Fundando-se em argumentos de equilíbrio e estabilidade termodinâmica, a solubilidade de soluto em um solvente é definida pelo limiar de existência da mistura como sistema homogêneo. De fato, entende-se tal grandeza sobre a coexistência de fases. A noção de solubilidade apresentada é desenvolvida através de modelos simples, que incluem resultados na rede bem como a extensão do modelo de van der Waals ao caso de duas componentes. Desta extrai-se uma condição genérica à observação de mínimos na solubilidade incidente sobre a topologia de seu diagrama de fases e de evidente correspondência física. / Concerning the equilibrium and stability in thermodynamics, the solubility of solute in a solvent is defined as the threshold of the mixture existing as a homogeneous system. Indeed, such quantity meets its meaning when understood on the coexistence surface. The idea of solubility presented is developed following the discussion of simple models, including results on the lattice as well as the van der Waals model extended to include two components. From these results we extract a general condition which connects the occurence of a minimum in solubility to the topological structure of the phase diagram.

L'absorption d'hydrogène dans les sites interstitiels des métaux se situe au cœur de problématiques majeures comme la fragilisation des alliages ou le stockage de l'hydrogène à des fins énergétiques. En effet, ce phénomène modifie les propriétés physico-chimiques du métal hôte et peut conduire à la formation de composés ordonnés MHy appelés hydrures. Dans ce cadre, la méthode de modélisation Calphad (CALculation of PHAse Diagrams) constitue un outil pertinent pour comprendre et prédire le comportement des métaux et alliages en présence d'hydrogène. Toutefois, il n'existe pas de base de données Calphad centrée sur l'hydrogène, permettant de calculer des équilibres de phases dans des systèmes multi-constituants (ternaires, quaternaires…).Ainsi, la présente thèse est consacrée à l'étude de systèmes binaires métal-hydrogène (M-H), par une approche modélisatrice multi-échelle. Ces systèmes binaires représentent la première étape à la conception d'une telle base de données Calphad. Tout d’abord, des calculs DFT (Density Functional Theory) systématiques ont été réalisés pour 31 systèmes binaires M-H considérant 30 structures cristallographiques potentielles, soit 30 × 31 = 930 hydrures, stables ou métastables. Cette approche de criblage a permis notamment de déterminer les enthalpies de formation à 0 K, données d’entrée essentielles de la méthode Calphad. De nouveaux hydrures n'ayant jamais été observés expérimentalement ont été prédits à haute pression (TaH2, ZrH3…).Puis, des calculs de phonon dans l'approximation harmonique ont été réalisés sur les hydrures les plus stables. D’une part, ils permettent de corriger les enthalpies de formation issues de la DFT, en tenant compte de l'énergie et de l'entropie dues aux vibrations des atomes, non négligeables pour l'atome léger d'hydrogène. D’autre part, une étude à grande échelle a porté sur les modifications de l'enthalpie libre de formation résultant de la substitution de l'hydrogène par ses isotopes, dit « effet isotopique ». Des prédictions ont pu être réalisées sur la nature de cet effet en fonction de la température. De plus, pour étudier l'insertion aléatoire des atomes d'hydrogène en solution solide, nous avons utilisé des méthodes de thermodynamique statistique : CVM (Cluster Variation Method) et simulation de Monte-Carlo. Ces méthodes ont été implémentées dans des codes de calcul, appliqués aux métaux cubiques faces centrées (cfc) et cubiques centrés (cc). Les données d'entrée de ces codes sont les énergies associées aux interactions locales entre atomes plus proches voisins. Elles sont fournies par la CEM (Cluster Expansion Method) couplée à la DFT. Une étude comparée des systèmes Ni-H et Pd-H a mis en évidence les spécificités des comportements thermodynamiques des solutions solides interstitielles de chacun de ces systèmes. Par ailleurs, la pression en dihydrogène constitue un paramètre important car de nombreux hydrures ne se forment qu'à très haute pression. Afin d'améliorer la précision des modèles Calphad à pression élevée, le modèle de Lu et al. a été appliqué aux phases condensées des systèmes Ni-H, Rh-H et Mg-H. Ce modèle permet de déterminer la contribution à l'enthalpie libre du travail des forces de pression, en admettant en entrée aussi bien des calculs de phonon quasi-harmoniques que des données expérimentales. Enfin, la modélisation