La protéine tau est un marqueur pathologique important de la maladie d’Alzheimer car son niveau de phosphorylation et d’agrégation sont en corrélation avec la progression de la maladie. Les troubles du sommeil sont fréquents dans la maladie d'Alzheimer et inversement les études longitudinales montrent que les personnes présentant des troubles du sommeil sont plus à risque de développer la maladie d’Alzheimer. Cependant, on ne sait pas par quels mécanismes le manque de sommeil contribue au développement de la maladie. Mon laboratoire d’accueil à précédemment démontré que la température centrale peut affecter la phosphorylation de la protéine tau et que la température corporelle suit des oscillations circadiennes, nous avons émis l'hypothèse que la phosphorylation de la protéine tau pourrait être soumise à des oscillations circadiennes dues à la température corporelle. L’objectif de cette thèse était de déterminer si la phosphorylation de tau suit un rythme circadien et si la température corporelle et le sommeil sont impliqués dans le processus. Dans un premier temps, nous avons montré que la phosphorylation de tau suit un rythme circadien : lorsque les animaux dorment, leur température est plus basse et la protéine tau est plus phosphorylée, inversement, pendant l’activité, la température corporelle est plus haute, et tau est déphosphorylée. Pour déterminer si la température corporelle est directement impliquée dans le rythme circadien de la phosphorylation de tau, nous avons modifié les oscillations circadiennes de la température corporelle en exposant les animaux à 34ºC dans une étuve prévue à cet effet. L’exposition des animaux à cette température diminuait l’amplitude de la variation circadienne de la température corporelle et annulait les variations circadiennes de la phosphorylation de tau. Par la suite, nous avons déterminé si le sommeil pouvait avoir un impact sur la température corporelle et sur phosphorylation de tau en privant des souris de sommeil pendant 6 heures. La privation de sommeil augmentait la température corporelle et diminuait significativement la phosphorylation de tau. Pour vérifier que la température corporelle est impliquée dans le rythme circadien de la phosphorylation de tau nous avons exposé une lignée de cellules neuronales à la température rectale moyenne mesurée chez les souris pendant le sommeil (36.3ºC) et l’activité (37.4ºC). Une baisse de la température d’un degré était suffisante pour diminuer significativement la phosphorylation de tau. Globalement, nos résultats démontrent que la phosphorylation de la protéine tau suit un iv rythme circadien et qu’elle est influencée par le cycle veille/sommeil et par la température corporelle. / Tau protein is an important pathological marker of Alzheimer's disease because its level of phosphorylation and aggregation correlates with the progression of the disease. Sleep disorders are common in Alzheimer's disease and conversely longitudinal studies show that people with sleep disorders are at higher risk to develop Alzheimer's disease. However, the mechanisms by which poor sleep contributes to the development of the disease are unknown. As my host laboratory previously demonstrated that central body temperature can affect the phosphorylation of tau protein and that body temperature follows circadian oscillations, we hypothesized that phosphorylation of tau protein could be subjected to circadian oscillations due to body temperature. The objective of this thesis was to determine if phosphorylation of tau follows a circadian rhythm and if body temperature and sleep are involved in the process. First, we showed that the phosphorylation of tau follows a circadian rhythm: when the animals were sleeping, their temperature was lower and tau protein was more phosphorylated, conversely, during the activity, body temperature was higher, and tau was dephosphorylated. To determine whether body temperature was involved in the circadian rhythm of tau phosphorylation, we changed the circadian body temperature oscillations by exposing the animals to 34ºC in an incubator dedicated for animal housing. Exposure to 34ºC decreased the magnitude of circadian body temperature variation and abolished circadian changes in tau phosphorylation. Subsequently, we determined whether sleep had an impact on body temperature and tau phosphorylation by testing the effect of 6 hours sleep deprivation. Sleep deprivation increased body temperature and significantly decreased tau phosphorylation. To verify that body temperature is directly involved in circadian rhythm of phosphorylation of tau, we exposed a neuronal cell line at the mean rectal temperature measured during sleep (36.3ºC) and activity (37.4ºC). A decrease of one degree Celsius was sufficient to significantly decrease tau phosphorylation. Overall, our results demonstrate that phosphorylation of tau protein follows a circadian rhythm and is influenced by the sleep/wake cycle and body temperature.

