non invasive. Nous avons transformé la souche virulente CO92 avec le plasmide pEm7-luxCDABE et confirmé la production de bioluminescence in vitro et in vivo. Nous avons pu quantifier la charge bactérienne dans plusieurs organes colonisés sans sacrifier l'animal et établir le schéma de progression de la bactérie au cours de la maladie. Après formation d'un foyer infectieux au site d'injection, la colonisation du ganglion lymphatique inguinal drainant ce site a été observée. Nous avons démontré que la bactérie suit un trajet direct du ganglion lymphatique inguinal au ganglion lymphatique axillaire. L'étape suivante est la colonisation des organes filtrant le sang, puis survient la septicémie dans les phases terminales de la mort. Nous avons établi que la forte variabilité dans le processus infectieux était due au temps pendant lequel la bactérie était contenue au site d'injection. À partir du moment où les ganglions lymphatiques sont colonisés, la cinétique de progression est à la fois régulière et rapide ; la septicémie survient dans les deux jours, suivie de près par la mort.

El objetivo de este trabajo fue evaluar el grado de protección conferido por 2 vacunas comerciales de Bronquitis Infecciosa Aviar, (cepas vivas M48 y H120) frente al desafío experimental con la cepa M41, en cuatro grupos de aves (Línea Ross 308) con diferentes programas de vacunación G1 (M48), G2 (H120), G3 (M48/H120), G4 (H120/M48) y un grupo control G5 (sin vacuna). La protección fue medida a través de signos clínicos, títulos de anticuerpos, motilidad ciliar, histopatología y parámetros productivos después del desafío experimental. Los grupos que recibieron 2 vacunas fueron mejor protegidos de los signos clínicos, aunque mostraron una disminución de la actividad ciliar (desde el 1er al 3er día post desafío) y lesiones microscópicas de leves a moderados. De estos grupos, el grupo G4 obtuvo una mayor protección después del desafío, se observó una menor presentación de signos respiratorios, una pronta recuperación de la actividad ciliar ( 6to – 10mo día post desafío), leves a moderados daños microscópicos traqueales, un mejor promedio de peso corporal, logrando 286 g. más que el grupo control y 75 puntos más de eficiencia productiva que el grupo control. En los grupos que recibieron una vacuna se observó menor protección, mayor presentación de signos y lesiones respiratorias, y menores parámetros productivos, existiendo diferencias estadísticamente significativa (p<0.05), frente a los grupos con doble vacunación. Además el grupo control sin vacuna, mostró una severa reacción después del desafío afectando negativamente sus parámetros productivos. En cuanto a los títulos de anticuerpos no se observa una correlación con la ausencia o presencia de signos clínicos y lesiones en los pollos desafiados con BIA. Se sugiere que en condiciones de campo la utilización del programa de vacunación del grupo G4 vacunado con H120 y M48, al día y 14 días de edad respectivamente contra BIA, garantizaría una mayor protección ante un posible reto de BIA. / The objective of this study was to determinate the protection level given by two commercial live of Infectious Bronchitis vaccines (strains M48 and H120) against experimental challenge with M41 strain, in four groups of chicks (Ross 308) with different vaccination programs G1 (M48), G2 (H120), G3 (M48/H120), G4 (H120/M48) and a control group G5 (without vaccination). Protection was measure through clinical signs, antibody levels, ciliary activity, histopathology and productive parameters after experimental challenge. Revaccinated groups were better protected against the onset of clinical signs, although they showed a diminished ciliary activity (first-thirth day after challenge) and microscopic damage (histologicaly change from minimal to moderate). We found that group G4 had a very effective protection level. fewer amount of respiratory signs (snores) and minimal to moderate microscopic tracheal damage They also recovered ciliary activity. This group had the best average body weight at the end of the experiment, they obtened 286 g body weight and 15 point of Index of Productive Efficiency more than G5. In the groups that were vaccinated only once, we saw Less protection levels, also more respiratory signs and microscopic lesions, less average weight and productive parameters statistically significant, (P<0,05). Furthermore, G5 showed a severe reaction after challenge, diminishing its productive parameters. The absence or presence of clinical signs or respiratory lesions after challenge against to BIA was not correlated to antibody titers in chicks. We think that under field conditions, vaccination with H120/M48 program would give a wide protection against IBV infections.

