Mémoire numérisé par la Direction des bibliothèques de l'Université de Montréal.

Η νήσος της Τήνου (εικόνα 1), με εμβαδό περίπου 200 km2, βρίσκεται στη δυτική Ελλάδα και είναι τρίτη σε έκταση μεταξύ των νήσων που συγκροτούν το σύμπλεγμα των Κυκλάδων, στο Αιγαίο πέλαγος. Από γεωτεκτονικής απόψεως υπάγεται στην γεωτεκτονική ενότητα, γνωστή ως ‘Αττικοκυκλαδική Κρυσταλλοσχιστώδης Μάζα’. Από διάφορες γεωλογικές μελέτες που έχουν συνταχθεί κατά καιρούς, έχει προκύψει ότι στην γεωλογική της δομή μετέχουν μεταμορφίτες, μαγματίτες και τεταρτογενή ιζήματα. Από τα πετρώματα αυτά οι μεν μεταμορφίτες καλύπτουν το 79%, τα δε υπόλοιπα το 17% και 4%, αντίστοιχα, της επιφάνειας της νήσου.Με βάση μελέτες που πραγματοποιήθηκαν στις οφιολιθικές εμφανήσεις της Τήνου, προέκυψε πως η σύσταση του μανδυακού περιδοτίτη είναι χαρζβουργιτική, μέσα στον οποίο υπήρχαν αρκετές μικρές εμφανήσεις χρωμίτη. Οι χαρακτήρες που έχουν μελετηθεί γεωχημικά και ορυκτολογικά-πετρογραφικά, αφορούν κυρίως τον διάσπαρτο τύπο σπινελλίου και τον τεκτονίτη-περιδοτίτη που είναι ο δυνητικός ξενιστής κοιτασμάτων χρωμίτη.Το ενδιαφέρον της νήσου της Τήνου από απόψεως οικονομικής γεωλογίας περιορίζεται – σύμφωνα τουλάχιστον με τα δεδομένα που έχουν προκύψει από τις μέχρι τώρα έρευνες – αποκλειστικά και μόνο στα μάρμαρα και στα βιομηχανικά ορυκτά και πετρώματα (τάλκης). Μεταλλικά ορυκτά απατώνται μεν, σε φυσικές όμως συγκεντρώσεις τέτοιες, ώστε ούτε οι διαστάσεις τους ούτε και η περιεκτικότητά τους σε μέταλλο να αφήνουν περιθώρια για θετικές εκτιμήσεις. Παλαιότερα, έγινε προσπάθεια εκμεταλλεύσεως, σε διάφορες θέσεις, χωρίς θετικά αποτελέσματα όμως. Τα μεταλλευτικά έργα είναι μικρών διαστάσεων, συνήθως εκσκαφές, και σε λίγες περιπτώσεις στοές και κεκλιμένα. Σημειώνεται ότι σε πολλές από τις εκσκαφές δεν υπάρχουν σήμερα ίχνη μεταλλεύματος, ούτε στα τοιχώματά τους, ούτε στα μπάζα. Η συγκέντρωση της ομάδας του λευκόχρυσου (PGE) και του χρυσού στους χρωμιτίτες των οφιολίθων της Τήνου είναι της τάξεως των εκατοντάδων ppb. Αυτά τα στοιχεία συγκεντρώνονται κυρίως θειούχα μεταλλικά ορυκτά (σουλφίδια), όπως ο χαλκοπυρίτης, και σχηματίζονται στο ορθομαγματικό στάδιο, σχηματίζοντας ομάδες, μέσα στους κόκκους του χρωμίτη. / Tinos island (picture 1), with an area of about 200 km2, is located in weastern Greece and is the third largest island of the Cyclades group of islands, in the Aegean Sea. Geologically, is regarded, to belong to the geotectonic unit, known as the ‘Atticocycladic Crystalline Massif’. As a result of many geological studies, it was found that the geological structure of the island is made up from metamorphic and magmatic rocks, as well as Quaternary sediments. These rocks cover an area of about 79%, 17% and 4%respectively of the island’s surface area. Based on studies performed in the Tinos ophiolitic complex, showed that the composition of the mantle peridotites is harzburgitic, in which there were several small commulations of chromite. The characters studied geochemical and mineralogical-petrographical, mainly concern the disseminated spinel type and the peridotite which is a potential host rock for chromite deposits. The interest of Tinos island in terms of economic geology is limited - at least according to the data derived from the surveys so far - to marbles and industrial minerals and rocks (talc). Metallic minerals are occured, but in natural concentrations such that neither the dimensions nor the content of metal allow for positive evaluations. Previously, an exploitation attempt was made, in various positions, but without positive results. Mining projects are small, usually excavations, and in a few cases tunnels and ramps. Note that in many of the excavation does not exist today mines traces neither in their walls, nor in the rubble. The concentration of platinum group (PGE) and gold in chromitites of serpentines of Tinos are about of hundreds of ppb. These components are mainly concentrated sulphurous metallic minerals (sulfides) such as chalcopyrite, and formed in orthomagmatic stage, forming groups within the granules of the chromite.

