Made available in DSpace on 2014-12-17T14:56:04Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 EwertonAPM.pdf: 3120304 bytes, checksum: ff33c0c9ca20630c0130f326f67a029e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2004-11-17 / Amongst the results of the AutPoc Project - Automation of Wells, established between UFRN and Petrobras with the support of the CNPq, FINEP, CTPETRO, FUNPEC, was developed a simulator for equipped wells of oil with the method of rise for continuous gas-lift. The gas-lift is a method of rise sufficiently used in production offshore (sea production), and its basic concept is to inject gas in the deep one of the producing well of oil transform it less dense in order to facilitate its displacement since the reservoir until the surface. Based in the use of tables and equations that condense the biggest number of information on characteristics of the reservoir, the well and the valves of gas injection, it is allowed, through successive interpolations, to simulate representative curves of the physical behavior of the existing characteristic variable. With a simulator that approaches a computer of real the physical conditions of an oil well is possible to analyze peculiar behaviors with very bigger speeds, since the constants of time of the system in question well are raised e, moreover, to optimize costs with assays in field. The simulator presents great versatility, with prominance the analysis of the influence of parameters, as the static pressure, relation gas-liquid, pressure in the head of the well, BSW (Relation Basic Sediments and Water) in curves of request in deep of the well and the attainment of the curve of performance of the well where it can be simulated rules of control and otimization. In moving the rules of control, the simulator allows the use in two ways of simulation: the application of the control saw software simulated enclosed in the proper simulator, as well as the use of external controllers. This implies that the simulator can be used as tool of validation of control algorithms. Through the potentialities above cited, of course one another powerful application for the simulator appears: the didactic use of the tool. It will be possible to use it in formation courses and recycling of engineers / Dentre os resultados do Projeto AutPoc – Automa??o de Po?os, estabelecido entre UFRN e Petrobras com o apoio do CNPq, FINEP, CTPETRO, FUNPEC, foi desenvolvido um simulador para po?os de petr?leo equipados com o m?todo de eleva??o por gas-lift cont?nuo. O gas-lift ? um m?todo de eleva??o bastante utilizado em produ??o offshore (produ??o marinha), e seu conceito fundamental ? injetar g?s no fundo do po?o produtor de petr?leo tornando-o menos denso de modo a facilitar seu deslocamento desde o reservat?rio at? a superf?cie. Baseado na utiliza??o de tabelas e equa??es que condensam o maior n?mero de informa??es sobre caracter?sticas do reservat?rio, do po?o e das v?lvulas de inje??o de g?s, ? permitido, atrav?s de sucessivas interpola??es, simular curvas representativas do comportamento f?sico das vari?veis caracter?sticas existentes. Com um simulador que aproxime um computador das condi??es f?sicas reais de um po?o de petr?leo ? poss?vel analisar comportamentos peculiares com velocidades muito maiores, visto que as constantes de tempo do sistema em quest?o s?o bem elevadas e, al?m disso, otimizar custos com ensaios em campo. O simulador apresenta grande versatilidade, destacadamente a an?lise da influ?ncia de par?metros, como a press?o est?tica, raz?o g?s-l?quido, press?o na cabe?a do po?o, BSW (Basic Sediments and Water) em curvas de solicita??o no fundo do po?o e a obten??o da curva de desempenho do po?o onde pode-se simular regras de controle e otimiza??o. No tocante as regras de controle, o simulador permite a utiliza??o em dois modos de simula??o: a aplica??o do controle via software simulado inclu?do no pr?prio simulador, bem como a utiliza??o de controladores externos. Isto implica que o simulador pode ser utilizado como ferramenta de valida??o de algoritmos de controle. Atrav?s das potencialidades acima citadas, naturalmente surge uma outra poderosa aplica??o para o simulador: a utiliza??o did?tica da ferramenta. Ser? poss?vel utiliz?-lo em cursos de forma??o e reciclagem de engenheiros