Open reading frame (ORF) sso0433 from the archaeon Sulfolobus solfataricus encodes a protein kinase, SsoPK5 that exhibits 33% sequence identity to p53 related protein kinase (PRPK) from Homo sapiens and 26% sequence identity to piD261/Bud32 from Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Given this high degree of similarity, the objectives of this thesis were to (a) clone and purify recombinant SsoPK5, (b) examine its commonalities and differences with its eukaryotic homologues, and (c) determine if it was regulated by nucleotides or related compounds. Substantial progress was achieved on each objective. After successful cloning of ORF sso0433 and purification of its protein product, SsoPK5, it was determined that SsoPK5 was cold labile and incubation at 4ºC for an extended period of time rendered SsoPK5 incapable of phosphotransferase activity. When stored at room temperature, SsoPK5 was capable of transferring the γ-phosphate from ATP to casein, reduced carboxyamidomethylated and maleylated (RCM) lysozyme,and p53. SsoPK5 phosphotransferase activity required a divalent metal cofactor; like pid261/Bud32, SsoPK5 preferred Mn²⁺ over the more commonly preferred Mg²⁺. SsoPK5 was shown to phosphorylate itself on threonine and serine residues; one of the specific amino acid residues modified is threonine-151. Recombinant SsoPK5 is activated by ADP-ribose and 5′-AMP. Activation was observed when SsoPK5 was stabilized by ATP or a nonhydrolytic analogue, such as β,γ- methylene adenosine 5′-triphosphate (AMP-PCP). Activation was not a result of phosphoryl transfer nor hydrolytic breakdown of ATP or 5′-AMP. This was deduced by the lack of ³²P radioactivity incorporated into SsoPK5 during pre-incubation with [γ-³²P] ATP for 60 min at 65ºC, and activation by adenosine 5′-O-thiomonophosphate (AMPS), a hydrolysis-resistant analog of AMP. These results may indicate that ADP-ribose acts as a pseudochaperone for SsoPK5 thereby facilitating maximal activity. / Ph. D.

Chemotaxis is the ability of an organism to sense its environment and move towards attractants and away from repellents. The two-component system controlling chemotaxis in bacteria contains a histidine kinase CheA, which is autophosphorylated in response to a signal from a ligand-bound transmembrane methyl-accepting chemotaxis protein. CheA transfers the phosphate group to its cognate response regulator which modulates flagellar rotation. Signal termination by dephosphorylation of the response regulator is necessary for the organism to react rapidly to changes in the environment. The phosphorylated response regulator CheY in <i>Escherichia coli</i> is dephosphorylated by CheZ, a phosphatase; certain organisms, such as <i>Sinorhizobium meliloti</i>, that lack a CheZ homolog have developed alternate methods of signal termination. The signaling chain of S. meliloti contains two response regulators, CheY1 and CheY2, in which CheY2 modulates flagellar rotation and CheY1 causes signal termination by acting as a phosphate sink. In addition to known chemotaxis components, the second gene in the chemotaxis operon of <i>S. meliloti</i> codes a 97 amino acid protein, called CheS. The phenotype of a cheS deletion strain is similar to that of a cheY1 deletion strain. Therefore, the possibility that CheS causes signal termination was explored in this work. The derived amino acid sequence of CheS showed similarities with its orthologs from other °-proteobacteria. Sequence conservation was highest at the centrally located °4 and °5 helices. Earlier observations that CheS localizes at the polar chemotaxis cluster in a CheA-dependent manner were confirmed, and the co-localization of CheS with CheA was demonstrated by fluorescence microscopy. The stable expression of CheS in the presence of CheA was confirmed by immunoblot. The same approach was used to establish the stable expression of CheS only in the presence of the P2 domain of CheA, but not with the P1 or P345 domains. Limited proteolysis followed by mass spectrometry defined CheA_163-256 as the CheS binding domain, and this domain overlapped the previously defined CheY2-binding domain, CheA_174-316. The role of CheS in the phosphate flux in S. meliloti chemotaxis was analyzed by assays using radio-labeled [?-?°P]ATP. CheS does not play a role in the autophosphorylation of CheA. However, CheS accelerated the rate of CheY1~P dephosphorylation by almost two-fold, but did not affect the rate of CheY2~P dephosphorylation. CheS also does not seem to affect phosphate flow in the retrophosphorylation from CheY2~P to CheA using acetyl [?