No description available.

O desenvolvimento industrial e urbano tem causado aumento mundial das emissões de poluentes atmosféricos. Nas áreas metropolitanas o problema da deterioração da qualidade do ar tem se constituído numa das mais graves ameaças à qualidade de vida dos seus habitantes e os veículos automotores contribuem diretamente com o aumento do material particulado (MP). Neste trabalho foram descritas as etapas metodológicas para validar a Tibouchina granulosa como biomonitor ambiental. Assim, foram abordados a caracterização das folhas, categorização do MP, protocolo de remoção de MP e determinação dos EGPs (Pd, Pt e Rh) na deposição seca das folhas. Para tanto foram realizadas quatro coletas anuais (2011-2014) de folhas, entre os meses de agosto e setembro, em pontos específicos. Os resultados da caracterização mostraram que as folhas permanecem residentes nos ramos por até 6 meses e ocorre o desenvolvimento duas novas folhas por nó a cada mês, indicando que o biomonitoramento pode ser realizado com distribuição temporal e espacial. Os caracteres anatômicos foliares mais relevantes são os tricomas, sendo caracterizados quatro tipos (glandular, adpresso-escabro, base ramificada e estrigoso) que adsorvem o MP. No protocolo de remoção da deposição seca, o número de MP variou de acordo com os diferentes reagentes analíticos utilizados, sendo os mais significativos o ALCONOX&reg e a água régia, que apresentaram valores de remoção na faixa de 99-98% e de 94-99%. As estimativas das incertezas analíticas dos EGPs apresentam valores de uCPt=5% (Pt), uCPd=12% (Pd) e uCRh=5% (Rh) e as incertezas de amostragem, os valores de 57% para o Pd, 24% para a Pt e 27% para o Rh. Portanto, a incerteza expandida foi da Pt U=48%, Pd U=86% e Rh U=9%, a incerteza do Rh apresentou valor mais baixo por ser o elemento minoritário. A elevada sensibilidade do método para determinação dos EGPs apresentou limite de detecção de 0,1 pg g-1 para o Pd, 1,3 pg g-1 para Pt e 0,3 pg g-1 para o Rh e acompanhada boa reprodutibilidade. As concentrações dos EGPs encontradas na deposição seca nos vários pontos de coletas indicaram a clara diferença de acúmulo destes elementos entre o ponto de referência e os locais impactados, sugerindo que a liberação dos EGPS pelos catalisadores veiculares pode ser considerada alta. A evidência da presença dos EGPs na deposição seca foi confirmada por meio da análise da distribuição, que mostrou claramente a similaridade com o material de referência certificado Used Auto Catalystc-2557. As distribuições espaciais dos EGPs foram semelhantes para a Coleta 2, indicando os hot points da RMSP. As concentrações do EGPs foram ordenadas em Pt>Pd>Rh e foram mais baixas no ponto de coleta para controle das amostragens em comparação com os outros locais amostrados. Pode ser concluído que as folhas de T. granulosa foram validadas como biomonitor passivo dos EGPs constituintes de catalisadores veiculares. / Industrial and urban development has caused worldwide increase in emissions air pollutants. In metropolitan areas, the problem of deterioration air quality has been one the most serious threats to quality life its inhabitants, motor vehicles contribute directly increase pollutants. This work describes the methodological steps to validate Tibouchina granulosa as environmental biomonitor, which involved the characterization the leaves, PM categorization, PM removal protocol and determination PGEs in dry deposition, for which four annual collections (2011-2014) were performed between August and September of each year. The of results leaf characters showed that leaves in the branches remain for up to 6 months and the development two new leaf occurs every month. The most relevant foliar characters anatomical are trichomes, being characterized five types. The highest particle concentrations adsorbed to stray trichomes and star-based trichomes. In dry deposition removal protocol, MP number varied according to different analytical reagents used, the most significant being ALCONOX&reg and aqua regia, which presented range removal values of 99-98% and 94-99%, respectively. The estimates analytical uncertainties PGEs show de uCPt=5% (Pt), uCPd=12% (Pd) e uCRh=5% (Rh) and sampling uncertainties values were 57% (Pd), 24% (Pt) and 27% (Rh). Therefore, the expanded uncertainty was Pt u=48%, Pd u=86% e Rh u=9%, in case Rh the uncertainties should be reevaluated by presenting minority values. The high sensitivity of the method for determination of PGEs showed a detection limit of 0.1 pg g-1 for Pd, 1.3 pg g-1 for Pt and 0.3 pg g-1 for Rh and good reproducibility of the results. The concentrations PGEs found in dry deposition in various collection points indicated the clear difference accumulation these elements between reference point and impacted sites, suggesting that release PGEs by the vehicle catalysts can be considered high. Confirming this evidence, through the ternary graphs, which clearly showed similar distributions in the environmental samples and equality with MRC (Used Auto Catalysts). The spatial distributions of Pt, Pd and Rh are similar for Collection 2. Concentrations of the PGEs were ordered in Pt>Pd>Rh and were lower at the collection points for control samplings compared to other sites sampled. In view of the above, it can be concluded that the leaves of T. granulosa can be used as environmental biomonitor of vehicular emissions of PGEs constituent of vehicular catalysts.