O presente trabalho discute a construção sociotécnica da peste bubônica no Rio de Janeiro de 1897 a 1906. Tem como aporte teórico a teoria do ator-rede e como metodologia o acompanhamento de cientistas, médicos e políticos brasileiros interessados no combate à peste, analisando as polêmicas que se envolveram, e que redes sociotécnicas foram por eles mobilizadas. As fontes utilizadas foram: trabalhos científicos publicados no Brazil-Medico; debates veiculados na imprensa diária e os relatórios da Diretoria Geral de Saúde Pública (DGSP). As principais polêmicas foram em torno do tempo de incubação, letalidade e forma de transmissão da doença. A incubação implicava diretamente no tempo em que os navios ficariam submetidos à quarentena e o Governo Federal acreditava que ela durava 20 dias. Entretanto, pressões exercidas por diferentes atores, como a Associação Comercial de Santos, foram aos poucos mudando essa política e também a compreensão do período de incubação e da letalidade da doença. Em 1904, as quarentenas contra a peste foram extintas no Brasil e era consenso a doença não ser tão letal nem ficar incubada por um período superior a 10 dias. A questão da transmissão implicava diretamente na adoção de medidas sanitárias. Em 1900, o Governo Federal acreditava que a doença era transmitida pelo ar, ou por objetos, por isso a adoção de desinfecção de casas e no isolamento de pessoas contaminadas. Entretanto, em São Paulo, existia outra concepção sobre a transmissão e o extermínio de ratos era a principal medida. No Rio de Janeiro, alguns personagens, como Ismael da Rocha, defendiam a estratégia de São Paulo Com isso, foram estabelecidas duas redes, uma que concedia um papel aos ratos e outra não. A última foi vitoriosa até 1903. Naquela data, Oswaldo Cruz deu inicio a uma campanha de extermínio de ratos, que se mostrou eficaz. Quando os ratos passaram a ser considerados os culpados pela transmissão da doença mudanças ocorreram. As desinfecções passaram a se concentrar nesses animais e se planejou uma reformulação da cidade, com edifícios que vedassem a entrada de ratos e na construção de esgotos. / The present work discusses the socio-technical construction of the bubonic plague in Rio de Janeiro from 1897 to 1906. It has as theoretical support the actor-network theory and as methodology it follows Brazilian scientists, doctors and politicians in their action against the plague, analyzing the controversies in which they were involved and which socio-technical networks were mobilized by them. Sources used were: scientific papers published in Brazil-Medico, debates published in the daily press and reports from the General Direction of Public Health (Diretoria Geral de Saúde Pública DGSP). The main controversies were around the incubation time, lethality and method of transmission of the disease. Incubation affected directly the amount of days ships would be submitted to quarantine and the Federal Government believed that it lasted 20 days. However, pressure exerted by different actors, such as the Santos Commercial Association, were slowly changing this politic and also the understanding regarding the incubation period and the diseases lethality. In 1904, quarantines against the plague were extinguished from Brazil and it became a consensus that this disease wasnt very lethal and that the incubation time wasnt superior to 10 days. The matter of transmission implied different sanitary actions. In 1900, the Federal Government believed that the disease was transmitted through air or by objects, and therefore adopted actions such as house disinfection and isolation of contaminated people. However, in São Paulo, there was another conception regarding transmission, with the killing of rats being the main sanitary action. In Rio de Janeiro, some characters, such as Ismael da Rocha, were in favor of São Paulos initiative. Therefore, two networks were established, one where rats had an important part and another where they didnt. This last network was victorious until 1903. At that time, Oswaldo Cruz began a rat-killing campaign, which proved to be effective. When rats were considered as responsible for the transmission of the disease, different changes occurred. Disinfections became focused on this animals and a renovation of the city plan was done, with buildings that sealed the entrance of rats and the construction of sewers.

