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The nonlinear propagation of a visible, continuous wave laser beam was studied in three types of polymer systems that harness photochemical reactions: (i) a photopolymerization to create permanent self-written structures, (ii) a photo-oxidation hosted within a polymer matrix and (iii) a reversible photoisomerization that triggers the contraction of a photoresponsive hydrogel. The process of self-trapping was characterized by monitoring the spatial intensity profiles over time. The mechanism of each material was determined with a series of control experiments in order to confirm the nature of the nonlinear response, including their reversibility and intensity-dependence. These observations led to the study of interactions between self-trapped beams. Two beams under linear conditions will pass through one another, but two beams travelling in a nonlinear medium will interact and influence one another. The interactions of two beams introduced into the aforementioned photochemical systems were investigated and revealed a rich diversity of phenomena including: (i) the attraction between beams, (ii) merging of beams into a single waveguide, (iii) nonlocal attraction between beams, (iv) orbiting of beams, (v) switching of beam positions, and (vi) inhibition of the self-trapping of a neighbouring beam. Each observation is dependent on a detailed understanding of the underlying mechanism of refractive index change. Numerical simulations supplement some of these experiments and provide further evidence for the nonlinear mechanisms. The formation of permanent self-written structures with these nonlinear waves offers the opportunity to create seamless 3D printed materials with prismatic geometries. Several macroscopic objects were constructed using nonlinear waves from incoherent LEDs and amplitude masks. Decomposition of 3D objects into prismatic elements was carried out using an algorithm that breaks an object into individual pieces. Using a multi-step printing process, several prismatic elements can be combined to form a target object. The results of these experimental and theoretical studies improve upon the current understanding of the dynamics of nonlinear light propagation in photochemical systems. These insights may allow us to harness other nonlinear effects and develop new materials for applications such as optical communication, computing and 3D printing. / Thesis / Doctor of Science (PhD) / The nonlinear propagation of a visible, continuous wave laser beam was studied in three types of polymer systems that harness photochemical reactions: (i) a photopolymerization to create permanent self-written structures, (ii) a photo-oxidation hosted within a polymer matrix and (iii) a reversible photoisomerization that triggers the contraction of a photoresponsive hydrogel. Photochemical changes to the material lead to self-induced light-guiding structures that influence the behaviour of light. These self-trapped beams can interact with one another inside of a nonlinear medium, giving rise to a rich diversity of phenomena including: (i) the attraction between beams, (ii) merging of beams into a single waveguide, (iii) nonlocal attraction between beams, (iv) orbiting of beams, (v) switching of beam positions, and (vi) inhibition of the self-trapping of a neighbouring beam. Each observation is dependent on a detailed understanding of the underlying mechanism of refractive index change. Numerical simulations supplement some of these experiments and provide further evidence for the nonlinear mechanisms. The formation of permanent self-written structures with these nonlinear waves offers the opportunity to create seamless 3D printed materials with prismatic geometries. Several macroscopic objects were constructed using nonlinear waves from incoherent LEDs and amplitude masks. Decomposition of 3D objects into prismatic elements was carried out using an algorithm that breaks an object into individual pieces. Using a multi-step printing process, several prismatic elements can be combined to form a target object. The results of these experimental and theoretical studies improve upon the current understanding of the dynamics of nonlinear light propagation in photochemical systems. These insights may allow us to harness other nonlinear effects and develop new materials for applications such as optical communication, computing and 3D printing.