Made available in DSpace on 2014-12-17T14:56:06Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 RodrigoBS.pdf: 821976 bytes, checksum: 45f7062b292e641f0f7e595b2b356d60 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2005-02-04 / Petr?leo Brasileiro SA - PETROBRAS / The using of supervision systems has become more and more essential in accessing, managing and obtaining data of industrial processes, because of constant and frequent developments in industrial automation. These supervisory systems (SCADA) have been widely used in many industrial environments to store process data and to control the processes in accordance with some adopted strategy. The SCADA s control hardware is the set of equipments that execute this work. The SCADA s supervision software accesses process data through the control hardware and shows them to the users. Currently, many industrial systems adopt supervision softwares developed by the same manufacturer of the control hardware. Usually, these softwares cannot be used with other equipments made by distinct manufacturers. This work proposes an approach for developing supervisory systems able to access process information through different control hardwares. An architecture for supervisory systems is first defined, in order to guarantee efficiency in communication and data exchange. Then, the architecture is applied in a supervisory system to monitor oil wells that use distinct control hardwares. The implementation was modeled and verified by using the formal method of the Petri networks. Finally, experimental results are presented to demonstrate the applicability of the proposed solution / A utiliza??o de sistemas de supervis?o tem se tornado cada vez mais essencial ao acesso, gerenciamento e obten??o de dados dos processos industriais, devido ao constante e frequente desenvolvimento da automa??o industrial. Estes sistemas supervis?rios (SCADA) t?m sido amplamente utilizados em diversos ambientes industriais para armazenar dados do processo e control?-lo de acordo com alguma estrat?gia adotada. O hardware de controle de um sistema SCADA ? o conjunto de equipamentos respons?veis pela execu??o desta tarefa. O software de supervis?o SCADA acessa os dados dos processos atrav?s do hardware de controle e torna-os dispon?veis para os usu?rios. Atualmente, muitos sistemas de automa??o industrial utilizam softwares de supervis?o desenvolvidos pelo mesmo fabricante do hardware de controle. Normalmente, estes softwares n?o podem ser usados com equipamentos de controle de outros fabricantes. Este trabalho prop?e uma metodologia de desenvolvimento de sistemas de supervis?o capaz de acessar informa??es dos processos atrav?s de diferentes equipamentos de controle. Inicialmente, defini-se uma arquitetura para sistemas supervis?rios que garanta comunica??o e troca de dados eficientes. Em seguida, a arquitetura ? aplicada em um sistema de supervis?o de po?os de petr?leo que utilizam diferentes equipamentos de controle. A implementa??o foi modelada utilizando o m?todo formal de redes de Petri. Os resultados s?o apresentados para demonstrar a aplicabilidade da solu??o proposta

Made available in DSpace on 2014-12-17T14:56:17Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 FelipeOQ.pdf: 747278 bytes, checksum: f691d6a9ce8be5219c439938928265e1 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2006-03-31 / The considered work presents the procedure for evaluation of the uncertainty related to the calibration of flow measurers and to BS&W. It is about a new method of measurement purposed by the conceptual project of the laboratory LAMP, at Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, that intends to determine the conventional true value of the BS&W from the total height of the liquid column in the auditor tank, hydrostatic pressure exerted by the liquid column, local gravity, specific mass of the water and the specific mass of the oil, and, to determine the flow, from total height of liquid column and transfer time. The calibration uses a automatized system of monitoration and data acquisition of some necessary largnesses to determine of flow and BS&W, allowing a better trustworthiness of through measurements / O trabalho proposto apresenta o procedimento para avalia??o da incerteza relacionada ? calibra??o de medidores de vaz?o e BS&W. Trata-se de um novo m?todo de medi??o proposto no projeto conceitual do Laborat?rio de Avalia??o de Medi??o em Petr?leo -LAMP, localizado na Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, que se prop?e a determinar o valor verdadeiro convencional do BS&W a partir da altura total da coluna l?quida no tanque auditor, press?o hidrost?tica exercida pela coluna l?quida, gravidade local, massa espec?fica da ?gua e a massa espec?fica do ?leo, e para a vaz?o em fun??o da altura total da coluna l?quida e do tempo de transfer?ncia. A calibra??o realizada conta com um sistema automatizado de monitora??o e aquisi??o de dados de algumas das grandezas necess?rias a determina??o da vaz?o e do BS&W, permitindo uma maior confiabilidade das medi??es realizadas