°P]phosphate as phosphodonor. Since CheS increases the rate of CheY1 dephosphorylation, it can be envisioned that it either increases the association of CheY1 to CheA, increasing the flow of phosphate from CheA to CheY1, or directly accelerates the dephosphorylation of CheY1~P. The presence of a STAS domain and a conserved serine residue in CheS also raises the possibility that CheS may be phosphorylated by a yet unknown kinase, in a mechanism similar to the phosphorylation of <i>Bacillus subtilis</i> SpoIIAA by its cognate kinase SpoIIAB. Phosphorylated CheS may then switch CheA between a kinase or phosphotransferase ON/OFF state or activated CheS may directly interact with CheY1. Further studies are needed to determine the association of CheY1 with CheS to elucidate the mechanism of CheY1 dephosphorylation. This work has confirmed the <i>in vitro</i> association of CheS with CheA, determined the CheS binding domain on CheA, and indicated that CheS accelerates the dephosphorylation of CheY1~P. This has advanced our understanding of the role of CheS in the chemotaxis signaling chain of <i>S. meliloti</i>. / Master of Science

Lorsqu'une cellule se divise, elle donne une copie de son génome à chacune de ses cellules filles. Cependant, quand un problème de ségrégation survient, les cellules filles peuvent recevoir un nombre anormal de chromatides sœurs, résultant en une aneuploïdie. Plusieurs pathologies sont liées à l'aneuploïdie, notamment la trisomie 21 et des formes de cancer. Une des kinases recrutées pour corriger la ségrégation des chromatides sœurs est Haspin. Son activité est nécessaire pour l'enrichissement du « Chromosomal Passenger Complex » (CPC) aux centromères. Selon le modèle actuel, Haspin phosphoryle l'histone H3 sur la thréonine 3 (H3 T3) pour recruter le CPC. Or, une comparaison des séquences des acides aminés des histones H2B et H3 montre une forte similarité entre H3 T3 et les sites T19 et T119 de H2B. Nous avons émis l'hypothèse selon laquelle Haspin phosphorylerait les sites T19 et T119 de H2B. Mon projet a pour but d'utiliser des approches in vitro utilisant des histones et des nucléosomes recombinants pour découvrir de nouveaux substrats de Haspin. Afin de déceler et de quantifier la phosphorylation de H2B par Haspin, nous avons réalisé des essais kinases avec des anticorps spécifiques à la phosphorylation de H2B sur ces deux sites. De plus, nous avons utilisé des approches in cellulo afin de déterminer si H2B est phosphorylé par Haspin au niveau cellulaire. Nos résultats démontrent que Haspin phosphoryle l'histone H2B sur T19 et T119 in vitro. Haspin phosphoryle l'histone libre ainsi que sa forme repliée en nucléosome. D'autre part, les analyses d'immunofluorescence avec un anticorps spécifique à H2BpT119 ont démontré que H2B est phosphorylée par Haspin dans la cellule. En conclusion, nous avons montré que H2B est phosphorylé par Haspin autant in vitro que in cellulo. La caractérisation de ce nouveau substrat pourrait permettre une meilleure compréhension des mécanismes de division cellulaire. / During cell division, the cell gives a copy of its genome to each of its daughter cells. However, when a segregation problem arises, daughter cells can receive an abnormal number of sister chromatids, resulting in aneuploidy. Several pathologies are linked to aneuploidy, including Down Syndrome and forms of cancer. One of the first kinases recruited to correct sister chromatid missegregation is the Haspin kinase. Its activity is necessary for the enrichment of the Chromosomal Passenger Complex (CPC) at the centromeres. According to the current model, Haspin phosphorylates histone H3 on threonine 3 (H3 T3) to recruit the CPC. However, a comparison of the amino acid sequences of histones H2B and H3 shows a strong similarity between H3 T3 and the T 9 and T119 sites of histone H2B. We hypothesised that Haspin is able to phosphorylate the sites T19 and T119 of H2B. My project aims to use in vitro approaches using recombinant histones and nucleosomes to discover new substrates of Haspin. In order to detect and quantify Haspin phosphorylation of the histones, we performed kinase assays that we analysed using an antibody specific to H2B phosphorylation of its two sites. In addition, we performed in cellulo analyses to determine if H2B is phosphorylated by Haspin at the cellular level. Our results demonstrate that Haspin phosphorylates histone H2B on T19 and T119 in vitro. Haspin phosphorylates the free histone and its folded form in nucleosomes. Additionally, immunofluorescence analyzes with an antibody specific to H2BpT119 showed that H2B is phosphorylated by Haspin in the cell. In conclusion, we have shown that H2B is phosphorylated by Haspin both in vitro and in cellulo. The characterization of this new substrate could allow a better understanding of the mechanisms supporting cell division.