Submitted by Cássio da Cruz Nogueira (cassionogueirakk@gmail.com) on 2017-01-31T12:12:07Z No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Dissertacao_SinteseCapacidadeAntioxidante.pdf: 1936790 bytes, checksum: c31289c3ccac51d2352de37d23f858b6 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Edisangela Bastos (edisangela@ufpa.br) on 2017-02-01T12:18:40Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Dissertacao_SinteseCapacidadeAntioxidante.pdf: 1936790 bytes, checksum: c31289c3ccac51d2352de37d23f858b6 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-02-01T12:18:40Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Dissertacao_SinteseCapacidadeAntioxidante.pdf: 1936790 bytes, checksum: c31289c3ccac51d2352de37d23f858b6 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014 / A prostaglandina endoperóxido-sintase (PGES) e o citocromo P-450 são enzimas chaves em humanos, responsáveis pelos efeitos analgésicos e toxicidade do acetaminofen, respectivamente. O acetaminofen (ACP) ou paracetamol é um fármaco analgésica e antipirética de venda livre, amplamente utilizado e parece ser seguro, se utilizada em doses terapêuticas normais, mas altas doses de ACP produzem lesão hepática e/ou renal em seres humanos e em animais de experimentação. Até o momento, os projetos de desenvolvimento de novos derivados paracetamol tiveram pouco impacto na aplicação clínica de um derivado mais seguro do ACP. Assim, neste trabalho uma série de derivados de ACP baseados na analogia entre chalconas e hidrazonas foi investigada usando cálculos de química quântica no nível de teoria DFT/B3LYP, com o conjunto de base 6- 31G*. O HOMO, IP, BDEOH e contribuição da densidade de spin para a oxidação inicial de um eléctron ou um átomo de hidrogênio a partir de abstração do grupo hidroxila fenólica foi relacionada com a reatividade do radical tirosil produzindo N-acetil-p-benzosemiquinona imina (NAPSQI). A segunda abstração de hidrogênio foi relacionada com a reação química entre o grupo amida e o radical hidroxil formando N-acetil-p-benzoquinona imina (NAPQI). Os valores mais baixos de BDEOH foram relacionados com os valores mais elevados de extinção do radical tirosil e a estabilidade está relacionada com a densidade de spin para as abstrações iniciais do elétron ou hidrogênio. Os valores mais elevados de BDENH foram relacionados com a formação de NAPQI e os baixos valores de LUMO com a reatividade de NAPQI como sistema Michael. Os resultados mostraram que alguns análogos podem ser uma boa estratégia para o desenvolvimento de fármacos mais seguros como compostos analgésicos. Os compostos foram sintetizados e suas propriedades antioxidantes foram estimadas utilizando o método de química teórica. Alguns compostos podem ser bons antioxidantes. Um mecanismo de interação entre os derivados de hidrazonas e a PGES foi proposto usando propriedades moleculares. / The prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase (PGES) and cytochrome P-450 are key enzymes in human, which are responsible for analgesic effect and toxicity of acetaminophen, respectively. Acetaminophen or paracetamol is a widely used over-the-counter analgesic and antipyretic drug and appears to be safe if used in normal therapeutic doses, but large doses of ACP produce hepatic and/or renal injury in humans and in experimental animals. At moment, the design of new acetaminophen derivatives has few impacts for its clinical applications of safe acetaminophen derivative. Thus, in this work a series of acetaminophen derivatives based on chalcone and hydrazone analogy was been investigated using quantum chemical calculations at the DFT/B3LYP theory level, with the 6-31G* basis sets. The HOMO, IP, BDEOH, and spin density contribution for the oxidation of an initial electron or hydrogen atom abstraction from the phenolic hydroxyl group was related with the quenching reactivity of tyrosyl radical to give N-acetyl-p-benzosemiquinone imine (NAPSQI). The second hydrogen abstraction was related with the chemistry reaction between amide group and hydroxyl radical to give N-acetyl-p-benzoquinone imine (NAPQI). The lowest BDEOH values were related with higher quenching values of the tyrosyl radical and the stability was related with the spin density for the initial electron or hydrogen abstractions. The highest BDENH values were related with small NAPQI formation and LUMO values with reactivity of NAPQI-like Michael system. Our results showed that some analogous may be a good strategy for safer drug design of analgesic compounds. The compounds were synthesized and their antioxidant property was estimated using theoretical methods. Some compounds can be good antioxidant. A proposed mechanism for the interaction between hydrazone derivatives and PGES was realized using molecular properties.