Made available in DSpace on 2014-12-17T14:57:53Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 TatianaRF.pdf: 1487701 bytes, checksum: 47d699fbf340cd289779ddf019fff3ee (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009-03-16 / Nowadays, when accidents with oil tanker or shore tanks occur and there is oil spill, some arrangements are made in order to repress and to fix the situation. For the containment, barriers or detours are usually made of synthetic materials such as polyurethane foam. In order to clear water away, techniques like in loco burning, biodegradant agents, dispersant agents and sorbent materials application are used. The most of the sorbent materials are also synthetic and they are used because it is easy to store them and their availability in market. This dissertation introduces the study of vegetable fibers of pineapple leaf fibers (Ananas comosus (L.) Merr.), cotton fibers (Gossypium herbaceum L.), kapok fibers (Ceiba pentandra (L.) Gaertn.), curau? fibers (Ananas erectifolius L.B. Sm.) and sisal fibers (Agave sisalana Perrine) related to their capacity of sorption of oil in case of accidental spill in the ocean. This work evaluates the substitution possibility of synthetic materials by natural biodegradable materials with less cost / Atualmente, quando ocorrem acidentes com navios petroleiros ou com tanques de armazenamento e h? derramamento de petr?leo em ?gua, s?o tomadas algumas provid?ncias no sentido de conter e de remediar o derramamento. Para conter o derramamento, s?o utilizadas barreiras de conten??o ou de desvio que s?o feitas, geralmente, de materiais sint?ticos como espuma de poliuretano. Para retirar o petr?leo da ?gua, s?o utilizadas t?cnicas como queima in loco, agentes biodegradantes, agentes dispersantes e aplica??o de materiais que sorvem o petr?leo. Os materiais que sorvem petr?leo tamb?m s?o, em sua maioria, sint?ticos e s?o muito utilizados pela facilidade de armazenamento e disponibilidade no mercado. Esta disserta??o apresenta o estudo de fibras vegetais de algod?o (Gossypium herbaceum L.), de capoc (Ceiba pentandra (L.) Gaertn.), da folha do abacaxizeiro (Ananas comosus (L.) Merr.), de sisal (Agave sisalana Perrine) e de curau? (Ananas erectifolius L.B. Sm.) quanto ? capacidade de sor??o petr?leo em caso de derramamento acidental em mar. Este trabalho avalia a possibilidade de substituir os materiais sint?ticos utilizados atualmente por materiais naturais, biodegrad?veis e de menor custo

Made available in DSpace on 2014-12-17T14:57:58Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 MoacirBR_DISSERT.pdf: 4521415 bytes, checksum: c98edffad04a3e49fed259b6f659f5f2 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009-12-04 / Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte / In general, the designs of equipment takes into account the effects and processes of deterioration it will undergo and arrives at an approximate useful life. However, changes in operational processes and parameters, the action of external agents, the kind of maintenance conducted, the means of monitoring, and natural and accidental occurrences completely modify the desired performance of the equipment. The discontinuities that occur in anisotropic materials often and due to different factors evolve from being subcritical to critical acquiring the status of defect and compromising the physical integrity of the equipment. Increasingly sophisticated technological means of detection, monitoring and assessment of these discontinuities are required to respond ever more rapidly to the requirements of industry. This paper therefore presents a VPS (Virtual Pipe System) computational tool which uses the results of ultrasonic tests on equipment, plotting the discontinuities found in models created in the CAD and CAE systems, and then simulates the behavior of these defects in the structure to give an instantaneous view of the final behavior. This paper also presents an alternative method of conventional ultrasonic testing which correlates the integrity of an overlay (carbon steel and stainless steel attached by welding) and the reflection of ultrasonic waves coming from the interface between the two metals, thus making it possible to identify cracks in the casing and a shift of the overlay / Os projetos de equipamentos em geral