O exílio é um tema recorrente, embora pouco explorado, em Albert Camus. Sua obra é organizada em dois ciclos de criação: o absurdo e a revolta. Apesar de situado pelo autor no ciclo da revolta, propõe-se neste trabalho uma nova leitura de La Peste, obra que permite captar em um único texto a multiplicidade da temática do exílio em Camus, caracterizando-a como livro de transição entre esses dois conceitos, com a lucidez como elemento comum. O homem absurdo se percebe como tal pela consciência que tem de seu universo. Para o homem revoltado, a lucidez permite o combate. Em La Peste, o exílio, sob três aspectos, físico-social, psicológico e metafísico, integra a condição humana metafísica, em contraponto à condição histórica, tornando possível compreender tanto sua perspectiva como a do reino neste autor. / Exile is a recurring subject, though little explored, in Albert Camus. His work is organized in two creation phases: absurdity and rebellion. Even though situated by the author in the rebellion phase, this work proposes a new reading of La Peste, which allows seizing in only one text the thematic multiplicity of exile in Camus, characterizing it as a book of transition between these two concepts, with lucidity as their common feature. The absurd man thus perceives himself by means of the conscience he has of its universe. For the rebellious man, lucidity allows struggle. In La Peste, exile, under three aspects, physical-social, psychological and metaphysical, integrates the metaphysical human condition, in counterpoint to the historical condition, making it possible to understand its perspective, as well as the perspective of the kingdom, in this author.

Strategická analýza a její praktická aplikace na podnik. Externí analýza zahrnující analýzu makrookolí (PESTE analýza a metoda 4C) a analýzu mikrookolí (Základní charakteristiky odvětví, Struktura odvětví, Hybné změnotvorné sily odvětví, Porterův model pěti sil). Interní analýza zahrnující prověření zdrojů podniku a nalezení a popis klíčových schopností podniku (Analýza nákladových výhod, Finanční analýza). SWOT analýza. Návrh strategie a doporučení, vhodné pro analyzovaný podnik, pro další rozvíjení výhod podniku a zvýšení konkurenceschopnosti v daném odvětví.

La peste est une zoonose touchant principalement les rongeurs et de façon accidentelle l'Homme. L'agent responsable de la peste bubonique et pulmonaire est la bactérie Gram négative Yersinia pestis. Les mécanismes qui permettent à l'hôte de résister ou non à cette infection sont mal connus. Nous avons montré que certaines lignées consanguines de souris, comme C57BL/6J, meurent après l'injection sous cutanée de 100 bactéries d'une souche virulente (CO92) alors que d'autres, comme SEG/Pas, dérivée de Mus spretus, résistent. Un croisement en retour entre ces deux lignées a permis d'identifier, sur les chromosomes 3, 4 et 6, trois QTLs contrôlant le taux de survie. Les deux premiers ont été retrouvés uniquement chez les femelles alors que celui du chromosome 6 est commun aux deux sexes. Des souris congéniques portant le chromosome 6 de SEG dans un fonds génétique C57BL/6J ont été produites. Après infection, elles meurent dans les mêmes proportions que les souris C57BL/6, mais un peu plus tardivement. Des souris bi- et tri-congéniques sont en cours de production pour tester l'effet des autres QTLs. Nous avons testé une collection de 55 lignées recombinantes congéniques interspécifiques entre SEG/Pas et C57BL/6J. Plusieurs lignées ont montré des différences de taux ou de durée de survie significatives par rapport à C57BL/6J. L'étude de la lignée 120G, qui meurt plus rapidement que C57BL/6J, suggère que la région proximale du chromosome 6 serait responsable de ce phénotype. Nous avons ainsi montré que le contrôle génétique de la résistance à la peste chez les souris SEG/Pas est complexe, et identifié plusieurs régions génomiques qui jouent un rôle important dans ce phénotype.