Nature is able to convert chemical energy into mechanical work under modest conditions, i.e., physiological pH and ambient temperature and pressure. One of the most interesting systems is muscle modeled as the "sliding filament" system. The sliding filament system is a combination of a thin actin filament and a thick myosin filament that slide over one another by breaking the "energy-rich" pyrophosphate bond of ATP. The energy from ATP hydrolysis is used for mechanical motion and the energy lost during this process is used to heat our body. In biology, the sliding filament system is taken as a fairly effective model. For engineering systems, the energy lost to heat needs to be reduced to build an efficient energy converter. In our research, we use a phosphate charged protein, casein, and react it with divinyl sulfone (DVS) through a Michael addition reaction to produce a cross-linked gel. The protein gel could be ephosphorylated at standard conditions using bovine phosphatase (bp) and re-phosporylated using casein kinase. When attached to the protein, the negatively charged phosphate groups cause the gel to expand from repulsion. When removed, the protein contracts. Therefore, work is realized without sliding friction, which is the origin of the large energy loss in muscle. FT-IR spectroscopy allows us to follow the two biochemical reactions. We also show a thermodynamic analysis of the work and offer an estimation of the most basic term. / Master of Science

No / Voltage clamp was used to investigate the effects of N-[2-p-bromo-cinnamylamino)ethyl]-5-isoquinolinesulfonamide (H-89), a potent inhibitor of PKA, on transient outward K+ current (Ito) and inward rectifying K+ current (IK1) in rat cardiac muscle. Initial experiments, performed using descending voltage ramps, showed that H-89 inhibited both the outward and inward ramp currents in a concentration-dependent manner at concentrations between 5 and 60 ¿mol l¿1. A similar degree of inhibition was observed when Ito and IK1 were recorded using square wave depolarising and hyperpolarising voltage steps, respectively. The IC50 was 35.8 ¿mol l¿1 for Ito and 27.8 ¿mol l¿1 for IK1 compared to 5.4 ¿mol l¿1 for L-type Ca2+ current (ICa). The Hill coefficients for Ito, IK1 and ICa were ¿1.97, ¿1.60 and ¿1.21, respectively. In addition to inhibiting Ito amplitude, H-89 also accelerated the time to peak and the rate of voltage-dependent inactivation so that the time course of Ito was abbreviated. Paired-pulse protocols were performed to study the effects of H-89 on steady-state activation and inactivation as well as recovery from voltage-dependent inactivation. H-89 produced a concentration-dependent rightward shift in voltage-dependent activation but had no significant effect on steady-state inactivation. Recovery from voltage-dependent inactivation was delayed, although this was only visible at the highest concentration (60 ¿mol l¿1) used. In experiments investigating the effects of elevated cyclic AMP, the ß-adrenergic agonist isoprenaline and the phosphatase inhibitor calyculin A had no major effects on Ito or IK1. Data suggest that the effects of H-89 on K+ currents are more complex than simple inhibition of PKA-mediated phosphorylation.

Yes / The HOX genes are a group of homeodomain-containing transcription factors that play important regulatory roles in early development, including the establishment of cell and tissue identity. HOX expression is generally reduced in adult cells but is frequently re-established as an early event in tumour formation and supports an oncogenic phenotype. HOX transcription factors are also involved in cell cycle regulation and DNA repair, along with normal adult physiological process including stem cell renewal. There have been extensive studies on the mechanism by which HOX proteins regulate transcription, with particular emphasis on their interaction with cofactors such as Pre-B-cell Leukaemia Homeobox (PBX) and Myeloid Ecotropic Viral Integration Site 1 (MEIS). However, significantly less is known of how the activity of HOX proteins is regulated. There is growing evidence that phosphorylation may play an important role in this context, and in this review, we draw together a number of important studies published over the last 20 years, and discuss the relevance of phosphorylation in the regulation and function of HOX proteins in development, evolution, cell cycle regulation, and cancer.