Calphad complète du système Ni-H a été réalisée en intégrant le modèle de Lu et al. L'enthalpie de formation calculée par DFT et l'enthalpie de mélange déterminée par CEM ont également été utilisées en données d'entrée, en complément des données expérimentales disponibles / Hydrogen absorption in the interstitial sites of metals is crucial for major issues such as alloy embrittlement or hydrogen storage for energy applications. This phenomenon modifies the physicochemical properties of the host metal and may lead to the formation of ordered MHy compounds called hydrides. Within this framework, the Calphad modeling method (CALculation of PHAse Diagrams) is a relevant tool for understanding and predicting the behavior of metals and alloys in the presence of hydrogen. However, there is no Calphad database centered on hydrogen for calculating phase equilibria in multi-constituent systems (ternary, quaternary…).The present thesis proposes to use a multi-scale modeling approach to study metal-hydrogen (M-H) binary systems, which are the first step in designing such a Calphad database. First, systematic DFT (Density Functional Theory) calculations were carried out for 31 binary M-H systems considering 30 potential crystal structures, resulting in 30 × 31 = 930 hydrides, stable or metastable. This high throughput approach allowed in particular to determine the enthalpies of formation at 0 K, which represent important input data for the Calphad method. New hydrides that have never been experimentally observed could be predicted at high pressure (TaH2, ZrH3 ...).Then, phonon calculations in the harmonic approximation were performed on the most stable hydrides. They allow, on the one hand, to correct the DFT calculated enthalpies of formation by considering the energy and entropy due to the atom vibrations, which are not negligible for the light hydrogen atom. On the other hand, a large-scale study focused on the modification of the free energy of formation due to hydrogen substitution by its isotopes, known as "isotopic effect". Predictions were made on the nature of this effect as function of temperature. Moreover, the random insertion of hydrogen atoms in solid solution was studied using statistical thermodynamic methods: CVM (Cluster Variation Method) and Monte-Carlo simulation. These methods have been implemented in calculation codes, applied to face centered cubic (fcc) and body-centered cubic (bcc) metals. The input data are the interactions energies between nearest neighbor atoms. They are provided by the CEM (Cluster Expansion Method) coupled with DFT calculations. A comparative study of the Ni-H and Pd-H systems revealed the specificities of the thermodynamic behaviors of both solid interstitial solutions. Furthermore, dihydrogen pressure is an important parameter because many hydrides form only at very high pressure. To improve the Calphad model accuracy at high pressure, the model of Lu et al. was applied to the condensed phases of the Ni-H, Rh-H and Mg-H systems. This model allows to determine the contribution to the free enthalpy due to the pressure force work. The input data may be both quasi-harmonic phonon calculation results and experimental data. Finally, a comprehensive Calphad model of the Ni-H system was carried out by integrating the model of Lu et al. The DFT enthalpy of formation and the mixing enthalpy determined by CEM were used as input data, to complement the available experimental data

A partir de medidas isotérmicas e isobáricas de susceptibilidade magnética diferencial, determinamos o diagrama de fases magnéticas do metamagneto Ni(NO3)2.2H2O, para pressões hidrostáticas de até cerca de 11 kbar. Determinamos o campo de transição à temperatura nula Hc(0,P) e à temperatura de Néel, ambos apresentando um crescimento aproximadamente linear com P. A partir de efeitos de desmagnetização, pudemos determinar o ponto de união das linhas de primeira e segunda ordem de cada diagrama, e para P=0 pudemos caracterizá-lo com um ponto tricrítico, com temperatura tricrítica Tt=3.70K. Observamos ainda a existência de uma transição metamagnética induzida por pressão para valores do intervalo de 0 a 8 kbar. Usando a Aproximação de Campo Médio num modelo elástico aproximado para metamagnetos com S=1, pudemos obter expressões para TN(P) e Hc(0,P), ambas apresentando uma dependência linear em P, em bom acordo com os dados experimentais. Usando este modelo obtivemos também uma expressão analítica para Tt(P). Uma vez que TN(P), Hc(0,P) e Tt(P) dependem dos parâmetros de \"exchange\", pudemos determinar