The tumour suppressor p53 is often disrupted by missense mutations that can result in p53 protein accumulation and acquisition of novel oncogenic activities. Various studies have demonstrated that DNA-damaging drugs currently used in the clinic aimed at activating wild type p53, can also stabilise and activate mutant p53 oncogenic functions and thereby paradoxically enhance tumour progression, resulting in poor response to the treatment. In this study we aimed to investigate whether, like in wt p53, post-translational modifications (PTMs) drive such drug-induced mutant p53 accumulation and activation. For this purpose, we generated plasmids expressing non-phosphorylatable and phospho-mimic versions of R175H mutant p53 and tested them in different cell line models. We demonstrated that in response to DNA damage mutant p53 is accumulated and phosphorylated and these phenomena appeared to be mediated by ATM and ATR kinases. DNA-damage induced acetylation was also observed and occurred in a S15 phosphorylation-dependent manner. This suggested a role of the HAT p300, which is recruited by phosphorylated S15. Of note, other works have shown that p300 is required to trigger some oncogenic functions of mutant p53. We then aimed at developing systems to explore mutant p53 functions and their dependence on PTMs. Although we showed that cell growth is compromised upon endogenous mutant p53 depletion, exogenous expression of mutant p53 or its phosphorylation-site forms did not result in a successful rescue in our experimental conditions, thus we were unable to use this strategy to test the effect of PTMs. Ectopic expression of R175H mutant p53 or its phosphorylayion-site versions did not interfere with the growth rate and response to chemotherapy of the p53-null cell line H1299. We also found that mutant p53 phosphorylation does not affect subcellular localisation of mutant p53 and mutant p53-mediated inhibition of p63. Interestingly, ectopically expressed mutant p53 enhanced cell migration in H1299 cells. Notably, our results suggested an apparent threshold effect of mutant p53 levels required to induce migration. Due to the difficulty of obtaining cell lines expressing similar levels of the different phosphorylation-site mutants, the determination of the role of phosphorylation in mutant p53-induced migration was not conclusive. Remarkably, we found that, while S15 and S20 phosphorylation decreased MDM2-dependent degradation, only phosphorylated S20 interfered with CHIP-induced turnover in H1299 cells. Overall our data suggest that, despite exhibiting opposite biological effects, mutant and wt p53 can share upstream regulatory mechanisms and thus present phosphorylation as a promising target to prevent mutant p53 stabilisation and activation and improve response to therapy. Our results also highlight the challenge of developing a good system for determining the effects of the mutant p53 protein and its regulation by PTMs.

La maladie d'Alzheimer (MA) est une pathologie neurodégénérative principalement caractérisée par la présence de dépôts amyloïdes et d'enchevêtrements neurofibrillaires composés de protéines tau hyperphosphorylées. Tau est une protéine associée aux microtubules qui possède de nombreux sites de phosphorylation pouvant être phosphorylés par différentes kinases. En plus de la pathologie tau, on observe également dans le cerveau des patients atteints de la MA, une apparition précoce d’altérations métaboliques ainsi qu’une perte synaptique qui est à l’origine du développement des troubles cognitifs. En effet, les synapses sont des connexions neuronales essentielles pour la formation de la mémoire qui nécessitent une importante quantité d’énergie pour maintenir leurs fonctions. Depuis plusieurs années, des études suggèrent que l’AMPK – senseur métabolique essentiel des cellules – pourrait être impliquée dans le développement de la MA. En effet, des travaux réalisés in vitro ont permis de montrer que l’AMPK est une kinase de tau. Par ailleurs, il a été mis en évidence que chez les patients atteints de la MA, l’AMPK est dérégulée dans les neurones