A series mixed metal supramolecular complexes were synthesized and studied by electrochemistry, photophysics and photochemistry. The complexes consisted of a single RuII or OsII polyazine light absorber bound to a cis-RhIIICl2 moiety through a polyazine bridging ligand. A related class of supramolecule is known to perform photoinitiated electron collection, photocatalysis of hydrogen from water, DNA photomodification and is known to kill mammalian cells; all with visible light irradiation. The complexes studied herein, [(bpy)2Ru(bpm)RhCl2(phen)](PF6)3, [(bpy)2Ru(dpp)RhCl2(phen)](PF6)3, [(bpy)2Os(dpp)RhCl2(phen)](PF6)3, and [(tpy)OsCl(dpp)RhCl2(phen)](PF6)2 were synthesized in moderate yields (54-84%) by reaction of the appropriate monometallic visible light absorbing subunit with a slight excess of K[(phen)RhCl4]·3H2O (bpy = 2,2'-bipyridine, bpm = 2,2'-bipyrimidine, 1,10-phenanthroline, dpp = 2,3-bis(2-pyridyl)pyrazine, and tpy = 2,2':6',2"-terpyridine). Voltammetric analysis of [(bpy)2Ru(bpm)RhCl2(phen)](PF6)3 revealed a reversible oxidation at 1.76 V (vs. Ag/AgCl) (RuIII/II). A reversible reduction at â 0.14 V (bpm0/-), and quasi-reversible reductions at â 0.77 V and â 0.91 V each corresponded to a one electron process, bpm0/â , RhIII/II and RhII/I. The electrochemistry of [(bpy)2Ru(dpp)RhCl2(phen)](PF6)3 showed a reversible oxidation at 1.61 V (RuIII/II), and quasi-reversible reductions at â 0.39 V, â 0.74 V and â 0.98 V. The first two reductive couples corresponded to two electrons, consistent with Rh reduction. [(bpy)2Os(dpp)RhCl2(phen)](PF6)3, and [(tpy)OsCl(dpp)RhCl2(phen)](PF6)2 each exhibited reductions similar to the dpp bridged Ru,Rh dyad, but with OsIII/II based oxidations at 1.24 V and 0.83 V, respectively. The complexes [(bpy)2Ru(bpm)RhCl2(phen)](PF6)3 and [{(bpy)2Ru(bpm)}2RhCl2](PF6)5 display Ru(dπ)â bpm(π*) CT (MLCT) transitions at 581 nm and at 594 nm, respectively. The dpp bridged Ru,Rh bimetallic and Ru,Rh,Ru trimetallic display Ru(dπ)â dpp(π*) CT transitions at 509 nm and 518 nm, respectively. Similarly, [(bpy)2Os(dpp)RhCl2(phen)](PF6)3 absorbs strongly at 520 nm versus 534 nm for [{(bpy)2Os(dpp)}2RhCl2](PF6)5, both with low energy tails at 800 nm indicative of Os centered MLCT transitions. Overlapping Os(dπ)â dpp(π*) and Os(dπ)â tpy(π*) transitions occur at 536 nm with low energy tails at 856 nm for both [(tpy)OsCl(dpp)RhCl2(phen)](PF6)2 and [{(tpy)OsCl(dpp)}2RhCl2](PF6)3. Emission from [{(bpy)2Ru(dpp)}RhCl2](PF6)5 and [(bpy)2Ru(dpp)RhCl2(phen)](PF6)3 at room temperature and 77 K was red shifted and less intense than emission from [(bpy)2Ru(dpp)Ru(bpy)2](PF6)4, consistent with quenched emission from a Ru(dπ)â dpp(π*) 3MLCT state. Transient absorption spectroscopy supported assignment of the emissive state as Ru(dπ)â dpp(π*) CT in nature. The complexes [(bpy)Ru(dpp)RhCl2(phen)](PF6)3 (τ =18 ns) and [{(bpy)2Ru(dpp)}2RhCl2](PF6)5 (τ = 16 ns) each exhibit shorter lived 3MLCT states than the Ru,Ru dyad (τ = 125 ns) in acetonitrile consistent with favorable electron transfer to Rh(III) to generate a metal to metal charge transfer (3MMCT) state. The photochemistry of [{(bpy)2Ru(dpp)}2RhCl2]Cl5, [{(tpy)OsCl(dpp)}2RhCl2]Cl3, [(bpy)2Ru(dpp)RhCl2(phen)]Cl3, and [(tpy)OsCl(dpp)RhCl2(phen)]Cl2 with DNA was investigated using gel electrophoresis and selective precipitation of a DNA/metal complex adduct. An array of high intensity LEDs was designed, constructed and validated to accommodate these high throughput photochemical experiments with DNA. Each of the metal complexes is suggested to undergo photobinding with DNA as well as to photocleave DNA. A 3MMCT state or a thermally accessible Rh centered 3LF state each are proposed as leading to photobinding, while a 3MMCT state is thought to be involved in DNA photocleavage. / Ph. D.