j? contemplam os esfor?os e os mecanismos de de processo e de par?metros operacionais, a??o de agentes externos, esp?cie de manuten??o aplicada, forma de acompanhamento, ocorr?ncias naturais e acidentes modificam completamente deteriora??o a que estes est?o submetidos, prevendo aproximadamente sua vida ?til, por?m, mudan?as o comportamento esperado dos equipamentos. As descontinuidades em materiais anisotr?picos muitas vezes e, por diversos fatores, evoluem da condi??o de subcr?ticas para cr?ticas assumindo o status de defeito e comprometendo a integridade f?sica do equipamento. Meios de detec??o, monitora??o e avalia??o dessas descontinuidades, cada vez mais tecnol?gicos, s?o requeridos para responderem de forma mais eficaz ? exig?ncia da ind?stria. Assim, este trabalho apresenta uma ferramenta computacional VPS (Virtual Pipe System) que utiliza o resultado de ensaios de ultrassom em equipamentos plotando essas descontinuidades encontradas em modelos criados em sistemas CAD e CAE e, ainda, simula o comportamento desses defeitos na estrutura possibilitando a visualiza??o instant?nea do comportamento final. Apresenta-se ainda neste trabalho um m?todo alternativo de ensaio ultrass?nico convencional que correlaciona a integridade de um overlay (a?o carbono e a?o inoxid?vel depositado por solda) com as reflex?es de ondas de ultra-som provindas da interface entre os dois metais, possibilitando a identifica??o de trincas no revestimento e de descolamento do overlay

Made available in DSpace on 2014-12-17T15:01:13Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 ValdirCRN.pdf: 131656 bytes, checksum: 4153e21d4042d68f4cdd2a9f2c14b5e9 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2007-08-31 / Petroleum is a complex combination of various classes of hydrocarbons, with paraffinic, naphtenic and aromatic compounds being those more commonly found in its composition. The recent changes in the world scenario, the large reserves of heavy oils and also the lack of new discoveries of large petroleum fields are indications that, in the near future, the oil recovery by conventional methods will be limited. In order to increase the efficiency of the extraction process, enhanced recovery methods are cited in applications where conventional techniques have proven to be little effective. The injection of surfactant solutions as an enhanced recovery method is advantageous in that surfactants are able to reduce the interfacial tensions between water and oil, thus augmenting the displacement efficiency and, as a consequence, increasing the recovery factor. This work aims to investigate the effects of some parameters that influence the surfactant behavior in solution, namely the type of surfactant, the critical micelle concentration (CMC) and the surface and interface tensions between fluids. Seawater solutions containing the surfactants PAN, PHN and PJN have been prepared for presenting lower interfacial tensions with petroleum and higher stability under increasing temperature and salinity. They were examined in an experimental apparatus designed to assess the recovery factor. Botucatu (Brazil) sandstone plug samples were submitted to assay steps comprising saturation with seawater and petroleum, conventional recovery with seawater and enhanced recovery with surfactant solutions. The plugs had porosity between 29.6 and 32.0%, with average effective permeability to water of 83 mD. The PJN surfactant, at a concentration 1000% above CMC in water, had a higher recovery factor, causing the original oil in place to be recovered by an extra 20.97%, after conventional recovery with seawater / O petr?leo ? uma combina??o complexa de v?rias s?ries de hidrocarbonetos, sendo as mais comumente encontradas as parafinicas, naft?nicas e arom?ticas. As recentes mudan?as no cen?rio mundial, as grandes reservas de ?leos pesados, bem como a escassez de descobertas de grandes campos de petr?leo, indicam que em um futuro pr?ximo a recupera??o de ?leo por m?todos convencionais ser? limitada. Para aumentar a efici?ncia do processo de extra??o, faz-se uso dos m?todos avan?ados de recupera??o para agir nos pontos onde o processo convencional mostrou-se pouco eficiente. A inje??o de solu??o de tensoativo, como um m?todo avan?ado de recupera??o mostra-se vantajosa, pois os tensoativos t?m a finalidade de reduzir as tens?es interfaciais entre a ?gua e o ?leo, ampliando a efici?ncia de deslocamento e, conseq?entemente, aumentando o fator de recupera??o. Este trabalho se prop?s a estudar os efeitos dos par?metros que influenciam as solu??es de