en dégénérescence où elle co-localise avec les protéines tau hyperphosphorylées. Enfin, des études menées dans notre équipe ont également permis de mettre en évidence que suite à une activation synaptique, l'AMPK restaure les niveaux d'énergie des neurones laissant ainsi supposer qu'une dérégulation de son activité pourrait avoir un impact néfaste sur le métabolisme neuronal. Au vu de ces données, les objectifs de mon projet de thèse ont donc été de déterminer l'impact d'une dérégulation de l’AMPK neuronale sur la pathologie tau, la perte synaptique et le métabolisme énergétique neuronal dans un modèle de culture primaire de neurones et in vivo chez la souris. La réalisation de ces objectifs nous a permis de démontrer (1) que l'AMPK régule la phosphorylation et la pathologie tau, (2) que la dérégulation de l’AMPK induit une diminution du nombre des synapses ainsi qu'une perte de la fonctionnalité du réseau neuronal, via une voie de signalisation impliquant l’autophagie et (3) que la dérégulation de l’AMPK entraine des perturbations du métabolisme énergétique neuronal. En conclusion, ce travail de thèse a permis d’apporter une meilleure compréhension sur le rôle de la dérégulation de l’AMPK dans le développement des différentes caractéristiques de la MA. Dans l’ensemble, ces données laissent fortement suggérer que l’AMPK pourrait faire le lien entre les dysfonctionnements métaboliques et l’ensemble des altérations qui se mettent en place au cours de la MA. / Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a neurodegenerative disorder mainly characterized by the presence of amyloid deposits and neurofibrillary tangles composed of hyperphosphorylated tau proteins. Tau is a microtubule-associated protein that bears many phosphorylation sites which can be phosphorylated by different kinases. Beside tau pathology, AD is also characterized by cerebral metabolic alterations and synaptic loss, the latter being responsible for the development of cognitive disorders. Indeed, synapses are essential for memory formation and require a large amount of energy to maintain their functions. Interestingly, studies have suggested that AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) – a crucial intracellular metabolic sensor – could be involved in the development of AD. Indeed, in vitro studies have shown that AMPK is a tau kinase. In addition, AMPK is deregulated in degenerating neurons of AD patients brain where it co-localizes with hyperphosphorylated tau proteins. Additionally, studies carried out in our team showed that upon synaptic activation, AMPK activity is essential to maintain neuronal energy levels thus suggesting that a deregulation of its activity could have harmful impact on neuronal metabolism. On the basis of these data, the objectives of this thesis were to determine the impact of neuronal AMPK deregulation on tau pathology, synaptic loss and neuronal energy metabolism in primary neurons and in vivo in mice. The achievement of these objectives allowed us to demonstrate (1) that AMPK regulated tau phosphorylation and pathology (2) that AMPK deregulation caused a decrease of synapses number as well as a loss of neuronal networks functionality, through a signaling pathway involving autophagy and (3) that AMPK deregulation impacted on neuronal energy metabolism. In conclusion, this thesis has provided a better understanding of the role of AMPK deregulation in the development of different hallmarks of AD. Altogether, these data strongly suggest that AMPK could be the link between neuronal metabolism dysfunctions and the development of the alteration that occur during AD.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--West Virginia University, 2002. / Title from document title page. Document formatted into pages; contains xiii, 134 p. : ill. (some col.). Vita. Includes abstract. Includes bibliographical references (p. 119-128).

Thesis (M.S.)--West Virginia University, 2002. / Title from document title page. Document formatted into pages; contains v, 105 p. : ill. (some col.). Vita. Includes abstract. Includes bibliographical references.