BubR1 est une protéine importante dans le point de contrôle de la mitose pour la stabilisation des interactions entre kinétochores et microtubules (KT-MT). Ces fonctions protègent de la ségrégation anormale des chromosomes et de l’instabilité du génome. BubR1 possède des sites de phosphorylation mitotique hautement conservés dans le domaine régulant l’attachement des kinétochores (KARD), où S676 et S670 sont phosphorylées respectivement par la kinase polo-like 1 (Plk1) et par la kinase cycline-dépendante 1 (Cdk1). Ces sites de phosphorylation sont essentiels pour le recrutement de la phosphatase PP2A-B56, qui stabilise les interactions KT-MT. Nos résultats montrent que la délétion entière ou des mutations qui déstabilisent le domaine pseudokinase de BubR1, causent la perte de phosphorylation des résidus S676 et S670 en mitose. Notre hypothèse est que le domaine pseudokinase de BubR1 peut jouer un rôle essentiel dans la régulation de la phosphorylation du KARD et donc dans la stabilisation des interactions KT-MT. / The mitotic protein BubR1 functions in the spindle assembly checkpoint (SAC) by stabilizing kinetochore-microtubule (KT-MT) interactions. These functions protect the cell from abnormal chromosome segregation and genome instability. BubR1 has highly conserved mitotic phosphorylation sites in the kinetochore-attachment regulatory domain (KARD); the residue S676 is phosphorylated by polo-like kinase-1 (Plk1) and S670 is phosphorylated by cyclin-dependent kinase-1 (Cdk1). These phosphorylation sites are essential for KARD recruitment of protein phosphatase PP2A-B56, which stabilizes KT-MT interactions. Our results show that mutations that cause pseudokinase domain instability and a highly stable truncation mutant of BubR1 were found to cause loss of mitotic S676 and S670 phosphorylation. We hypothesize that the pseudokinase domain of BubR1 may play an important role in the regulation of KARD phosphorylation and thus the stabilization of KT-MT interactions.

Tableau d’honneur de la Faculté des études supérieures et postdoctorales, 2018-2019. / Les fonctions des cellules épithéliales reposent sur la distribution asymétrique de différents constituants cellulaires, organisation structurale nommée polarité épithéliale. Plus de 80% des cancers sont d’origine épithéliale, et l’altération de la polarité cellulaire contribue à la progression du cancer. L’élucidation des mécanismes moléculaires contrôlant la polarité épithéliale est donc primordiale. La protéine Yurt permet de maintenir l’intégrité de la membrane latérale et de limiter la croissance de la membrane apicale dans les épithéliums polarisés. Les orthologues humains de Yurt, EHM2 et EPB41L5, sont surexprimés dans des cellules cancéreuses hautement métastatiques et sont associés à un mauvais pronostic. EPB41L5 est aussi impliquée dans la transition épithélio-mésenchymateuse et dans la formation des métastases. Le développement d’inhibiteurs de EHM2 et EPB41L5 pourrait donc contrer la progression tumorale. L’objectif général de mon doctorat était de mieux comprendre les modes de régulation de ces protéines, ce qui est un préalable essentiel pour la mise en place de stratégies thérapeutiques dans le contexte du cancer. Durant la polarisation des cellules épithéliales, Yurt est confinée à la membrane latérale et assure l’intégrité de ce domaine membranaire en réprimant la machinerie apicale. Aux stades tardifs de l’embryogenèse, le recrutement apical de Yurt permet de restreindre la taille de la membrane apicale. Néanmoins, les mécanismes moléculaires soutenant la dynamique spatiotemporelle de Yurt, et les mécanismes précis par lesquels Yurt inhibe la machinerie apicale étaient non définis. Au cours de mon doctorat, nous avons montré que la kinase apicale aPKC phosphoryle Yurt pour empêcher sa localisation apicale prématurée. Une version non phosphorylable de Yurt démantèle le domaine apical, indiquant que l’exclusion apicale de Yurt dépendante de aPKC est cruciale pour la polarité épithéliale. En retour, Yurt antagonise les fonctions de aPKC pour prévenir l’apicalisation de la membrane plasmique. La capacité de Yurt à lier et restreindre les fonctions