tensoativos, como: tipo de tensoativo, concentra??o micelar cr?tica e tens?o superficial e interfacial entre os fluidos. As solu??es com ?gua do mar dos tensoativos PAN, PHN e PJN, por apresentarem menores tens?es interfaciais com o petr?leo e maior estabilidade com o aumento da temperatura e salinidade, foram estudadas em um aparato experimental para avalia??o do fator de recupera??o. Os testemunhos de arenito Botucatu foram submetidos a etapas de satura??o com ?gua do mar e petr?leo, recupera??o convencional com ?gua do mar e recupera??o avan?ada com solu??es de tensoativos. Os testemunhos apresentaram porosidade entre 29,6 e 32,0%, com permeabilidade m?dia efetiva ? ?gua de 83 mD. O tensoativo PJN, com concentra??o de 1000% acima da CMC apresentou maior fator de recupera??o, aumentando em 20,97% a recupera??o do ?leo original in place ap?s a recupera??o convencional com ?gua do mar

Made available in DSpace on 2014-12-17T15:01:28Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 AnaPJS_DISSERT.pdf: 3475683 bytes, checksum: 0a1aca9ea1cc67fdf9f54a968369acd0 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-02-08 / The large investment in exploration activities offshore Brazil has generated new findings, generally in carbonate reservoirs, with different wettability conditions usually considered in the sandstone, strongly water-wet. In general, the carbonates reservoirs tend to be oil-wet, it difficult to mobilize of oil these reservoirs. These oils can be mobilized by different methods, or it may reverse the wettability of the surface of the reservoir and facilitate the flow of oil, improving production rates. Thus, the objective of this work was to study the influence of inversion on the wettability of the rock in the production and recovery of petroleum from carbonate reservoirs, using microemulsions. Three systems were chosen with different classes of surfactants: a cationic (C16TAB), an anionic (SDS) and nonionic (Unitol L90). Studies of the influence of salinity on the formation of the microemulsion as well as the characterization of fluids using density and viscosity measurements were also performed. To verify the potential of microemulsion systems in changing the wettability state of the chalk oil-wet to water-wet, contact angle measurements were performed using chalk of neutral-wet as surface material. Overall, with respect to the ionic character of the surfactants tested, the cationic surfactant (C16TAB) had a greater potential for reversal in wettability able to transform the rock wettability neutral to strongly water-wet, when compared with the anionic surfactant (SDS) and nonionic (Unitol L90), which showed similar behavior, improving the wettability of the rock to water. The microemulsions of all surfactants studied were effective in oil recovery, resulting in 76.92% for the system with C16TAB, 67.42% for the SDS and 66.30% for Unitol L90 of residual oil / O grande investimento em atividades explorat?rias no mar brasileiro tem gerado novas descobertas, geralmente em reservat?rios carbon?ticos, com condi??es de molhabilidade diferentes das usualmente consideradas em reservat?rios aren?ticos, fortemente molh?veis ? ?gua. De uma maneira geral, os reservat?rios carbon?ticos tendem a ser molh?veis ao ?leo, dificultando a mobiliza??o do ?leo no reservat?rio. Esses ?leos podem ser mobilizados por diferentes m?todos, ou ainda, pode-se inverter a molhabilidade da superf?cie do reservat?rio e facilitar o escoamento do ?leo, melhorando os ?ndices de produ??o. Desta forma, o objetivo deste trabalho foi estudar a influ?ncia da invers?o na molhabilidade da rocha na produ??o e recupera??o de petr?leo de reservat?rios carbon?ticos, utilizando sistemas microemulsionados. Foram escolhidos tr?s tensoativos de classes diferentes: um cati?nico (C16TAB), um ani?nico (SDS) e um n?o-i?nico (Unitol L90). Estudos da influ?ncia da salinidade na forma??o da microemuls?o, bem como a caracteriza??o dos fluidos atrav?s de medidas de densidade e viscosidade, tamb?m foram realizados. Para verificar o potencial dos sistemas microemulsionados em alterar a molhabilidade da rocha carbon?ticas de molh?vel ao ?leo para molh?vel a ?gua, medidas de ?ngulo de contato foram realizadas utilizando calc?rio de molhabilidade neutra como material de superf?cie. Pode-se observar, com rela??o ao car?ter i?nico dos tensoativos testados, que o tensoativo cati?nico (C16TAB) apresentou um potencial maior de invers?o na molhabilidade conseguindo transformar a rocha de molhabilidade neutra para fortemente molh?vel ? ?gua, quando comparado aos demais tensoativos, ani?nico (SDS) e n?o-i?nico (Unitol L90), que apresentaram comportamento semelhante entre eles, melhorando tamb?m a molhabilidade da rocha ? ?gua, mas em menor intensidade. As microemuls?es de todos os tensoativos estudados mostraram-se efetivas na recupera??o de petr?leo, obtendo-se 76,92% para o sistema com C16TAB, 67,42% para o SDS e 66,30% para o Unitol L90 de recupera??o do ?leo residual in place