[Truncated abstract] Protein phosphorylation, one of the most important forms of post-translational modification, has been demonstrated to play crucial roles in regulation of cell function. Phosphorylation of protein serine, threonine and tyrosine residues has been the most thoroughly investigated, taking advantage of the acid-stable character of these phosphohydroxyamino acids. Whereas, the cellular occurrence of acid-labile phosphoamino acids, such as phosphohistidine, phosphoarginine and phospholysine was often underestimated due to the acid treatments employed by most of the traditional phosphoamino acid analysis methods. The biological roles of histidine kinases (HKs) in prokaryotes are well understood in contrast to those of HKs in eukaryotes, especially in mammalian cells. However, the evidence has shown that phosphohistidine comprised 6% of phosphoamino acids of the basic nuclear proteins in eukaryotes (Matthews, 1995) and there was more phosphohistidine than phosphoserine in rat liver mitochondria (Bieber and Boyer, 1966). More significantly, phosphohistidine was revealed to be the major phosphoamino acid in phosphorylated histone H4 in regenerating liver in vivo (Chen et al., 1974) and the Walker-256 carcinosarcoma cells in vitro (Smith et al., 1974). Recently, the histone H4 histidine kinase (HHK) activity of human hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) tumour tissue was measured to be 400 times higher than the normal liver tissue surrounding the tumour. HepG2 cells (HCC cell line) and PIL-2 cells (a p53 knockout mouse tumorigenic liver progenitor cell line) also displayed high HHK activity (Tan et al., 2004). The above observations suggested that HKs and HHKs are playing important roles in both prokaryotes and eukaryotes, including mammals. One major obstacle in the study of HHK study has been the lack of knowledge of the amino acid sequence of an HHK. Attempts at purifying and identifying the HHK from yeast led to the partial purification of a yeast HHK protein(s) at 32kDa (Huang et al., 1991). However, the amino acid sequence of the HHK has not yet been established. ... The success of the separation was demonstrated by the MALDI-TOF-MS and/or ESI-MS spectra of the RP-HPLC fractions. These achievements suggested that it is possible to detect phosphohistidyl histone H4 in vivo using MS under experimental conditions where phosphohistidine is relatively stable. The study in this thesis represents the progression of HHK research in various aspects, including the yeast HHK purification and identification, mammalian HHK partial purification and the methodological developments in detecting histone H4 histidine phosphorylation using MS. Furthermore, new information regarding the physical characteristics of yeast HHKs and its potential role in cellular biology have been documented. It is anticipated that knowledge generated in these studies will contribute to the insight and the understanding of the biological significance of HHK in yeast and mammalian cells.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--West Virginia University, 2008. / Title from document title page. Document formatted into pages; contains v, 42 p. : ill. (some col.). Includes abstract. Includes bibliographical references.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Lund, 1992. / Published dissertation. Includes bibliographical references.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Lund, 1992. / Published dissertation. Includes bibliographical references.

Plasmodium falciparum, l'agent étiologique du paludisme, est un parasite intracellulaire obligatoire du phylum des Apicomplexa, responsable de 445 000 décès par an. Le développement de Plasmodium dans les globules rouges (GRs) humains correspond à la phase symptomatique de la maladie. Il commence par la pénétration active de la cellule hôte par la forme invasive nommée mérozoïte, suivie par la multiplication du parasite dans un processus appelé schizogonie pour former 16 à 32 nouveaux mérozoïtes qui sont alors libérés des GRs (étape de sortie) et peuvent alors initier un nouveau cycle. Au cours de son développement intra-érythrocytaire de 48h, ce parasite utilise la phosphorylation réversible de protéines pour réguler les étapes d‘invasion, de schizogonie et de sortie du GR, mais nos connaissances actuelles sur la contribution des phosphatases parasitaires dans ces mécanismes demeurent très incomplètes.L'objectif de ma thèse était d’identifier et de caractériser des phosphatases potentiellement impliquées dans la sortie ou l'invasion des GRs par P. falciparum. J'ai centré mon travail sur 4 d'entre elles, à savoir PP1, PP4, PP7 et Shelph2, sur la base de leur profil d'expression transcriptionnelle tardive au cours du cycle intra-érythrocytaire, qui correspond à ces deux évènements cellulaires. La première partie de cette étude est consacrée à la caractérisation fonctionnelle de Shelph2, une phosphatase d'origine bactérienne. Par génétique inverse utilisant la stratégie CRISPR-Cas9, nous avons étiqueté le gène au locus endogène et montré que Shelph2 est stockée dans des vésicules apicales des mérozoïtes en formation. Nous avons également démontré que