a dependência de tais parâmetros com a pressão. Também através deste modelo simples, pudemos compreender que a transição metamagnética induzida por pressão está provavelmente associada a uma forte dependência do campo cristalino com a pressão / From isothermical and isobaric differential magnetic susceptibility measurements we have determined the magnetic phase diagram of the metamagnetic system Ni(NO3)2.2H2O, for several hydrostatic pressures up to 11 kbar. The zero temperature transition field Hc(0,P) and the Néel temperature TN(P) were determined, both increasing almost linearly with P. From demagnetizing effects we were able to determine the joint point of the first and second order lines of each diagram, which for P=0 is a tricritical point, with tricritical temperature Tt=3.70K. We also observed a pressure induced metamagnetic transition in the range from 0 to 8 kbar. Using Mean Field Theory in an approximated elastic S=1 metamagnetic model, we could obtain expressions for TN(P) and Hc(0,P), both showing linear dependence on P, in agreement with experimental data. We could also obtain, using this model, an analytical expression for Tt(P). Once TN(P), Hc(0,P) and Tt(P) are dependent on the exchange parameters, we cou1d obtain the pressure dependence of these parameters. From this simple model we could understand that the pressure induced metamagnetic transition is probably associated with a strong variation of the crystalline field with pressure

Orientadores: Everson Alves Miranda, Pedro de Alcântara Pessôa Filho / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Química / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-24T01:51:47Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Hirata_GiseleAtsukoMedeiros_D.pdf: 4140620 bytes, checksum: 01025f5b18791e6b6698c34eea1dcda4 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013 / Resumo: O segundo coeficiente virial osmótico, B22, tem sido considerado um preditor para o processo de cristalização. Uma faixa relativamente estreita de valores negativos de B22, -1x10-4 a -8x10-4 mL.mol/g2, é ideal à formação de cristais de acordo com George e Wilson (1994). Essa faixa de valores de B22 é denominada de "janela de cristalização", sendo utilizada para classificar condições adequadas de solvente à formação de cristais. Para valores maiores que -1x10-4 mL.mol/g2, a interação proteína-proteína não é suficientemente forte para a cristalização e nenhuma fase sólida é formada, enquanto para valores menores que -8x10-4 mL.mol/g2, as interações proteína-proteína são muito intensas e precipitados amorfos são formados. Dessa forma, os valores de B22 se tornaram um critério de seleção para a cristalização de proteínas, uma vez que esse coeficiente pode ser determinado por diversos métodos. Este trabalho teve como objetivo determinar experimentalmente diagramas de fases de proteínas (lisozima, insulina suína e bovina) e identificar nesses diagramas, através de análise dos valores do B22, as condições nas quais ocorre a formação de precipitado amorfo, cristalino ou outras fases (por exemplo, fase líquida). O "salting-out" foi o método escolhido para precipitar as proteínas, pois é considerado um dos mais simples e importantes métodos para induzir a cristalização. O sal volátil carbamato de amônio foi o agente de "salting-out" escolhido. As técnicas de espalhamento de luz estático (SLS) e cromatografia de auto-interação (SIC) foram usadas para determinar os valores de B22 para as proteínas em diferentes soluções aquosas de sal a 15 e 25 °C. O fenômeno de "salting-out" foi observado nos diagramas para as três proteínas estudadas. Valores negativos de B22 e altos valores da constante de "salting-out" - entre 1,07 a 3,77 kg/mol - confirmaram que o sal volátil carbamato de amônio empregado neste estudo é um bom agente precipitante. Os valores do B22 para a insulina suína (-250x10-4 a -18x10-4 mol.ml/g2 a 25 °C e -187x10-4 a -45,2x10-4 mol.ml/g2 a 15 °C) e insulina bovina (-999x10-4 a 6,7x10-4 mol.ml/g2 a 25 °C e -533x10-4 a -16,7x10-4 mol.ml/g2 a 15 °C) indicaram a precipitação, o que também foi confirmado pelos ensaios de cristalização. Já para a lisozima, obteve-se formação de cristais independente do valor de B22 encontrado (-20,4x10-4 a -3,6x10-4 mol.ml/g2 a 25 °C e -400x10-4 a -14,4x10-4 mol.ml/g2 a 15 °C). Além disso, os modelos teóricos disponíveis na literatura utilizados para a obtenção de uma estimativa do parâmetro B22 são adequados e válidos para as condições em que a medida experimental não é possível, podendo ser aplicados para o