O desenvolvimento industrial e urbano tem causado aumento mundial das emissões de poluentes atmosféricos. Nas áreas metropolitanas o problema da deterioração da qualidade do ar tem se constituído numa das mais graves ameaças à qualidade de vida dos seus habitantes e os veículos automotores contribuem diretamente com o aumento do material particulado (MP). Neste trabalho foram descritas as etapas metodológicas para validar a Tibouchina granulosa como biomonitor ambiental. Assim, foram abordados a caracterização das folhas, categorização do MP, protocolo de remoção de MP e determinação dos EGPs (Pd, Pt e Rh) na deposição seca das folhas. Para tanto foram realizadas quatro coletas anuais (2011-2014) de folhas, entre os meses de agosto e setembro, em pontos específicos. Os resultados da caracterização mostraram que as folhas permanecem residentes nos ramos por até 6 meses e ocorre o desenvolvimento duas novas folhas por nó a cada mês, indicando que o biomonitoramento pode ser realizado com distribuição temporal e espacial. Os caracteres anatômicos foliares mais relevantes são os tricomas, sendo caracterizados quatro tipos (glandular, adpresso-escabro, base ramificada e estrigoso) que adsorvem o MP. No protocolo de remoção da deposição seca, o número de MP variou de acordo com os diferentes reagentes analíticos utilizados, sendo os mais significativos o ALCONOX&reg e a água régia, que apresentaram valores de remoção na faixa de 99-98% e de 94-99%. As estimativas das incertezas analíticas dos EGPs apresentam valores de uCPt=5% (Pt), uCPd=12% (Pd) e uCRh=5% (Rh) e as incertezas de amostragem, os valores de 57% para o Pd, 24% para a Pt e 27% para o Rh. Portanto, a incerteza expandida foi da Pt U=48%, Pd U=86% e Rh U=9%, a incerteza do Rh apresentou valor mais baixo por ser o elemento minoritário. A elevada sensibilidade do método para determinação dos EGPs apresentou limite de detecção de 0,1 pg g-1 para o Pd, 1,3 pg g-1 para Pt e 0,3 pg g-1 para o Rh e acompanhada boa reprodutibilidade. As concentrações dos EGPs encontradas na deposição seca nos vários pontos de coletas indicaram a clara diferença de acúmulo destes elementos entre o ponto de referência e os locais impactados, sugerindo que a liberação dos EGPS pelos catalisadores veiculares pode ser considerada alta. A evidência da presença dos EGPs na deposição seca foi confirmada por meio da análise da distribuição, que mostrou claramente a similaridade com o material de referência certificado Used Auto Catalystc-2557. As distribuições espaciais dos EGPs foram semelhantes para a Coleta 2, indicando os hot points da RMSP. As concentrações do EGPs foram ordenadas em Pt>Pd>Rh e foram mais baixas no ponto de coleta para controle das amostragens em comparação com os outros locais amostrados. Pode ser concluído que as folhas de T. granulosa foram validadas como biomonitor passivo dos EGPs constituintes de catalisadores veiculares. / Industrial and urban development has caused worldwide increase in emissions air pollutants. In metropolitan areas, the problem of deterioration air quality has been one the most serious threats to quality life its inhabitants, motor vehicles contribute directly increase pollutants. This work describes the methodological steps to validate Tibouchina granulosa as environmental biomonitor, which involved the characterization the leaves, PM categorization, PM removal protocol and determination PGEs in dry deposition, for which four annual collections (2011-2014) were performed between August and September of each year. The of results leaf characters showed that leaves in the branches remain for up to 6 months and the development two new leaf occurs every month. The most relevant foliar characters anatomical are trichomes, being characterized five types. The highest particle concentrations adsorbed to stray trichomes and star-based trichomes. In dry deposition removal protocol, MP number varied according to different analytical reagents used, the most significant being ALCONOX&reg and aqua regia, which presented range removal values of 99-98% and 94-99%, respectively. The estimates