cette phoshpatase n’est pas essentielle pour le développement intra-érytrocytaire du parasite dans les GRs car la délétion du gène n'affecte pas les étapes d'invasion, de multiplication des parasites ou de leur sortie des GRs, ce qui suggère la possibilité d’une redondance fonctionnelle avec d'autres phosphatases parasitaires.Dans la deuxième partie de ce travail, nous avons cherché à décrire les rôles de PP1, PP4 et PP7. Les gènes codant pour ces enzymes étant décrits comme probablement essentiels, nous avons mis en place au laboratoire une stratégie de knock-down conditionnel (ribozyme glmS), avec l’idée de déstabiliser l’ARNm après auto-clivage du ribozyme lors de l’addition d‘un métabolite, ici la glucosamine. Nous avons introduit avec succès la séquence glmS en 3 'des gènes d’intérêt pour PP4 et PP7, mais nous n’avons pas observé de déplétion protéique significative lors de l’addition de glucosamine, empêchant d’utiliser ces lignées pour étudier les fonctions de PP4 et PP7. Cependant, ces lignées parasitaires modifiées ont été utilisées pour analyser la localisation subcellulaire de ces phosphatases. Comme alternative au ribozyme, nous avons utilisé une approche de knock-out inductible (iKO) basée sur une recombinase Cre dimérisable (système DiCre) qui excise des fragments d'ADN situés entre deux sites loxP. Nous avons établi deux lignées de parasites, iKO-PP7 qui n'a pas encore été caractérisée et la souche iKO-PP1. En utilisant les parasites iKO-PP1, nous avons montré que PP1 était principalement une phosphatase cytosolique majoritairement exprimée au stade schizontes. De plus, l'excision inductible du gène PP1 à deux moments différents du cycle érythrocytaire de P. falciparum nous a permis de révéler que PP1 joue deux rôles essentiels, l'un pendant la schizogonie et l'autre au moment de la sortie du parasite. A notre connaissance, ce travail représente la première description d'une phosphatase parasitaire requise pour ces étapes du développement asexué de P. falciparum. / Plasmodium falciparum, the etiologic agent of malaria, is an obligate intracellular parasite of the Apicomplexa phylum that is responsible for 445000 deaths annually. Plasmodium development in human red blood cells (RBCs) corresponds to the symptomatic phase of the disease. It starts by the active penetration of the host cell by the invasive form named merozoite, followed by the parasite multiplication in a process called schizogony to form 16-32 new merozoites that are released from the RBC (egress step) and start a new cycle. During its 48h intra-erythrocytic development, this parasite uses reversible protein phosphorylation to regulate invasion, schizogony as well as egress, but our current knowledge on the contribution of parasite phosphatases in these cellular events is still very poor. The objective of my thesis was to identify and functionally characterize phosphatases potentially involved in egress or invasion during P. falciparum RBC cycle. I focused my work on 4 of them, namely PP1, PP4, PP7 and Shelph2, on the basis of their late transcriptional expression profile during the intra-erythrocytic cycle, as this profile matches the timing of these two essential events. The first part of this study is dedicated to the functional characterization of Shelph2, a phosphatase of bacterial origin. By reverse genetics using CRISPR-Cas9 strategy, we endogenously tagged the gene, and showed that Shelph2 is stored in apical vesicles in the developing merozoites. We also demonstrated that it is dispensable for parasite RBC development, as the deletion of the gene did not affect invasion, parasite multiplication nor egress, suggesting possible functional redundancy with other parasite phosphatases.In the second part of this work, we aimed to describe the roles of PP1, PP4 and PP7. As they were described as likely essential, we set up in the laboratory a conditional knock-down strategy named the glmS ribozyme, with the idea of destabilizing the mRNA following self-cleavage of the ribozyme upon metabolite addition, here glucosamine. We successfully introduced the glmS sequence in 3’ of the genes of interest for PP4 and PP7 but we did not observe any significant protein depletion upon glucosamine addition, thus preventing us to use these lines to study PP4 and PP7 functions. Yet, these engineered parasite lines were used to analyze the subcellular localization of these phosphatases. As an alternative to the ribozyme, we used an inducible knock-out (iKO) approach based on a dimerizable Cre recombinase (DiCre system) that excises DNA fragments located between two loxP sites. We established two parasite lines, the iKO-PP7 that has not been further characterized and the iKO-PP1 strain. Using the iKO-PP1 parasites, we showed that PP1 is predominantly a cytosolic phosphatase mostly expressed during schizogony. Furthermore, the inducible excision of PP1 gene at two different time points of P. falciparum RBC cycle permitted us to reveal that PP1 plays two essential roles, one during schizogony and the other one at the time of parasite egress. This is to our knowledge the first description of a parasite phosphatase required for these developmental steps.