Made available in DSpace on 2014-12-17T15:01:46Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 LaerteMBJ.pdf: 1423557 bytes, checksum: e510d46a084eaa621d7fd44d9d215025 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2008-12-15 / Petroleum Refinery wastewaters (PRW) have hart-to-degrade compounds, such as: phenols, ammonia, cyanides, sulfides, oils and greases and the mono and polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons: benzene, toluene and xylene (BTX), acenaphthene, nitrobenzene and naphtalene. It is known that the microrganisms activity can be reduced in the presence of certain substances, adversely affecting the biological process of wastewater treatment. This research was instigated due the small number of studies regarding to this specific topic in the avaiable literature. This body of work ims to evaluate the effect of toxic substances on the biodegradability of the organic material found in PRW. Glucose was chosen as the model substrate due to its biodegradable nature. This study was divided into three parts: i) a survey of recalcitants compounds and the removal of phenol by using both biological and photochemical-biological processes; ii) biomass aclimation and iii) evaluation of the inhibitory effect certain compounds have on glucose biodegradation. The phenol degradation experiments were carried out in an activity sludge system and in a photochemical reactor. The results showed the photochemical-biological process to be more effective on phenol degradation, suggesting the superioruty of a combined photochemical-biological treatment when compared with a simple biological process for phenol removal from industry wastewaters. For the acclimation step, was used an activated sludge from industrial wastewaters. A rapid biomass aclimation to a synthetic solution composed of the main inhibitory compouns fpund in a PRW was obtained using the following operation condition: (pH = 7,0; DO ≥ 2,0 mg/L; RS = 20 days e qH = 31,2 and 20,4 hours), The last part was consisted of using respirometry evaluation toxicity effects of selected compounds over oxygen uptake rate to adaptated and non adaptated biomass in the presence of inhibitory compounds. The adaptated sludge showed greater degration capacity, with lower sensibility to toxic effects. The respirometry has proved to be very practical, as the techiniques used were simple and rapid, such as: Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD), Dissolved Oxygen (DO), and Volatile Suspended Solids (VSS). Using the latter it is possible to perform sludge selection to beggingthe process; thus allowing its use for aerobic treatment system`s behacior prediction / Os despejos l?quidos provenientes de refinarias de petr?leo cont?m elevadas concentra??es de compostos de dif?cil degrada??o, dos quais destacam-se: fen?is, am?nia, cianetos, ?leos e graxas e os arom?ticos mono e polinucleares: benzeno, tolueno e xileno (BTX), acenafteno, naftaleno e nitrobenzeno. Sabe-se que a atividade de microrganismos pode ser reduzida na presen?a de subst?ncias, genericamente chamadas de inibidores, afetando adversamente um processo biol?gico de tratamento de ?guas residu?rias. A escassez de dados na literatura sobre o assunto, motivou a realiza??o de um levantamento bibliogr?fico, objetivando inicialmente avaliar o estado da arte. O presente trabalho teve como principal objetivo avaliar a influ?ncia de mol?culas t?xicas, presentes em despejos de refinarias de petr?leo, na biodegrada??o de mat?ria org?nica. Tomou-se como modelo de substrato a glicose em virtude de ser um composto facilmente biodegrad?vel. O trabalho foi dividido em tr?s etapas: i) levantamento dos compostos recalcitrantes e investiga??o da estrat?gia de remo??o de fenol atrav?s de processos biol?gico e fotoqu?mico-biol?gico, ii)adapta??o da biomassa e iii) avalia??o do efeito inibit?rio de alguns compostos na biodegrada??o da glicose. Os ensaios de degrada??o do fenol foram realizados em um sistema de lodos ativados e em reator fotoqu?mico. Os resultados mostraram que o processo fotoqu?mico biol?gico foi o mais eficiente na degrada??o do fenol, mostrando o potencial