El objetivo de este trabajo fue evaluar el grado de protección conferido por 2 vacunas comerciales de Bronquitis Infecciosa Aviar, (cepas vivas M48 y H120) frente al desafío experimental con la cepa M41, en cuatro grupos de aves (Línea Ross 308) con diferentes programas de vacunación G1 (M48), G2 (H120), G3 (M48/H120), G4 (H120/M48) y un grupo control G5 (sin vacuna). La protección fue medida a través de signos clínicos, títulos de anticuerpos, motilidad ciliar, histopatología y parámetros productivos después del desafío experimental. Los grupos que recibieron 2 vacunas fueron mejor protegidos de los signos clínicos, aunque mostraron una disminución de la actividad ciliar (desde el 1er al 3er día post desafío) y lesiones microscópicas de leves a moderados. De estos grupos, el grupo G4 obtuvo una mayor protección después del desafío, se observó una menor presentación de signos respiratorios, una pronta recuperación de la actividad ciliar ( 6to – 10mo día post desafío), leves a moderados daños microscópicos traqueales, un mejor promedio de peso corporal, logrando 286 g. más que el grupo control y 75 puntos más de eficiencia productiva que el grupo control. En los grupos que recibieron una vacuna se observó menor protección, mayor presentación de signos y lesiones respiratorias, y menores parámetros productivos, existiendo diferencias estadísticamente significativa (p<0.05), frente a los grupos con doble vacunación. Además el grupo control sin vacuna, mostró una severa reacción después del desafío afectando negativamente sus parámetros productivos. En cuanto a los títulos de anticuerpos no se observa una correlación con la ausencia o presencia de signos clínicos y lesiones en los pollos desafiados con BIA. Se sugiere que en condiciones de campo la utilización del programa de vacunación del grupo G4 vacunado con H120 y M48, al día y 14 días de edad respectivamente contra BIA, garantizaría una mayor protección ante un posible reto de BIA. / The objective of this study was to determinate the protection level given by two commercial live of Infectious Bronchitis vaccines (strains M48 and H120) against experimental challenge with M41 strain, in four groups of chicks (Ross 308) with different vaccination programs G1 (M48), G2 (H120), G3 (M48/H120), G4 (H120/M48) and a control group G5 (without vaccination). Protection was measure through clinical signs, antibody levels, ciliary activity, histopathology and productive parameters after experimental challenge. Revaccinated groups were better protected against the onset of clinical signs, although they showed a diminished ciliary activity (first-thirth day after challenge) and microscopic damage (histologicaly change from minimal to moderate). We found that group G4 had a very effective protection level. fewer amount of respiratory signs (snores) and minimal to moderate microscopic tracheal damage They also recovered ciliary activity. This group had the best average body weight at the end of the experiment, they obtened 286 g body weight and 15 point of Index of Productive Efficiency more than G5. In the groups that were vaccinated only once, we saw Less protection levels, also more respiratory signs and microscopic lesions, less average weight and productive parameters statistically significant, (P<0,05). Furthermore, G5 showed a severe reaction after challenge, diminishing its productive parameters. The absence or presence of clinical signs or respiratory lesions after challenge against to BIA was not correlated to antibody titers in chicks. We think that under field conditions, vaccination with H120/M48 program would give a wide protection against IBV infections.

Texte remanié de : Dissertation : Kunstgeschichte : Universität Tübingen : 1999. / Bibliogr. p. [421]-466. Notes bibliogr. Index.

This thesis explores the theme of the plague in sixteenth-century French literature, beginning with works from Antiquity and the Middle Ages in 16th-century French translation: Claude de Seyssel’s LHistoire de Thucydide Athenien and LHistoire Ecclesiastique; Pierre Robert Olivétan’s Bible; Antoine Le Maçon’s Le Decameron de Messire Jehan Bocace; and Richard Le Blanc’s Georgiques de Virgile. While the plague narratives in these works present a large portion of the corpus of the disease that would later provide models of both structure and imagery for writers of new works throughout the French Renaissance, they can above all be read independently as works of French literature. They not only reflect the diseases known then as plague, but also the sentiments of a period troubled with the Wars of Religion, foreshadowing events that were to unfold as the century progressed. The second part of the thesis explores the theme of the plague at once as a lived and an inherited experience in the works of Clément Marot, Michel de Nostredame / Nostradamus, Pierre Boaistuau, Ambroise Paré and Michel de Montaigne. While reusing clichés from the established plague corpus in their own works, these authors also add new clichés, whether experienced or created, to this corpus. The reader can therefore identify continuity over the course of the chapters, while the new context and function of these clichés demonstrate originality within each chapter. Chronological close readings are essential to gain an understanding of the unique literary qualities of these texts and how the theme of the plague evolves over the course of the 16th century. I concentrate on literary devices such as mimesis (the representation of the plague through experience and works of precedence), ekphrasis (the vivid imagery of plague narratives) and self-portraiture (the creation of literary doubles within the framework of plague narratives), while also taking into account how epidemics have been momentous in the lives of several of these authors. Although built upon many different historical diseases, the plague becomes a codified, highly recognizable literary genre by the close of the French Renaissance. / Romance Languages and Literatures