El objetivo principal de esta tesis es contrastar el papel de dichos compuestos 1,3-dicarbonilicos como agentes que dañan el ADN con respecto a su potencial fotoprotector. Primero, 5,6-dihidropirimidinas han sido derivatizadas utilizando el grupo fotolábil t-Bu cetona con el fin de estudiar la generación de radicales en C5 en un medio no acuoso. Después, el estudio por fotólisis de destello láser en ACN de los derivados 1,3-dicarbonilicos diseñados da lugar a la detección de los supuestos radicales 5,6-dihidropirimidin-5-ilo. Su caracterización muestra especies transitorias de vida larga y están centrados a 400-420 nm o 350-400 nm para los derivados 5,6-dihidrouridina o 5,6-dihidrotimidina, respectivamente. Además, la generación de radicales también se ha evidenciado mediante experimentos de fluorescencia en estado estacionario mediante el uso de una sonda profluorescente (AAA-TEMPO) que atrapa el radical. Por lo tanto, la irradiación de los derivados fotolábiles del ácido nucleico en presencia de AAA-TEMPO produce un aumento de la emisión, de acuerdo con la captura del radical C5 por la sonda paramagnética. La formación del aducto se ha confirmado mediante UPLC-HRMS. Los datos experimentales se han corroborado con cálculos teóricos ab initio CASPT2 // CASSCF. Segundo, otro derivado 1,3-dicarbonílico de la pirimidina se ha investigado. De hecho, el daño 5-formiluracilo (ForU) presenta características interesantes como potencial agente fotosensibilizador intrínseco del ADN. Por lo tanto, los estudios espectroscópicos revelan que ForU tiene una absorción en el rango UVA/UVB y también presenta un estado triplete excitado (3ForU *) con un tiempo de vida algunos micros y con una ET suficientemente alta como para fotosensibilizar la formación de los conocidos dímeros de pirimidina de tipo ciclobutano (CPDs) a través de una transferencia de energía triplete-triplete. Este proceso ha sido confirmado por medio de la síntesis de díadas modelo Thy-Thy y Cyt-Cyt, ya que su irradiación en presencia de ForU ha demostrado que producen CPDs. Asimismo, el estudio en ADN plasmídico permitió establecer la capacidad de ForU para inducir roturas de cadena simple y CPDs. A continuación, se ha desarrollo una nueva estrategia para la fotoprotección de moléculas bioactivas aprovechando la reactividad fotoquímica del tautómero 1,3-dicetona de la avobenzona (AB), un filtro del UVA. Los compuestos seleccionados son dos fármacos antiinflamatorios no esteroideos de uso tópico con propiedades fotosensibilizantes, (S)-ketoprofeno (KP) y diclofenaco (DF). El tautómero dicetona de la AB contiene dos restos fenacilo, que es un grupo protector fotolábil muy establecido. Por lo tanto, un diseño juicioso de una díada profármaco/profiltro permite la fotoliberación del fármaco y de su protector, la AB. La viabilidad de esta liberación controlada de los ingredientes se verificó en diferentes disolventes con carácter dador de H y viscosidad para simular la formulación tópica. Además, los estudios de fotólisis de destello láser en EtOH permiten la caracterización de una especie transitoria a 400-420 nm, la cual ha sido asignada al estado excitado triplete de AB-KP. Finalmente, se ha evaluado la fotoseguridad de la díada fotoactivable AB-KP. Los espectros de absorción transitoria de la díada AB-KP en ciclohexano muestra que la especie observada es el estado excitado triplete del KP y no el de la AB en su forma dicetona. El impacto de la díada sobre la membrana celular se ha abordado mediante irradiación UVA de soluciones de ácido linoleico en presencia de AB-KP y su potencial fototóxico se ha evidenciado mediante espectrofotometría UV-Vis revelando la formación de derivados hidroperóxidos diénicos conjugados del ácido linoleico. Sin embargo, la diada AB-KP no exhibe un potencial fotogenotóxico como lo demuestran los experimentos del ensayo comet, donde a diferencia del KP, la forma redonda no / The main objective of this thesis is to contrast the role of these 1,3-dicarbonyl compounds as DNA damaging agents to their photoprotective potential. Firstly, 5,6-dihydropyrimidines have been derivatized using a tert-butyl ketone photolabile group in order to study the generation of C5-centered radicals in non aqueous media. Then, laser flash photolysis study in acetonitrile of the designed 1,3-dicarbonyl derivatives yields the formation of the purported 5,6-dihydropyrimidin-5-yl radicals. Their characterization shows long lived transient species, which do not decay in the µs range and are centered at 400-420 nm or 350-400 nm for the 5,6-dihydrouridine or 5,6-dihydrothymidine derivatives, respectively. Moreover, radical generation has also been evidenced by steady state fluorescence experiments by using a profluorescent radical trap (AAA-TEMPO). Thus, irradiation of the photolabile nucleic acid derivatives in the presence of AAA-TEMPO results in an increased emission, in agreement with the trapping of C5 radical by the paramagnetic probe. Formation of the resulting adduct has been confirmed by UPLC-HRMS. Experimental data have been corroborated with ab initio CASPT2//CASSCF