sistema proteína/sal volátil. Dessa forma, este trabalho mostrou que não existe uma "janela de cristalização universal" válida para todos os sistemas e o uso do sal volátil carbamato de amônio como agente de cristalização é uma alternativa ao uso de sais convencionais. / Abstract: The osmotic second virial coefficient, B22, has been used as a predictor of crystallization. A relatively narrow range of negative B22 values, -1x10-4 to -8x10-4 mL.mol/g2, is the ideal range for crystal formation according to George and Wilson (1994). This range, referred to as the "crystallization slot", has been used to classify suitable conditions under which proteins will assemble into crystals. For B22 values greater than -1x10-4 mL.mol/g2, the protein-protein interaction is very weak and no solid phase is formed, while for values less than -8x10-4 mL.mol/g2, the protein-protein interactions are very intense and amorphous precipitates are formed. Thus, the B22 value has become a selection criterion for protein crystallization, since this coefficient can be determined by various methods. This study aimed to determine the experimental phase diagrams for proteins (lysozyme and bovine and porcine insulin) and to identify those diagram conditions under which amorphous precipitate, crystals or other phases (for example, liquid phase) are formed, based on the values of B22. The salting-out method to precipitate proteins was chosen because it is considered one of the simplest and most important methods to induce crystallization. The volatile salt ammonium carbamate was chosen as the salting-out agent. Traditional static light scattering (SLS) and the novel self-interaction chromatography (SIC) technique were used to determine B22 values for the proteins in different aqueous salt solutions at 15 and 25 °C. The salting-out phenomenon was observed in the phase diagrams for the three proteins studied. Negative B22 values and high values of the salting-out constant - between 1.07 to 3.77 kg/mole (Cohn, 1925) - confirmed that ammonium carbamate was a good precipitant agent. The B22 values for porcine (-250x10-4 to -18x10-4 mol.ml/g2 at 25 °C and -187x10-4 to -45.2 x10-4 mol.ml/g2 at 15 °C) and bovine (-999x10-4 to 6.7x10-4 mol.ml/g2 at 25 °C and -533x10-4 to -16.7x10-4 mol.ml/g2 at 15 °C) insulin indicated precipitation that was confirmed experimentally. However, lysozyme was obtained as crystals, regardless of the B22 values found (-20.4x10-4 to -3.6 x10-4 mol.ml/g2 at 25 °C and -14.4x10-4 to -400x10-4 mol.ml/g at 15 °C). In addition, thermodynamic models available in the literature and suitable for the conditions under which experimental measurements were done provided a good fit to the data. Thus, this work showed that there is no universal "crystallization slot" applicable to all systems and that for crystallization agent, volatile salt ammonium carbamate can serve as an alternative to conventional salts. / Doutorado / Desenvolvimento de Processos Biotecnologicos / Doutora em Engenharia Quimica

Orientador: Rosiane Lopes da Cunha / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia de Alimentos / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-03T10:00:46Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Cavallieri_AngeloLuizFazani_M.pdf: 989418 bytes, checksum: babcf5e74dc6ff4aa7b552001a22f631 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2003 / Resumo: Proteínas e polissacarídeos correspondem a biopolímeros muito utilizados pela indústria de alimentos devido às suas características funcionais, porém apresentam uma incompatibilidade natural quando em soluções. Sistemas compostos por proteínas do soro e xantana foram avaliados neste trabalho em diferentes condições de pH, com as proteínas nativas e desnaturadas termicamente. Análises de eletroforese em gel de poliacrilamida foram realizadas para verificar o efeito do tratamento térmico nas proteínas do soro, mostrando que o aquecimento de soluções de proteínas do soro a 80oe por trinta minutos causou a formação de grandes agregados protéicos estabilizados principalmente por interações dissulfídicas. Estes agregados tiveram influência marcante no comportamento de fases destas proteínas com a xantana. Soluções nativas de isolado protéico de soro 5% (p/p) e xantana entre 0,01 % a 1 % se revelaram compatíveis, porém quando as proteínas foram termicamente desnaturadas, estes sistemas se mostraram termodinamicamente incompatíveis, separando em duas fases. Um diagrama de fases capaz de descrever a região de incompatibilidade termodinâmica desses sistemas foi