de aPKC est centrale pour son rôle dans la polarité épithéliale. En effet, déléter le site de liaison à aPKC neutralise l’activité de Yurt. Ainsi, Yurt et aPKC sont impliquées dans une relation antagoniste bidirectionnelle qui contribue à la ségrégation des domaines membranaires, ce qui soutient l’architecture fonctionnelle des tissus épithéliaux. iv Ensuite, pour comprendre plus en profondeur comment est modulée l’activité de Yurt, nous avons investigué les propriétés biochimiques de Yurt et de ses orthologues. Ces protéines appartiennent à la famille des protéines à domaine « Four-point-one, Ezrin, Radixin, Moesin » (FERM). Elles possèdent également un domaine adjacent à FERM (FA pour « FERM-adjacent »), définissant un sous-groupe de la famille FERM. Certaines protéines de cette famille ont la capacité de former des homo-oligomères, ce qui module leurs fonctions. Nos résultats indiquent que Yurt et EPB41L5 sont également capables de s’homo-oligomériser. Nous avons démontré que l’unité FERM-FA définit une interface oligomérique. De plus, nous avons montré que la phénylalanine 281 (F281) et le tryptophane 283 (W283) sont particulièrement importants pour l’interaction homotypique de Yurt. En effet, la substitution de ces résidus en arginine (R) abolit l’interaction homotypique de Yurt in vitro. Nous avons alors généré une lignée de drosophile exprimant YurtF281R, W283R à partir du locus endogène yurt grâce à la technique CRISPR/Cas9. Les embryons exprimant YurtF281R, W283R sont phénotypiquement similaires aux embryons complètement dépourvus de Yurt, suggérant fortement que la multimérisation de Yurt est cruciale pour ses fonctions in vivo. Nous avons également démontré que la kinase aPKC déstabilise l’oligomère de Yurt conduisant à une répression de ses fonctions. Ceci révèle un mécanisme par lequel cette kinase supporte la formation du domaine apical. En résumé, mes travaux de doctorat ont permis de décrypter le mécanisme d’exclusion apicale de Yurt par la kinase aPKC dans les cellules épithéliales immatures. Nous avons également mis en évidence une relation antagoniste bidirectionnelle entre Yurt et aPKC. Ceci contribue à maintenir la bonne ségrégation des domaines membranaires, et ainsi soutenir l’architecture fonctionnelle des tissus épithéliaux. De plus, nous avons démontré que l’oligomérisation de Yurt est cruciale pour ses fonctions in vivo. Cette propriété biochimique est conservée chez son orthologue humain EPB41L5. Ceci offre donc une opportunité unique dans la lutte contre le cancer. En effet, des composés interférant avec cette oligomérisation pourraient limiter l’activité de EPB41L5, et ainsi combattre la progression tumorale. / The polarized architecture of epithelial cells along the apical-basal axis is crucial for epithelial tissue morphogenesis, physiology and homeostasis. Over 80% of cancers are of epithelial origin, and the alteration of cell polarity contributes to cancer progression. Elucidating the molecular mechanisms controlling epithelial polarity is therefore essential. The protein Yurt stabilizes the lateral membrane and limits apical membrane growth in polarized epithelia. The human Yurt orthologs EHM2 and EPB41L5 are overexpressed in many cancers. This correlates with poor outcome for patients. EPB41L5 also supports epithelial-mesenchymal transition and metastasis. Elaborating strategies limiting EHM2 and EPB41L5 activity is of special interest in oncology. The general objective of my PhD was to decipher the regulation of these proteins to pave the way for new therapeutic strategies for the treatment of cancer. During organogenesis, Yurt is confined to the lateral membrane and supports the stability of this membrane domain by repressing the apical machinery. At later stages of embryogenesis, the apical recruitment of Yurt establishes a local negative regulatory feedback loop that restricts the size of the apical membrane. However, the molecular basis sustaining the spatiotemporal dynamics of Yurt, and the precise mechanisms by which Yurt inhibits apical promoting factors were undefined. During the first part of my Ph.D., we demonstrated that aPKC phosphorylates Yurt to prevent its premature apical localization. A non-phosphorylatable version of Yurt dominantly dismantles the apical domain, showing that its aPKC-mediated exclusion is crucial for epithelial cell polarity. In return, Yurt counteracts aPKC functions to prevent apicalization of the plasma membrane. The ability of Yurt to bind and restrain aPKC signaling is central for its role in polarity, as removal of the aPKC binding site neutralizes Yurt activity. Thus, Yurt and aPKC are involved in a reciprocal antagonistic regulatory loop that contributes to the segregation of discrete and mutually exclusive membrane domains, thereby sustaining the functional architecture of epithelial tissues. To further define how Yurt activity is modulated, we investigated the biochemical properties of Yurt and its orthologs. Yurt and EPB41L5 belong to the Four-point-one, Ezrin, Radixin, Moesin (FERM) domain protein family. These proteins also contain a FERM-adjacent (FA) domain which defines a subfamily of FERM proteins. Some proteins of this superfamily have the ability to multimerize. Our results indicate that both Yurt and EPB41L5 oligomerize. Our data also establish that the FERM-FA unit forms an oligomeric interface, and that multimerization of Yurt is crucial for its function in epithelial cell polarity regulation. Finally, we demonstrated that aPKC destabilizes the Yurt oligomer to repress its functions, thereby revealing a mechanism through which this kinase supports apical domain formation. In summary, my Ph.D. work has deciphered the mechanism sustaining the apical exclusion of Yurt by aPKC in immature epithelial cells. We have also demonstrated a reciprocal antagonistic regulatory loop between Yurt and aPKC. This contributes to maintaining the proper segregation of membrane domains, and thus supporting the functional architecture of epithelial tissues. In addition, we have demonstrated that Yurt oligomerization is crucial for its in vivo functions. This biochemical property is conserved in its human ortholog EPB41L5. This offers a unique opportunity in the fight against cancer. Indeed, compounds interfering with this oligomerization could limit the activity of EPB41L5, and thus counteract tumor progression.

Tableau d’honneur de la Faculté des études supérieures et postdoctorales, 2007-2008. / La protéine multifonctionnelle p54nrb , enrichie dans un nouveau domaine nucléaire nommé paraspeckles, fait partie de complexes de transcription/épissage comprenant l'ARN polymérase II et son partenaire PSF. Des travaux récents effectués dans notre laboratoire montrent que p54nrb est phosphorylée en mitose (Proteau A., Blier S., Albert A.L., Lavoie S.B., Traish A. M. and Vincent M. (2005) J. Mol. Biol. 346, 1163-1172). La phosphorylation est une modification post-traductionnelle pouvant affecter la localisation cellulaire d'une protéine, ses interactions, sa dégradation et son activité. Pour étudier l'impact de la phosphorylation mitotique de p54nrb , sa localisation cellulaire a été comparée en interphase et en mitose par immunofluorescence indirecte. Les résultats ont montré que la phosphorylation ne semble pas affecter sa localisation aux paraspeckles en mitose. Ensuite, ses interactions dans le complexe transcription/épissage ont été vérifiées en mitose par immunoprécipitation et pulldown. Les résultats ont montré que la phosphorylation ne semble pas affecter le complexe p54nrb-PSF-ARN polymérase II en mitose in vitro. Des analyses biochimiques ont finalement montré que la phosphorylation de p54nrb ne semble pas non plus empêcher son association à la matrice nucléaire. L'étude antérieure, citée précédemment, a également montré que p54nrb est reconnue par la peptidyl-prolyl isomérase Pinl en mitose. La juglone, un inhibiteur enzymatique de Pinl, a été utilisée pour évaluer l'effet de l'interaction de Pinl sur le niveau de phosphorylation de p54nrb . Les résultats ont montré que l'inhibition de Pinl empêche la déphosphorylation de p54nrb à la fin de la mitose ainsi que celle de PSF, nouveau substrat de Pinl. La protéine Pinl pourrait réguler chaque membre du complexe p54nrb-PSF-ARN polymérase II à la reprise du cycle cellulaire.