theoretical calculations. In a second chapter, another 1,3-dicarbonyl derivative of pyrimidine has been investigated. Indeed, 5-formyluracil (ForU) presents interesting features as a potential intrinsic DNA photosensitizing agent. Thus, spectroscopic studies reveal that ForU has not only an absorption in the UVA/UVB range, but also a triplet excited state (3ForU*) with a lifetime of some micros and with an energy high enough to photosensitize the well-known cyclobutane pyrimidine dimers (CPDs) through triplet-triplet energy transfer. This process has been confirmed by means of the synthesis of model Thy-Thy and Cyt-Cyt dyads, which after irradiation in the presence of ForU have been demonstrated to produce CPDs. Finally, the study extended to plasmid DNA allows establishing the ability of ForU to produce single strand breaks and CPDs. Next, the attention has been focused on the development of a new strategy for photoprotection of bioactive molecules taking advantage of the photochemical reactivity of the 1,3-diketo tautomer of the UVA filter avobenzone (AB). The selected bioactive compounds are two photosensitive topical non steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, (S)-ketoprofen (KP) and diclofenac (DF). In this context, the diketo tautomer of avobenzone contains two phenacyl moieties, which are well-known photoremovable protecting groups. Thus, a judicious design of a pro-drug/pro-filter dyad allows the photorelease of the drug and its protecting shield, avobenzone. The viability of this controlled release of the active ingredients was checked in different solvents of different H donating properties and viscosity to simulate topical formulation.Plus, laser flash photolysis studies in ethanol allow characterization of a transient absorption band at 400-420 nm assigned to the triplet excited state of the dyad by comparison with that of the diketo form of AB. Finally, the photosafety of the photoactivatable AB-KP dyad has been assessed. The transient absorption spectra obtained for AB-KP dyad in cyclohexane showed the triplet excited state of KP and not that of the AB in its diketo form. The impact on the cellular membrane has been addressed by UVA irradiation of linoleic acid solutions in the presence of the dyad. Phototoxic potential of the dyad has been evidenced by UV-Vis spectrophotometry through the formation of the conjugated dienic hydroperoxides derived from linoleic acid. However, AB-KP does not exhibit a photogenotoxic potential as demonstrated by comet assay experiments, where by contrast with KP, the non damaged round shape of the cell is still observed after UVA irradiation. / L'objectiu principal d'aquesta tesi és contrastar el paper d'aquests compostos 1,3-dicarbonil com a agents que danyen l'ADN respecte al seu potencial fotoprotector. En primer lloc, 5,6-dihidropirimidines han sigut derivatitzades utilitzant el grup fotolàbil t-Bu cetona amb la finalitat d'estudiar la generació de radicals centrats en C5 en un mitjà no aquós. Després, l'estudi de fotòlisi de flaix làser en acetonitril dels derivats 1,3-dicarbonil dissenyats produeix la formació dels suposats radicals 5,6-dihidropirimidin-5-il. La seua caracterització mostra espècies transitòries de vida llarga i estan centrats a 400-420 nm o 350-400 nm per als derivats 5,6-dihidrouridina o 5,6-dihidrotimidina, respectivament. Per tant, la irradiació dels derivats fotolàbils d'àcid nucleic en presència de AAA-TEMPO dóna com resultat un augment de l'emissió, d'acord amb la captura del radical C5 per la sonda paramagnètica. La formació del adducte resultant s'ha confirmat mitjançant UPLC-HRMS. Així mateix, les dades experimentals s'han corroborat amb càlculs teòrics ab initio CASPT2 // CASSCF. En un segon capítol, un altre derivat 1,3-dicarbonil de la pirimidina ha sigut investigat. De fet, el dany 5-formiluracil (ForU), presenta característiques interessants com a potencial fotosensibilitzador intrínsec de l'ADN. Per tant, els estudis espectroscòpics revelen que ForU té una absorció en el rang UVA/UVB i també presenta un estat triplet excitat (3ForU*) amb un temps de vida d'alguns micros i amb una ET prou alta com per a fotosensibilitzar la formació dels coneguts dímers de pirimidina de tipus ciclobutà (CPDs) a través d'una transferència d'energia triplet-triplet. Aquest procés ha sigut confirmat per mitjà de la síntesi de diades model Thy-Thy i Cyt-Cyt, que després de la irradiació en presència de ForU s'ha demostrat que produeixen CPDs. Finalment, l'estudi en ADN plasmídic ha permès establir la capacitat de ForU per a produir trencaments de cadena simple i CPDs. A continuació, s'ha desenvolupat una nova estratègia per a la fotoprotecció de molècules bioactives aprofitant la reactivitat fotoquímica del tautòmer 1,3-dicetona del filtre de l'UVA Avobenzone (AB). Els compostos seleccionats són dos fàrmacs antiinflamatoris no esteroïdals d'ús tòpic amb propietats fotosensibilizants, (S)-ketoprofè (KP) i diclofenac (DF). En aquest context, el tautòmer dicetona de l'AB conté dues fraccions fenacil, que es un grup protector fotolàbil