determinado, porém limitações experimentais atribuídas principalmente à ineficiência da ultracentrifugação na separação das fases incompatíveis quando as soluções possuem elevada viscosidade impediu a determinação da binodal de equilíbrio. O principal mecanismo termodinâmico envolvido na incompatibilidade termodinâmica seria a baixa entropia quando as proteínas do soro estão agregadas, porém efeitos de volume excluído entre os agregados e as grandes moléculas de xantana também poderiam estar envolvidos nesta incompatibilidade, principalmente quando as soluções são diluídas. A técnica reológica conhecida como compressão biaxial imperfeita com lubrificação foi adequada na determinação de diferenças de consistência de géis ácidos de isolado protéico de soro 7% (p/p). As soluções (48h armazenamento/10°C) apresentaram estabilização de pH entre 3,36 e 5,63 e os índices de comportamento do fluido em regime extensional variaram entre 0,19 e 0,43, enquantoque..os. Indices .deconsistência . extensional. variaramentre.131.eA127 kPa.sn, indicando o caráter pseudoplástico destes géis. Os géis mais consistentes foram obtidos nos pHs 4,73 e 5,10. Interações dissulfídicas foram responsáveis pela estabilização dos agregados no tratamento térmico e podem estar envolvidas no processo de gelificação, enquanto que interações eletrostáticas seriam as principais envolvidas na agregação das proteínas durante a redução do pH / Abstract: Proteins and polysaccharides are two biopolymers widely used in food industry for their functional characteristics, but these biopolymers show natural thermodynamic incompatibility in solution. Native and heat denatured whey proteins and xanthan systems were studied in this work in different pH conditions. Polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (PAGE) analysis was used to verify the effect of heat treatment on whey proteins showing that the experimental conditions (80OC for 30 minutes) caused protein aggregation in large aggregates stabilized mainly by disulfíde interactions. The large protein aggregates had great influenceon phase behavior between such proteins and xanthan. Native whey protein (5% w/w) and xanthan (0,01-1% w/w) solutions are soluble, but such solutions beco me not soluble and show thermodynamic incompatibility, when the proteins are heat denatured. A phase diagram was established and it was able to describe the concentration region of ingredients incompatibility. The binodal line was not drawn due to experimental limitations, probably associated to the inefficiency of the uJtracentrifugation to separate the incompatible phases of high viscosity. Low mixture entropy due to protein aggregation is the main thermodynamic event leading to phase separation of this systems, but excluded volume effects between protein aggregates and great xanthan molecules could be involved in this incompatibility, mainly for diluted solutions. Imperfect lubricated squeezing flow viscosimetry analysis was able to distinguish consistency differences in acidified whey protein isolate (7% w/w) gels. The pH of whey protein solutions (48h storage/10°C) was stabilized between 3,36 and 5,63 and the flow index values under extensional fJow were between 0,19 and 0,43, while the consistency index values under extensíonal flow were between 131 and 4127 kPa.sn, indicating the shear thinning behavior of such gels. The strongest gels were obtaíned in the pH range between 4,73 and 5,10. Disulphide interactions were responsible for protein aggregation caused by the heat treatment, while eJectrostatic interactions could be the mainly factor determining protein aggregation duríng pH reduction / Mestrado / Mestre em Engenharia de Alimentos

Kyoto University (京都大学) / 0048 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(工学) / 甲第16852号 / 工博第3573号 / 新制||工||1540(附属図書館) / 29527 / 京都大学大学院工学研究科材料工学専攻 / (主査)教授 田中 功, 教授 乾 晴行, 准教授 宇田 哲也 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当

The aim of that diploma thesis is low power transformer simulation via its substitutitional circuitry.As Instrument for matematical description of model and simulation of various operating situations with different amplitude and types of load was used Labview software. The software was simultaneously used for real transformer measurement and to compare these results with calculated values. The created program is also applied for measuring excercise for students. In The thesis is described measured transformer in terms of final elements method in FEMM software and there is showed the procedure of its design.