Les données de séquençage des génomes ont révélé une nouvelle famille de protéines UPF0079, comprenant des protéines de fonction inconnue qui sont exclusivement et largement présentes chez les bactéries et qui possèdent un motif A de Walker dans leur séquence. La caractérisation biochimique et l'élucidation du rôle physiologique de cette famille contribueront à élargir nos connaissances en biologie fondamentale, et sont également un préalable vers le développement de nouveaux composés antimicrobiens. Notre étude sur YdiB, un archétype de cette famille chez Bacillus subtilis a révélé à la fois l‟autophosphorylation de YdiB et son activité de protéine kinase. L‟activité kinase de double spécificité Ser/ Thr et Tyr de YdiB semble nécessiter son oligomérisation et semble être stimulée par des molécules basiques telles que des polyamines naturelles ou la poly-L-lysine. Les 10 résidus les plus conservés chez cette famille ont été étudiés afin de mieux comprendre le mécanisme moléculaire de YdiB. Concernant la caractérisation fonctionnelle de la phosphorylation liée à YdiB, l‟étude de l‟opéron ydiA-B-C-D-E de B. subtilis nous a permis de montrer que YdiB et YdiC fonctionnent comme un couple de protéine kinase/phosphatase de deux protéines substrats dont les fonctions seraient liées aux ribosomes, YdiD et YdiE. Une co-localisation partielle entre YdiB et les ribosomes a été observée. En outre, YdiB est capable de phosphoryler des protéines ribosomiques appartennant aux deux sous-unités 50S et 30S, ainsi que deux GTPases impliquées dans la biogénèse des ribosomes, EngA et EngB. Nous avons également démontré que EngA phosphorylée par YdiB est un substrat in vitro de la phosphatase YdiC. Enfin, basé sur le phosphoprotéome de Bacillus subtilis, des peptides mimant des sites de phosphorylation in vivo ont été utilisés. Certains entre eux sont phosphorylés in vitro par YdiB. Deux de ces peptides appartiennent à la superoxyde dismutase, SodA, dont l'activité in vitro et après purification est régulée positivement via la phosphorylation par YdiB. Nous avons ensuite constaté que les cellules de B. subtilis dépourvues du gène ydiB sont plus sensibles aux agents oxidants tels que le paraquat ou la norfloxacine. Nous proposons que, in vivo, YdiB fonctionne comme une protéine kinase impliquée dans l‟activité et/ou la stabilité des ribosomes dans des conditions physiologiques normales, et YdiB contribuerait à protéger les cellules contre les dommages du stress oxydatif. / Genome sequencing data has revealed genes encoding uncharacterized protein family UPF0079 which are exclusively found in bacteria; broadly distributed in this kingdom and possess an ATP-binding motif in their sequences. Biochemical characterization and physiological role elucidation of UPF0079 will undoubtedly increase our fundamental biology knowledge, and also remain a prerequisite towards the development of new antimicrobial compounds. Our investigation on YdiB, an archetype of this family in Bacillus subtilis revealed both autophosphorylating and protein phosphotransferase activities. The dual-specificity Ser/Thr and Tyr kinase activity of YdiB seems to require oligomerization is upregulated by basic molecule activators such as natural polyamines or poly-L-lysine. The 10 most conserved residues were studied to gain insights into molecular mechanism of the kinase YdiB. To characterize the function of phosphorylation events linked to YdiB, starting with the B. subtilis ydiA-B-C-D-E operon we showed that YdiB and YdiC function as cognate protein kinase/phosphatase towards two ribosome-related protein substrates YdiD and YdiE. Some co-localization between YdiB and ribosomes were observed. Furthermore, YdiB is capable of phosphorylating both ribosomal 50S and 30S subunits as well as two ribosome-binding GTPases EngA and EngB. We also demonstrated that phosphorylated EngA by YdiB is an in vitro substrate of the phosphatase YdiC. Finally, based on the phosphoproteome pf Bacillus subtilis, peptides mimicking the in vivo phosphorylation sites were used. Some of them were found to be phosphorylated in vitro by YdiB, including two peptides which belongs to the superoxide dismutase SodA. The activity of purified SodA was then shown to be upregulated via phosphorylation by YdiB. We furthermore found that B. subtilis cells lacking ydiB become more sensitive to oxidative stress-causing agents such as paraquat or norfloxacin. We propose that in vivo, YdiB functions as a protein kinase involved in ribosome function in normal condition; and in protecting cells from oxidative stress damage.