ben conegut. Per tant, un disseny judiciós d'una diada profàrmac / profiltre permet el fotoalliberament del fàrmac i del seu escut protector, l'AB. La viabilitat d'aquest alliberament controlat dels ingredients actius s'ha verificat en diferents dissolvents de diferent caràcter dador d'hidrogen i viscositat per a simular la formulació tòpica. A més, els estudis de fotòlisi de flaix làser en EtOH permeten la caracterització d'una banda d'absorció transitòria a 400-420 nm, la qual ha sigut assignada a l'estat excitat triplet de AB-KP. Finalment, s'ha avaluat la fotoseguretat de la diada fotoactivable AB-KP. Els espectres d'absorció transitòria de la diada AB-KP en ciclohexà mostres que l'espècie observada és l'estat excitat triplet del KP i no el de la AB en la seua forma dicetònica. L'impacte sobre la membrana cel·lular s'ha abordat mitjançant la irradiació UVA de solucions d'àcid linoleic en presència de AB-KP. El potencial fototòxic de la diada s'ha evidenciat mitjançant espectrofotometria UV-Vis revelant la formació de derivats hidroperòxids diènics conjugats de l'àcid linoleic. No obstant açò, la diada AB-KP no exhibeix un potencial fotogenotòxic com ho demostren els experiments de l'assaig comet, on a diferència del KP, la forma redona no danyada de la cèl·lula encara s'observa després de la irradiació UVA. / Aparici Espert, MI. (2018). Photochemistry of 1,3-Dicarbonyl Compounds: DNA Photodamage vs. Photoprotection [Tesis doctoral]. Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/105782

The terminal ligand in [(Ph₂phen)₂Ru(dpp)RhCl₂(TL)](PF₆)₃ (Ph2phen = 4,7-diphenyl1,10-phenanthroline; dpp = 2,3-bis(2-pyridyl)pyrazine; TL = terminal ligand – a 4,4′-disubstituted-2,2′-bipyridine where the substituent was carbomethoxy (dcmbpy), hydrogen (bpy) or methyl (Me₂bpy)). The electron-withdrawing ability of the substituent was shown to increase the rate of chloride loss upon electrochemical reduction, facilitating catalytic water reduction. The electronic properties of the terminal ligand also impact the photophysical properties of the molecule. The excited state lifetime of the complex with a dcmbpy terminal ligand was 93 ns while the excited state lifetimes of the complexes with a bpy or Me₂bpy terminal ligand were 44 ns and 47 ns, respectively. Ligand substitution was shown to influence the photocatalytic water reduction activity of these complexes with the dcmbpy complex producing approximately twice the amount of hydrogen (62 ± 7 turnovers in 20 h) as the other two complexes. / Master of Science

Two photon absorption (TPA) is the near simultaneous absorption of two photons of light to achieve an electronically excited state. It has led to huge advances in microscopy and microfabrication due to its quadratic dependence on the local light intensity. This thesis describes the design, synthesis and application of dyes with strong TPA properties, and as such is divided into three chapters. The first introduces the theory and measurement of TPA as well as structure-property relationships known to maximise the efficiency of TPA. The subsequent chapters present explorations of the application of these dyes in biological applications; namely two-photon uncaging and two-photon photodynamic therapy. A recurring theme in my research is the discussion and evaluation of strategies for improving the compatibility of organic macromolecules with biological systems. Uncaging is the use of photolysis to achieve a rapid increase in the local concentration of a physiologically active species via a photoremovable protecting groups. Photoremovable protecting groups are covalently attached to the physiologically active species, thus rendering it inactive. At the desired time and location, a light dose releases the molecule in its active form. There are many compounds known to uncage following photoexcitation, but there are few examples of caging groups which exhibit both strong two-photon absorption properties and highly efficient uncaging. Chapter 2 discusses the rational design of such groups through the development of a new mechanism for uncaging, in which a photoinduced electron transfer (PeT) between a two-photon-excited electron donor and an electron acceptor/release group drives the uncaging event. Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is a treatment for neoplastic disorders such as cancer in which localised cell death is induced through photoexcitation of a sensitiser. Following light absorption, the photosensitiser enters a relatively long-lived excited state which reacts with cellular oxygen to produce its highly cytotoxic singlet form. The main challenges of the field are to achieve deep penetration of light into tissue and to reduce coincident damage to unaffected tissue by light scattering during irradiation. In 2008, the Anderson group reported the development of PDT photosensitisers with highly efficient two-photon absorption as well as high singlet oxygen quantum yields. Chapter 3 discusses strategies for improving the pharmacokinetics and defining the sub-cellular localisation of these photosensitisers.