This diploma thesis is focused on the study of the structural phase transitions in intermetallic compounds LaPd2(Al,Ga)2 by low-temperature x-ray powder diffraction and macroscopic measurements on single crystals. The results obtained from powder diffraction at room temperature confirm that the compounds crystallize in tetragonal CaBe2Ge2 structure type (space group P4/nmm). At low temperature all the compounds undergo the same structural phase transition by lowering the symmetry to the orthorhombic space group Cmma. Although the structural transformation is of first order, the transition is not-manifested in step-like change of the phase at a certain temperature, but occurs in a broader temperature interval. In this interval the different phases coexist and transform gradually from high- to low- temperature phase. After application of hydrostatic pressure the structural transition is shifted to higher temperatures. Despite that the low temperature structures are of the same type, there is a difference between compounds containing Ga and Al in the discontinuity of the lattice parameters resulting in a distinct anomaly in electrical resistivity. In pressures >0.6 GPa this characteristic anomaly on single crystalline CePd2Al2 is changed, indicating a pressure- induced change of the low-temperature...

In this work we report on physical properties of Nd2RhIn8 and Nd2IrIn8 rare-earth intermetallic compounds from the RmTnX{2n+3m} compound family. The compounds crystallize in the P4/mmm space group. Both compounds are anti-ferromagnetic with Néel temperatures TN of 10.8 K, 12.5 K respectively and their magnetization curves show characterisic step-like transitions at low temperatures. The measured M(T) and/or M(H) magnetization curves were used to determine magnetic phase diagrams for field along the c-axis. The specific heat of Nd2IrIn8 was analyzed at temperatures T<TN with respect to the dimensionality of the magnetic excitations. In the T>TN region the Schottky specific heat and susceptibility were compared to calculations based on the crystal field scheme in Nd2IrIn8 obtained by ab-initio methods. Powered by TCPDF (www.tcpdf.org)

This thesis focuses on the study of magnetic properties of three 5f electron itinerant ferromagnets UCo0.990Ru0.010Al, UCoGa and URhGa and investigation of their phase diagrams. The single crystals of high-quality were prepared by Czochralski method for all three compounds. The physical properties at ambient pressure were studied by macroscopic methods (magnetization, electrical transport and heat capacity measurements) and also by magnetic force microscopy (MFM). The measurements were done under various external conditions (high pressure, low temperatures, high magnetic field). Through all these measurements and external conditions we investigated the interesting physical properties and the ferromagnetic phase diagrams. Effect of different conditions during the preparation and the thermal treatment on UCoGa was studied on two different single crystals. We show that annealing leads to improved quality of samples and the gallium evaporation from the melt during the growth leads to lower quality in parts of the ingot closer to melt. MFM images of UCoGa below the ordering temperature show domain branching and narrow magnetic domains wall made only of neighboring atoms with opposing moments. We have grown first ever single crystal of URhGa with ferromagnetic ordering temperature TC = 41 K. Anomalous maximum in...