da utiliza??o do tratamento combinado, fotoqu?mico biol?gico, em rela??o ao processo biol?gico na remo??o de fenol presente em efluentes industriais. Na etapa de adapta??o, foi empregado um lodo proveniente de uma industria petroqu?mica. Os resultados mostraram, para as condi??es operacionais utilizadas (pH = 7,0; OD ≥ 2,0 mg/L; RS =20 dias e qH de 31,2 e 20,4 horas), uma r?pida adapta??o da biomassa a um despejo sint?tico contendo os principais compostos inibidores presentes em efluentes de refinarias de petr?leo. Outra etapa deste estudo consistiu no uso da respirometria para avalia??o da toxicidade dos compostos selecionados sobre a velocidade de consumo de oxig?nio, tanto para biomassa n?o adaptada como para adaptada ? presen?a dos compostos inibidores. O lodo adaptado apresentou maior capacidade de degrada??o, tendo menor sensibilidade aos seus efeitos t?xicos. A metodologia de respirometria mostrou-se atraente e pr?tica, pois utilizando-se an?lises laboratoriais simples e r?pidas, tais como: Demanda Qu?mica de Oxig?nio (DQO), oxig?nio dissolvido (OD) e S?lidos em Suspens?o Vol?teis (SSV), ? poss?vel efetuar a sele??o de lodos para a partida de instala??es, os quais permitem predizer o comportamento futuro em sistemas de tratamento aer?bio, pelo menos no in?cio da opera??o

Made available in DSpace on 2014-12-17T15:01:50Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 OtideneRSR_DISSERT.pdf: 1647726 bytes, checksum: 2a45d120fb2b82e3a84f67c77eff85a3 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010-09-01 / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cient?fico e Tecnol?gico / The petroleum industry deals with problems which are difficult to solve because of their relation to environmental issues. This is because amounts of residue are generated which vary in type and danger level. The soil contamination by non aqueous liquid phase mixtures, specifically hydrocarbon petroleum has been a reason for great concern, mainly the aromatic and polycyclic aromatic, which present risk to human health due to its carcinogenic and mutagenic character. The Advanced Oxidative Processes (AOP) are efficient technologies for destruction of organic compounds of difficult degradation and, often, they are present in low concentrations. They can be considered clean technologies, because there is no formation of solid by-products or the transfer of pollutor phases. This work focuses on the study of the degradation of petroleum industrial waste, by Advanced Oxidation Processes. Treatments tackling petroleum residues, contaminated soil, and water occurring in the production of petroleum reached the following Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAH) degradation levels: solid residues 100% in 96 treatment hours; water residue - 100% in 6 treatment hours; soil contamination (COT degradation) - 50.3% in 12 treatment hours. AOP were effective in dealing with petroleum residues thus revealing themselves to be a promising treatment alternative / A ind?stria de petr?leo lida com problemas de dif?cil solu??o em rela??o ?s atividades voltadas para a prote??o ambiental, devido ? gera??o de res?duos de diversos tipos e n?veis de periculosidade. A contamina??o do solo por compostos de fase l?quida n?o aquosa, especificamente os hidrocarbonetos de petr?leo tem sido motivo de preocupa??o, principalmente os arom?ticos e poliarom?ticos, apresentam risco ? sa?de humana devido a seu car?ter carcinog?nico e mutag?nico. Os Processos Oxidativos Avan?ados (POA) s?o tecnologias eficientes para destrui??o de compostos org?nicos de dif?cil degrada??o biol?gica e, muitas vezes, presentes em baixas concentra??es. Podem ser consideradas tecnologias limpas, pois n?o h? a forma??o de subprodutos s?lidos e nem a transfer?ncia de fase dos poluentes. O objetivo desse trabalho foi estudar a degrada??o de res?duos da ind?stria de petr?leo, por Processos Oxidativos Avan?ados. Foram realizados tratamentos de borra de petr?leo, solo contaminado com petr?leo e ?gua de produ??o de petr?leo alcan?ando uma degrada??o de Hidrocarbonetos Polic?clicos Arom?ticos (HPA) de 100 % em 96 horas de tratamento para a borra, 100% em 6 horas de tratamento para ?gua de produ??o de petr?leo e uma degrada??o de Carbono Org?nico Total (COT) de 50,3% em 12 horas de tratamento para o solo contaminado com petr?leo. Os POA foram eficientes no tratamento de res?duos de petr?leo apresentando-se como uma alternativa promissora no tratamento desses res?duos

Made available in DSpace on 2014-12-17T15:01:54Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 KatiaRS_TESE.pdf: 3330352 bytes, checksum: a77bcf257b8b71b30d6dadf0de0d7fd4 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-03-30 / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cient?fico e Tecnol?gico / Among the waste generated in the petrochemical industry water associated with oil production is the most important. It is considered one of the great challenges due to the presence of considered toxic chemicals present in this composition. The presence of these substances difficult to reuse the water associated with the enhanced recovery processes, so that prior to their reuse or disposal, treatment is necessary. This paper aimed to study the removal efficiency of chemical species: Ba2+, Ni2+, Cd2+, Cu2+, Cr3+, Sr2+ and Zn2+, present in the composition of the water associated with oil production by electrocoagulation. The evaluation of removal of these chemical species was performed by laboratory tests using electrochemical batch reactors and continuous flow. Initial tests were performed with electrocoagulation of synthetic wastewater in batch reactor using iron electrode. Results of removal of Zn2+ and Ni2+ were 78 % and 59 % respectively. While the percentage of removed Ba2+ was 19 % by 30 minutes of treatment and by applying current of 1.10 A. The tests were performed on effluent batch reactor applying the electrochemical technique with stainless steel electrodes 304, the objective was to remove part of the dispersed oil and also of organic compounds in the effluent. Under the experimental conditions used, the maximum result was obtained TOG was 60 % and TOC was approximately 50 % compared to the initial concentration. In the experiments carried out in continuous reactor, with effluent semisynthetic, have been used electrodes of iron and aluminum and the results were 100 % removal of Cd2+, Cu2+, Cr3+ and Zn2+ and 77 % of Sr2+. These percentages were only attainable through the use of the iron electrode. However, when the electrode was replaced by aluminum, there was a reduction in the percentage of removal to 65 %, using the same flow rate and current. Therefore according to the results obtained using the iron electrode was more effective in removing these metals and the conditions of lower current and lower flow rate was satisfactory, as observed in the experimental design adopted / Dentre os res?duos gerados na ind?stria petroqu?mica a ?gua associada ? produ??o de petr?leo ? a mais importante. Ela ? considerada um dos grandes desafios devido ? presen?a de subst?ncias qu?micas consideradas t?xicas presente na sua composi??o. A presen?a dessas subst?ncias dificulta a reutiliza??o da ?gua associada nos processos de recupera??o avan?ada, fazendo com que antes da sua reutiliza??o ou descarte, seja necess?rio seu tratamento. Este trabalho teve como objetivo o estudo da efici?ncia de remo??o das esp?cies qu?micas: Ba2+, Ni2+, Cd2+, Cu2+, Cr3+, Sr2+e Zn2+, presentes na composi??o da ?gua associada ? produ??o de petr?leo por eletrocoagula??o. A avalia??o de remo??o dessas esp?cies qu?micas foi realizada por testes em laborat?rio utilizando reatores eletroqu?micos de batelada e de fluxo cont?nuo. Os testes iniciais da eletrocoagula??o foram realizados com efluente sint?tico em reator batelada utilizando eletrodo de ferro. Os resultados de remo??o de Zn2+ e de Ni2+ foram de 78% e 59%, respectivamente. Enquanto que o percentual removido de Ba2+ foi de 19%, em 30 minutos de tratamento, aplicando corrente de 1,10A. Os testes com efluente foram realizados em reator batelada aplicando a t?cnica eletroqu?mica com eletrodos de inox 304, o objetivo foi remover parte do ?leo disperso e tamb?m, de compostos org?nicos presentes no efluente. De acordo com as condi??es experimentais usadas, o resultado m?ximo obtido de TOG foi de 60% e de TOC foi aproximadamente de 50%, em rela??o ? concentra??o inicial. Para os experimentos realizados em reator cont?nuo, com efluente semi-sint?tico, foram usados eletrodos de ferro e de alum?nio e os resultados obtidos foram de 100% de remo??o de Cd2+, Cu2+, Cr3+ e Zn2+ e 77% de Sr2+. Esses percentuais s? foram poss?veis de alcan?ar mediante o uso do eletrodo de ferro. Entretanto quando esse eletrodo foi substitu?do pelo de alum?nio, ocorreu um decr?scimo no percentual de remo??o para 65%, utilizando-se a mesma vaz?o e corrente. Portanto segundo os resultados obtidos, a utiliza??o do eletrodo de ferro mostrou-se mais eficaz na remo??o desses metais e as condi??es de menor vaz?o e menor corrente foram satisfat?rias, conforme observado no planejamento fatorial adotado