No presente trabalho foram realizados estudos para verificar a estabilização de derivados porfirínicos, através de sua incorporação em lipossomos fosfolipídicos ou sintéticos, para possível aplicação em terapia fotodinâmica. A terapia fotodinâmica ocorre através da interação de luz de comprimento de onda adequado com um fotosensitizador (porfirina) e oxigênio, o que pode gerar espécies reativas capazes de induzir a inviabilização de células. Foi avaliada a incorporação da benzoporfirina (BPD) e da meso-tetrafenilporfirina (TPP), em lipossomos aniônicos de asolecitina (ASO) e em vesículas catiônicas sintéticas de brometo de dioctadecildimetilamônio (DODAB). Os efeitos de concentração da droga e dos lipídios, na estabilização das porfirinas também foram observados. A solubilização e a estabilidade da BPD e da TPP nas bicamadas lipossomais foram comparadas com sua solubilização e estabilidade nos seus respectivos solventes, o dimetilsulfóxido (DMSO) e a dimetilformamida. (DMF), respectivamente. Os estudos demonstraram uma boa solubilização da BPD, e ótima solubilização da TPP, incorporadas em soluções aquosas de vesículas catiônicas sintéticas de DODAB e nos lipossomos aniônicos de ASO, em toda a faixa de concentrações estudadas. Foram ainda verificados possíveis danos aos próprios lipossomos de ASO, através da formação de derivados carbonílicos (método TBARS e método da formação de hidrazonas), em vários tempos de irradiação. Resultados após tratamento fotoquímico foram comparados a resultados análogos, após tratamento térmico. Também foi verificado se os compostos estudados são capazes de gerar oxigênio singleto, que podem danificar membranas, visando possível aplicação oftalmológica dessas porfirinas. Os resultados obtidos mostraram que predominantemente a ação da TPP e da BPD deve ocorrer pelo mecanismo de formação de oxigênio singleto (mecanismo II). O mecanismo tipo I parece não ser ativo, já que os danos oxidativos observados através de radicais livres foram muito semelhantes tanto com tratamento fotoquímico, como térmico. / In this work, it was carried out studies in order to evaluate the estabilization of porphyrinics species by encapsulating them in liposomes or synthetics for application in photodynamic therapy (PDT). In PDT a monochromatic light at a suitable wavelenght interacts with photosensitizer (porphyrin) and oxygen yelding reactives species which induce cells killing. It was evaluated benzoporphyrin (BPD) and tetraphenilporphyrin (TPP) incorporation in the liposomes anionics of asolecithin (ASO) and vesicles cationics synthetics of dioctadecyldimethylammonium (DODAB). It was also noticed the drug and lipids concentration effects in the porphyrins estabilization. BPD and TPP their solubilization and estabilization in the in the liposomal bilayers were compared with the results obtained in their best solvents dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO) and dimethylformamide (DMF). TPP was better soluble than BPD when they were encapsulated in DODAB and ASO in all concentration range that was studied. It was characterized possible damages in the ASO by formation carbonyl groups (method TBARS and method to form hydrazones), when the samples irradiated in differents timeintervals. The results reached after photochemical treatment were compared to similar results found after thermal treatment. It was also evaluated if the studied compounds are able to generate singlet oxygen that can cause damages to the menbranes pursueing the possible application in ophthalmology. The results suggest that the TPP and BPD act mainly by singlet oxygen producting (mechanism type II). The type I mechanism seems not to be active, because the oxidative damages caused for free radicals were very similar by photochemical treatment or thermical treatment.

No presente trabalho foram realizados estudos para verificar a estabilização de derivados porfirínicos, através de sua incorporação em lipossomos fosfolipídicos ou sintéticos, para possível aplicação em terapia fotodinâmica. A terapia fotodinâmica ocorre através da interação de luz de comprimento de onda adequado com um fotosensitizador (porfirina) e oxigênio, o que pode gerar espécies reativas capazes de induzir a inviabilização de células. Foi avaliada a incorporação da benzoporfirina (BPD) e da meso-tetrafenilporfirina (TPP), em lipossomos aniônicos de asolecitina (ASO) e em vesículas catiônicas sintéticas de brometo de dioctadecildimetilamônio (DODAB). Os efeitos de concentração da droga e dos lipídios, na estabilização das porfirinas também foram observados. A solubilização e a estabilidade da BPD e da TPP nas bicamadas lipossomais foram comparadas com sua solubilização e estabilidade nos seus respectivos solventes, o dimetilsulfóxido (DMSO) e a dimetilformamida. (DMF), respectivamente. Os estudos demonstraram uma boa solubilização da BPD, e ótima solubilização da TPP, incorporadas