analytical uncertainties PGEs show de uCPt=5% (Pt), uCPd=12% (Pd) e uCRh=5% (Rh) and sampling uncertainties values were 57% (Pd), 24% (Pt) and 27% (Rh). Therefore, the expanded uncertainty was Pt u=48%, Pd u=86% e Rh u=9%, in case Rh the uncertainties should be reevaluated by presenting minority values. The high sensitivity of the method for determination of PGEs showed a detection limit of 0.1 pg g-1 for Pd, 1.3 pg g-1 for Pt and 0.3 pg g-1 for Rh and good reproducibility of the results. The concentrations PGEs found in dry deposition in various collection points indicated the clear difference accumulation these elements between reference point and impacted sites, suggesting that release PGEs by the vehicle catalysts can be considered high. Confirming this evidence, through the ternary graphs, which clearly showed similar distributions in the environmental samples and equality with MRC (Used Auto Catalysts). The spatial distributions of Pt, Pd and Rh are similar for Collection 2. Concentrations of the PGEs were ordered in Pt>Pd>Rh and were lower at the collection points for control samplings compared to other sites sampled. In view of the above, it can be concluded that the leaves of T. granulosa can be used as environmental biomonitor of vehicular emissions of PGEs constituent of vehicular catalysts.

Le platine (Pt), le palladium (Pd) et le rhodium (Rh), font partie des Eléments du Groupe du Platine (EGP), utilisés dans les catalyseurs automobiles. En raison de leur émission dans l'environnement, ces éléments peuvent aujourd'hui être considérés comme des contaminants émergeants et traceurs de la contamination automobile. Cette étude porte sur la dispersion des EGP depuis leur source (monolithes et émission à l'échappement) jusqu'au champ proche (atmosphère, poussières de chaussées, eaux de ruissellement, sédiment,sol de bord de route). Leur mobilité à partir de monolithes a été étudiée en présence d'eau de ruissellement et de molécules organiques. Leur spéciation a été évaluée dans les poussières de chaussées et les sédiments. Les teneurs en EGP dans les monolithes étudiés montrent le remplacement de Pt par Pd dans les catalyseurs récents. L'abondance relative des EGP dans les échantillons environnementaux est Pd > Pt > Rh. Les expérimentations de mobilisation montrent que la mobilisation des EGP est plus significative au contact des molécules organiques, est dépendante du pH de la solution et augmente avec l'âge du monolithe. Rh est l'élément le plus mobilisable dans les monolithes. La spéciation montre que les EGP sont peu mobiles. Dans la part mobilisable, ils sont majoritairement liés à la fraction dite organique. / Platinum (Pt), palladium (Pd) and rhodium (Rh) (platinum-group elements; PGEs),are used in automotive catalytic converters to remove harmful emissions from exhaust gas. Nevertheless, nowadays, the PGEs are emerging as new environmental emission contaminators due to their increasing use. The goal of this research is to study the distribution of PGEs from the source (i.e. automotive catalytic converters and exhaust gas) to the environmental samples (i.e. atmospheric particles, road dust,storm water, pond sediments, and road-side soil). The mobility of PGEs from the converters in contact with run off water and natural complexing agents were studied. Also, the speciation of PGEs was investigated in road dust and pond sediments. Comparison of PGE contents in different catalysts confirms the replacement of Pt by Pd in more recent converters. Besides, the relative abundance of PGEs in environmental samples shows higher concentration of Pd compared toPt and Rh (i.e. Pd>Pt>Rh). The results of testing PGEs mobilization in catalytic converters demonstrate more significant mobilization by organic molecules as compared to run off water. Our results also show the dependency of PGEs mobilization on pH and on catalyst age. Among the PGEs, Rh was the most mobilized element in catalytic converters. More importantly, the speciation test shows that while PGEs are low mobile elements, in the mobilizable fraction, PGEs are in the organic fraction.