em soluções aquosas de vesículas catiônicas sintéticas de DODAB e nos lipossomos aniônicos de ASO, em toda a faixa de concentrações estudadas. Foram ainda verificados possíveis danos aos próprios lipossomos de ASO, através da formação de derivados carbonílicos (método TBARS e método da formação de hidrazonas), em vários tempos de irradiação. Resultados após tratamento fotoquímico foram comparados a resultados análogos, após tratamento térmico. Também foi verificado se os compostos estudados são capazes de gerar oxigênio singleto, que podem danificar membranas, visando possível aplicação oftalmológica dessas porfirinas. Os resultados obtidos mostraram que predominantemente a ação da TPP e da BPD deve ocorrer pelo mecanismo de formação de oxigênio singleto (mecanismo II). O mecanismo tipo I parece não ser ativo, já que os danos oxidativos observados através de radicais livres foram muito semelhantes tanto com tratamento fotoquímico, como térmico. / In this work, it was carried out studies in order to evaluate the estabilization of porphyrinics species by encapsulating them in liposomes or synthetics for application in photodynamic therapy (PDT). In PDT a monochromatic light at a suitable wavelenght interacts with photosensitizer (porphyrin) and oxygen yelding reactives species which induce cells killing. It was evaluated benzoporphyrin (BPD) and tetraphenilporphyrin (TPP) incorporation in the liposomes anionics of asolecithin (ASO) and vesicles cationics synthetics of dioctadecyldimethylammonium (DODAB). It was also noticed the drug and lipids concentration effects in the porphyrins estabilization. BPD and TPP their solubilization and estabilization in the in the liposomal bilayers were compared with the results obtained in their best solvents dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO) and dimethylformamide (DMF). TPP was better soluble than BPD when they were encapsulated in DODAB and ASO in all concentration range that was studied. It was characterized possible damages in the ASO by formation carbonyl groups (method TBARS and method to form hydrazones), when the samples irradiated in differents timeintervals. The results reached after photochemical treatment were compared to similar results found after thermal treatment. It was also evaluated if the studied compounds are able to generate singlet oxygen that can cause damages to the menbranes pursueing the possible application in ophthalmology. The results suggest that the TPP and BPD act mainly by singlet oxygen producting (mechanism type II). The type I mechanism seems not to be active, because the oxidative damages caused for free radicals were very similar by photochemical treatment or thermical treatment.

This work presents the development of a laser-induced fluorescence technique to measure atmospheric formaldehyde. In conjunction with the technique, the design of a compact, narrow linewidth, etalon-tuned titanium:sapphire laser cavity which is pumped by the second harmonic of a kilohertz Nd:YAG laser is also presented. The fundamental tunable range is from 690-1100 nm depending on mirror reflectivities and optics kit used. The conversion efficiency is at least 25% for the fundamental, and 2-3% for intracavity frequency doubling from 3.5-4W 532 nm pump power. The linewidth is < 0.1 cm-1, and the pulsewidth is 18 nsec. Also presented are observations of gas-phase sulfuric acid from the NEAQS-ITCT 2K4 (New England Air Quality Study Intercontinental Transport and Chemical Transformation) field campaign in July and August 2004. Sulfuric acid values are reported for a polluted environment and possible nucleation events as well as particle growth within the boundary layer are explored. Sulfate production rates via gas phase oxidation of sulfur dioxide are also reported. This analysis allows an important test of our ability to predict sulfuric acid concentration and probe its use as a fast time response photochemical tracer for the hydroxyl radical, OH. In comparison, the NASA time-dependent photochemical box model is used to calculate OH concentration. Nighttime H2SO4 values are examined to test our understanding of nocturnal OH levels and oxidation processes. In comparison, sulfuric acid from a large ground based mission in Tecámac, México (near the northern boundary of Mexico City) during MIRAGE-Mex field campaign (March 2006) is presented. The observations in conjunction with the NASA LARc Photochemical box model are used to explore ozone production, nitrate and sulfate formation, and radical levels and radical production rates during the day. The one minute observations of sulfuric acid, sulfur dioxide, and aerosol surface area were again used to calculate OH levels assuming steady state, and are in good agreement with observations of OH (R2 = 0.7). Photochemical activity is found to be a maximum during the morning hours, as seen in ozone and nitrate formation.

Les complexes polyazaaromatiques de ruthéniumII, et en particulier le [Ru(bpy)3]2+, ont fait l’objet de nombreuses études fondamentales en photochimie et photophysique. Du fait de ses propriétés photophysiques, et entre autres grâce à son temps de vie de luminescence relativement long, le [Ru(bpy)3]2+ est devenu un composé modèle en photophysique. Dès les années 1970, et principalement grâce aux travaux de T.J. Meyer, la photophysique du [Ru(bpy)3]2+ a été étudiée en détail afin de permettre l’élaboration d’un modèle photophysique qui peut être valablement étendu aux autres complexes polyazaaromatiques de RuII. La caractérisation du complexe [Ru(bpy)2(dppz)]2+ et de ses interactions avec l’ADN a, elle, promu l’étude des complexes de RuII en présence de biomolécules et a encouragé la recherche pour l’utilisation de complexes de ruthénium comme photosondes en biochimie.<p>Dans ce cadre, le laboratoire de Chimie Organique et Photochimie de l’ULB s’est attaché au développement de complexes polyazaaromatiques de ruthéniumII se caractérisant par leur capacité à photoréagir avec certaines biomolécules. Ces complexes se caractérisent par l’utilisation de ligands fortement π-déficients, comme le 1,2,4,5,8-tétraazaphénanthrène (TAP). Nettement plus photooxydant que les complexes analogues au [Ru(bpy)3]2+, ces complexes photooxydants sont capables, sous irradiation, de donner lieu à un transfert d’électron depuis la base guanine de l’ADN vers le complexe excité. Les deux entités radicalaires ainsi formées peuvent ensuite réagir entre elles pour former un photoadduit au sein duquel un lien covalent lie irréversiblement un ligand TAP du complexe à la guanine.<p><p>Les travaux réalisés dans le cadre de cette thèse de doctorat s’inscrivent dans la poursuite de la recherche effectuée au sein du laboratoire autour de cette photoréaction. Deux axes majeurs ont été développés. Un premier axe de recherche a été dédié à l’étude fondamentale des propriétés photophysiques et photochimiques du photoadduit obtenu suite à la photoréaction du [Ru(TAP)3]2+ avec une base guanine. Cette étude photophysique fondamentale de l’adduit [Ru(TAP)2(TAP-GMP)] (présentée dans le deuxième chapitre) vise à caractériser sa photophysique afin de comprendre comment, sous irradiation, des biadduits entre un complexe de ruthénium et deux guanines sont observés, alors que les premières études réalisées sur les photoadduits indiquent que ceux-ci ne sont pas luminescents. Le second axe de recherche consiste en la mise au point de systèmes élaborés à base des complexes de ruthénium visant à contrôler leur photoréactivité dans un milieu biologique. Pour ce faire, les complexes de ruthénium photoréactifs ont été ancrés sur des molécules biologiques. D’une part, les complexes ont été conjugués sur des OAS, oligonucléotides anti-sens, afin de conférer aux conjugués résultants la possibilité de cibler une partie précise de l’ADN ou d’ARN, et mener, in fine, au blocage de l’expression d’un gène particulier. Ces conjugués ont déjà été étudiés par le passé dans notre laboratoire. Les résultats présentés ici (chapitre 3) permettent à la fois de mieux comprendre la photochimie des Ru-OAS en présence de leur cible spécifique, ainsi que de démontrer in vivo la validité de la stratégie de gene silencing envisagée depuis quelques années. D’autre part, des complexes de ruthénium ont été conjugués à des peptides ou plateformes en vue de leur permettre de pénétrer à l’intérieur des cellules (chapitre 4). Les complexes ne pouvant normalement pas traverser les membranes cytoplasmiques, nous avons démontré que l’ancrage de ceux-ci au peptide transvecteur TAT permet de les vectoriser dans le cytoplasme. Cette incorporation se fait vraisemblablement par endocytose. Lors de ces études, l’importance de la localisation finale du complexe au sein de la cellule a été mise en évidence. Afin de conférer une sélectivité de vectorisation dans des cellules données (pénétration active et selon la présence de récepteurs spécifiques à la surface membranaire), les complexes ont été ancrés sur une plateforme RAFT(RGD)4. Dans ce cas, nous avons démontré qu’une internalisation spécifique dans des cellules sur-exprimant l’intégrine αvβ3 est possible pour les conjugués Ru-RAFT(RGD)4. Finalement, des études ont été réalisées sur les complexes ancrés sur plateforme calixarènique. Les résultats présentés permettent de caractériser ces conjugués Ru-Calix afin d’orienter leur développement avant les études de vectorisation cellulaire. Grâce aux résultats obtenus, un design permettant aux complexes de conserver leur photoréactivité a pu être établi et servira pour les développements futurs. En sus de ces deux axes de recherche principaux, le premier chapitre de résultats et discussions porte quant à lui sur l’étude fondamentale des complexes [Ru(TAP)3]2+ et [Ru(TAP)2(phen)]2+ ;plus précisément, une étude complète du complexe [Ru(TAP)2(phen)]2+ dans l’acétonitrile et le butyronitrile en présence d’un composé calixarènique (développé dans l’équipe du Pr. Ivan Jabin) est présentée. Il appert que l’utilisation du calixarène permet de mettre en évidence des processus photophysiques et photochimiques complexes, qui n’avaient pas été détectés auparavant. / Doctorat en Sciences / info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished